History of Rome (English Wikipedia)

Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", p. 1038 Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine; details the legal and military means by which people were enslaved.

archaeology.org

Urbanus, Jason M. "A Brief Glimpse into Early Rome – Archaeology Magazine". archaeology.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2017.

archive.org

Aldrete, Gregory S. (2004). Daily life in the Roman city: Rome, Pompeii and Ostia. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-313-33174-X. Retrieved 8 July 2011. rome first city with one million inhabitants -.com .edu.
"Nor was he Sergius III content with thus dishonouring the dead Pope Formosus, but he drags his carcass again out of the grave, beheads it as if it had been alive, and then throws it into the Tiber, as unworthy the honour of human burial." Platina, Bartolomeo. The Lives of the Popes From The Time of Our Saviour Jesus Christ to the Accession of Gregory VII. Vol. I. London: Griffith Farran & Co. p. 243. Retrieved 8 January 2008.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"'Plague' killed Roman grave dead". BBC News. 30 April 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
Fraser, Christian (22 January 2006). "Europe | Pope's guards celebrate 500 years". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2008.

bbc.co.uk

"BBC – History – The Fall of the Roman Republic". BBC History. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.

books.google.com

Potter, D.S. (2009). Rome in the Ancient World: From Romulus to Justinian. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 10. ISBN 9780500251522.
The Architecture of Roman Temples: The Republic to the Middle Empire, p. 6, at Google Books
Fields 2007, p. 15. Fields, Nic (2007). The Roman Army of the Punic Wars 264–146 BC. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-145-8.
Morton, H. V. (1 April 2009). A Traveller in Rome. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0786730704.
Coppa, Frank J. (2006). The papacy, the Jews, and the Holocaust. CUA Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780813214498.
Tantillo 2017. Tantillo, Alma Maria (2017). "L'Arte". In Andretta, Stefano; Baiocchi, Giulia; Indrio, Serena; Rossi Pinelli, Orietta; Tantillo, Alma Maria (eds.). I Prìncipi della Chiesa. L'arte nel territorio di Roma tra Rinascimento e Barocco (in Italian). Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Ohne Grenzen). ISBN 978-3-902966-04-9.

britannica.com

"Five Good Emperors | Summary, Accomplishments, History, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
"Pax Romana | Imperial Age, Mediterranean World & Roman Peace | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
Encyclopædia Britannica (2011). "Rome (Italy) :: Evolution of the modern city – Britannica Online Encyclopaedia". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2022.

catholic.org

Catholic Online (2011). "Pope Saint Martin I – Saints & Angels". catholic.org. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

cfpeople.org

Brusher, Joseph (1959). "Sergius III". Popes Through the Ages. Neff-Kane. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008.

christianchronicler.com

ChristianChronicler.com (2006). "THE AVIGNON PAPACY". christianchronicler.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

comandosupremo.com

Italy at War (2011). "Benito Mussolini | Comando Supremo". comandosupremo.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011. Mexican revolutionary Benito Juarez, named his son after the patriot and hero. Benito Mussolini was an avid writer and after he finished his schooling, he became an editor for the Milan socialist paper "Avanti". He became well known among the Italian socialists, but soon started promoting his views for

erudit.org

Demarchi, Nicole (2022). "Between Expiatory Religious Processions and Individual Escapes: Responses to Bubonic Plague Epidemics in the Historiae of Gregory of Tours and Paul the Deacon". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association / Revue de la Société historique du Canada. 32 (2). Retrieved 19 September 2024.

example.invalid

Guerber, H. A. (2011). "Heritage History eBook Reader". heritage-history.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011.

fordham.edu

"Ancient History Sourcebook: Dio Cassius: Nero and the Great Fire 64 AD". Fordham University. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
"Medieval Sourcebook: Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
"Medieval Sourcebook: The Donation of Constantine". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.

historyjournal.ca

Journal of the Canadian Historical Association (2024). "Nicole Demarchi Q&A". historyjournal.ca. Retrieved 19 September 2024.

imdb.com

"La Dolce Vita (1960)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

ismarmed.com

Ismarmed.com (2011). "History of Rome (Italy)". ismarmed.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.

itvnews.tv

"The Fifty Most Visited Places in the World". ITV News. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009.

