History of Rwanda (English Wikipedia)

"Timeline: Burundi". BBC News. October 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-09-06. Retrieved April 30, 2009. 1993 October - Tutsi soldiers assassinate Ndadaye

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

"Rwanda 'gacaca' genocide courts finish work". BBC News. 2012-07-18. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-19.

bilaterals.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rwanda, Belgium to Sign Pacts". The New Times. Kigali. 2007-04-17. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-17.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Sacrifice as Terror: The Rwandan Genocide of 1994. Routledge. 13 September 2020. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-1-000-18448-8.
An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400. University Press of Virginia. 1998. pp. 8, 96. ISBN 978-0-8139-2057-3.
Origins of Kingship Traditions and Symbolism in the Great Lakes Region of Africa. Uppsala universitet. 2008. p. 351. ISBN 978-91-554-7295-5.
Richburg, Keith B. (1998) Out of America: A Black Man Confronts Africa, San Diego, CA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 102, ISBN 0-15-600583-2
Newbury, David (1992). Kings and clans: Ijwi Island and the Lake Kivu Rift, 1780-1840. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 239 & 270. ISBN 978-0-299-12894-4. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
King, David C. (2007). Rwanda. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-2333-1.
Hall, John A.; Malešević, Siniša, eds. (2013). Nationalism and War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 312. ISBN 9781107034754. Retrieved 30 March 2017.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Britannica". Retrieved Sep 3, 2024.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

assets.cambridge.org

"Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of England (Cambridge University Press). 2002-03-01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2006-06-05.

clintonfoundation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"CHDI Overview". William J. Clinton Foundation, Little Rock, US. 2007-06-14. Archived from the original on 2007-05-21. Retrieved 2007-06-04.

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

edition.cnn.com

Shiffman, Ken (December 10, 2008). "As genocide raged, general's pleas for help ignored". CNN. Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 10 December 2009.[]

dacb.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Kagamé, Alexis (B)". dacb.org. Retrieved 2019-12-03.

dailymotion.com (Global: 1,541^st place; English: 1,810^th place)

"Rwanda, Un génocide made in France - Vidéo Dailymotion". 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2011-11-28.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Schoenbrun, David L. (1993). "We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes". The Journal of African History. 34 (1): 15–16. doi:10.1017/S0021853700032989. JSTOR 183030. S2CID 162660041.
Verwimp, Philip (2006). "Peasant Ideology and Genocide in Rwanda Under Habyarimana" (PDF). Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 40. doi:10.4324/9780203790847-2. ISBN 978-0-203-79084-7.
Ashe, Muesiri O.; Ojong, Vivian B. (2018). "Population Overhang and the Great Lakes Crisis: Rwanda and Her Neighbours". Journal of African Union Studies. 7 (2): 127–147. doi:10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a7. S2CID 134975585.

eac.int (Global: low place; English: low place)

"EAC History". www.eac.int. East African Community.

ethz.ch (Global: 2,224^th place; English: 1,900^th place)

files.ethz.ch

Verwimp, Philip (2006). "Peasant Ideology and Genocide in Rwanda Under Habyarimana" (PDF). Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda (1 ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 40. doi:10.4324/9780203790847-2. ISBN 978-0-203-79084-7.

francegenocidetutsi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Byanafashe, Déogratias; Rutayisire, Paul (2016). History of Rwanda: from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century (PDF). Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NUCRC). ISBN 978-99977-709-6-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-05-23.

fsu.edu (Global: 2,584^th place; English: 1,811^th place)

law.fsu.edu

"International Boundary Study: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) -- Rwanda Boundary" (PDF). Department of State, Washington, D.C., US. 1965-06-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2006-06-05.

globalsecurity.org (Global: 443^rd place; English: 435^th place)

Global Security Organisation Documentation of Rwanda https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/rwanda/history-kingdom.htm
"Rwanda Civil War". GlobalSecurity.org, Alexandria, US. 2005-04-27. Archived from the original on 2006-12-01. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
"Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda (FDLR)(Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda)". Global Security.org, Alexandria, US. 2004-01-23. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-06-04.

historyworld.net (Global: 8,163^rd place; English: 7,185^th place)

"HISTORY OF BURUNDI". www.historyworld.net. Retrieved 2021-01-23.

hrcberkeley.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Teaching of the History of Rwanda: A Participatory Approach (A Reference Book for Secondary Schools in Rwanda)" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Research, Kigali, Rwanda, and UC Berkeley Human Rights Center, Berkeley, US. 2007-03-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-05.