mesacc.edu

"Pliny the Younger on Christ". Mesa Community College. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

mysteriousetruscans.com

Cf. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his "The Social Contract", Book IV, Chapter IV, written in 1762, where he writes in a footnote that the word for Rome is Greek in origin and means force. "There are writers who say that the name 'Rome' is derived from 'Romulus'. It is in fact Greek and means force."</recan Cneve Tarchunies Rumach, interpreted as Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome. http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/francois.html Archived 22 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine

nationalgeographic.org

education.nationalgeographic.org

"Mar 15, 44 BC: Julius Caesar Assassinated". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.

newadvent.org

"Pope Saint Martin I". The Catholic Encyclopaedia. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Catholic Encyclopaedia (2009). "The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Holy Year of Jubilee". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
"The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Pope Paul IV". newadvent.org. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
"The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Pope Pius IX". newadvent.org. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2011.

nndb.com

"Pope Paul IV". nndb.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

olympic.org

Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee (2011). "rome 1960 Summer Olympics | Olympic Videos, Photos, News". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2011.

posterous.com

historystack.posterous.com

"455 Sack of Rome". History Stack. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

roman-empire.net

Roman-Empire.net (2009). "Religion". roman-empire.net. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016.

seattlecatholic.com

Seattle Catholic (2006). "Seattle Catholic – The Sack of Rome: 1527, 1776". seattlecatholic.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

theboot.it

Katz, Robert (2007). "An Excerpt from The Battle for Rome: 'Open City'". theboot.it. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.

thefreedictionary.com

encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com

"Alaric, King of the Visigoths". The Free Dictionary. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

theguardian.com

Hooper, John (13 April 2014). "Archaeologists' findings may prove Rome a century older than thought". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2017.

time.com

content.time.com

"Science: Rome: Older Than Ever". Time. 21 November 1960. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2014.

uchicago.edu

penelope.uchicago.edu

Oates, W. J. (30 June 2009). "Population of Rome" Archived 20 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
Suetonius, Life of Nero 16.2 Archived 13 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine: afflicti suppliciis Christiani, genus hominum superstitionis novae ac maleficae.
Bury, J. B. (2011). "History of the Later Roman Empire". University of Chicago. §4, Vol. I, Chap. XII.
Oates, Whitney J. (2011). "The Population of Rome — CP 29:101‑116 (1934)". penelope.uchicago.edu. popula

uga.edu

digitalcommons.law.uga.edu

Wilkes, Donald E. Jr. (2011). "The Cadaver Synod: Strangest Trial in History". digitalcommons.law.uga.edu. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

umbc.edu

"History department – UMBC". Umbc.edu. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2015.

uniroma1.it

www2.uniroma1.it

Sapienza University of Rome (2011). "Sapienza > About us". www2.uniroma1.it. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

unrv.com

"Roman Timeline of the 4th Century BC". unrv.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.

vinland.org

Routery, Michael (1997) The First Missionary War. The Church take over of the Roman Empire, Ch. 4, The Serapeum of Alexandria Archived 31 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine

web.archive.org

Cf. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and his "The Social Contract", Book IV, Chapter IV, written in 1762, where he writes in a footnote that the word for Rome is Greek in origin and means force. "There are writers who say that the name 'Rome' is derived from 'Romulus'. It is in fact Greek and means force."</recan Cneve Tarchunies Rumach, interpreted as Gnaeus Tarquinius of Rome. http://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/francois.html Archived 22 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
Hooper, John (13 April 2014). "Archaeologists' findings may prove Rome a century older than thought". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
"Science: Rome: Older Than Ever". Time. 21 November 1960. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
Urbanus, Jason M. "A Brief Glimpse into Early Rome – Archaeology Magazine". archaeology.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
Ismarmed.com (2011). "History of Rome (Italy)". ismarmed.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
Guerber, H. A. (2011). "Heritage History eBook Reader". heritage-history.com. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011.
Roman-Empire.net (2009). "Religion". roman-empire.net. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016.
Hooker, Richard (1999). "Rome: The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires". public.wsu.edu. Archived from the original on 26 June 2011.
"Roman Timeline of the 4th Century BC". unrv.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, "Servus", p. 1038 Archived 10 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine; details the legal and military means by which people were enslaved.
"Mar 15, 44 BC: Julius Caesar Assassinated". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
"BBC – History – The Fall of the Roman Republic". BBC History. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
"Ancient History Sourcebook: Dio Cassius: Nero and the Great Fire 64 AD". Fordham University. 2009. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Oates, W. J. (30 June 2009). "Population of Rome" Archived 20 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine.
"'Plague' killed Roman grave dead". BBC News. 30 April 2008. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 8 September 2008.
"Five Good Emperors | Summary, Accomplishments, History, & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
"Pax Romana | Imperial Age, Mediterranean World & Roman Peace | Britannica". Encyclopedia Britannica. 21 December 2023. Archived from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
"Pliny the Younger on Christ". Mesa Community College. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Suetonius, Life of Nero 16.2 Archived 13 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine: afflicti suppliciis Christiani, genus hominum superstitionis novae ac maleficae.
Routery, Michael (1997) The First Missionary War. The Church take over of the Roman Empire, Ch. 4, The Serapeum of Alexandria Archived 31 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
"455 Sack of Rome". History Stack. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 December 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
"Alaric, King of the Visigoths". The Free Dictionary. 2011. Archived from the original on 30 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Catholic Online (2011). "Pope Saint Martin I – Saints & Angels". catholic.org. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
"Pope Saint Martin I". The Catholic Encyclopaedia. 2009. Archived from the original on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Third Millennium Library (2010). "The Laws of Liutprand". third-millennium-library.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011.
Third Millennium Library (2010). "The Situation in the Time of King Liutprand". third-millennium-library.com. Archived from the original on 5 October 2011.
"Medieval Sourcebook: Einhard: The Life of Charlemagne". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
"Medieval Sourcebook: The Donation of Constantine". Fordham.edu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
Wilkes, Donald E. Jr. (2011). "The Cadaver Synod: Strangest Trial in History". digitalcommons.law.uga.edu. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Brusher, Joseph (1959). "Sergius III". Popes Through the Ages. Neff-Kane. Archived from the original on 12 January 2008.
Sapienza University of Rome (2011). "Sapienza > About us". www2.uniroma1.it. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Catholic Encyclopaedia (2009). "The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Holy Year of Jubilee". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
ChristianChronicler.com (2006). "THE AVIGNON PAPACY". christianchronicler.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
Seattle Catholic (2006). "Seattle Catholic – The Sack of Rome: 1527, 1776". seattlecatholic.com. Archived from the original on 23 October 2018. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
"History department – UMBC". Umbc.edu. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Fraser, Christian (22 January 2006). "Europe | Pope's guards celebrate 500 years". BBC News. Archived from the original on 9 August 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2008.
Encyclopædia Britannica (2011). "Rome (Italy) :: Evolution of the modern city – Britannica Online Encyclopaedia". britannica.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
"The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Pope Paul IV". newadvent.org. 2009. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
"Pope Paul IV". nndb.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
"The Catholic Encyclopaedia: Pope Pius IX". newadvent.org. 2009. Archived from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
Italy at War (2011). "Benito Mussolini | Comando Supremo". comandosupremo.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011. Mexican revolutionary Benito Juarez, named his son after the patriot and hero. Benito Mussolini was an avid writer and after he finished his schooling, he became an editor for the Milan socialist paper "Avanti". He became well known among the Italian socialists, but soon started promoting his views for
Katz, Robert (2007). "An Excerpt from The Battle for Rome: 'Open City'". theboot.it. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
"La Dolce Vita (1960)". IMDb. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
Olympic.org. International Olympic Committee (2011). "rome 1960 Summer Olympics | Olympic Videos, Photos, News". International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
"The Fifty Most Visited Places in the World". ITV News. Archived from the original on 2 October 2009.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Plutarch, Lives.
Tacitus, Annals XV.44
St Jerome, Letter CXXVII. To Principia, paragraph 12.
In many manuscripts, including the oldest one, which dates from the 9th century, the document bears the title Constitutum domini Constantini imperatoris.Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Donation of Constantine" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

wsu.edu

public.wsu.edu

Hooker, Richard (1999). "Rome: The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires". public.wsu.edu. Archived from the original on 26 June 2011.