hrw.org (Global: 729^th place; English: 650^th place)

Human Rights Watch, history of Rwanda: https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda/Geno1-3-09.htm
"Rwanda: Allow Independent Autopsy of Opposition Politician". 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2016-12-04.

infed.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Julius Nyerere: Lifelong Learning and Informal Education". infed (Informal Education website), London, UK. 2007-05-27. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2007-05-27.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Schoenbrun, David L. (1993). "We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes". The Journal of African History. 34 (1): 15–16. doi:10.1017/S0021853700032989. JSTOR 183030. S2CID 162660041.

monitor.co.ug (Global: 5,222^nd place; English: 2,954^th place)

"Belgium on Mission to Rebuild Rwanda". Daily Monitor, Kampala, Uganda. 2007-06-03. Archived from the original on December 21, 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-03.

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

"The Endangered Gorillas "held hostage" by rebels in African Park". National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., Kigali. 2007-05-23. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2007-05-23.

neacdo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Benebikira Sisters Foundation". New England Association of Catholic Development Officers, Worcester, MA. Archived from the original on 2009-11-29. Retrieved 2007-06-04.

newyorker.com (Global: 146^th place; English: 110^th place)

"After the Genocide". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2018-04-19. Retrieved 2018-04-19.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Lacey, Marc (9 April 2004). "A Decade After Massacres, Rwanda Outlaws Ethnicity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-05-21. Retrieved 21 December 2015.

parliament.uk (Global: 367^th place; English: 243^rd place)

publications.parliament.uk

"Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs Written Evidence". Parliament of the U.K. 2004-12-29. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2007-08-26.

pih.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rwanda / Inshuti Mu Buzima". Partners in Health, Boston, US. January 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-06-04.

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

Asiimwe, Arthur (April 6, 2007). "Rwanda's ex-president freed from prison". Reuters. Retrieved April 29, 2021. An ethnic Hutu, he was appointed president when the ruling Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) took power after the 1994 genocide, in which extremists from the Hutu majority butchered 800,000 Tutsis and politically moderate Hutus. President Paul Kagame, whose Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Army ended the hundred days of slaughter, was then vice-president, but in reality had more power than his superior.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Schoenbrun, David L. (1993). "We Are What We Eat: Ancient Agriculture between the Great Lakes". The Journal of African History. 34 (1): 15–16. doi:10.1017/S0021853700032989. JSTOR 183030. S2CID 162660041.
Ashe, Muesiri O.; Ojong, Vivian B. (2018). "Population Overhang and the Great Lakes Crisis: Rwanda and Her Neighbours". Journal of African Union Studies. 7 (2): 127–147. doi:10.31920/2050-4306/2018/v7n2a7. S2CID 134975585.

sida.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rwanda Vision 2020" (PDF). Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2015.

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

Comprehending genocide: the case of Rwanda, P.J. Magnarella, available from: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/11287462.2000.10800754
P.J. Magnarella, Comprehending genocide: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/11287462.2000.10800754?needAccess=true

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

McVeigh, Karen (2006-03-12). "Spate of killings obstructsRwanda's quest for justice". The Observer. London. Retrieved 2006-03-12.

time.com (Global: 61^st place; English: 54^th place)

"the Lucky Mwami". Time Magazine, Tampa, USA. 1965-10-29. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
"Sense at the Summit". Time Magazine, Tampa, USA. 1966-04-08. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-06-06.

un.org (Global: 97^th place; English: 164^th place)

"Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country - Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations". Archived from the original on 2018-02-24. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
"Ban Ki-moon condemns massacre of civilians in DR Congo". UN News Service. 2007-05-23. Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
"Dangers increase for displaced in eastern DR Congo, UN says". UN News Service. 2007-05-25. Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-05-25.

unictr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

The Prosecutor versus Jean-Paul Akayesu, ICTR-96-4-T (International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 1998).

uws.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

research-portal.uws.ac.uk

Moore, Allan T. (2020-11-30). "Words and power in conflict - Rwanda under M.R.N.D. Rule". Peace and Conflict Studies. 27 (2): 2.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"After the Genocide". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2018-04-19. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
"Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs Written Evidence". Parliament of the U.K. 2004-12-29. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
Byanafashe, Déogratias; Rutayisire, Paul (2016). History of Rwanda: from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century (PDF). Kigali: National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NUCRC). ISBN 978-99977-709-6-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-05-23.
"International Boundary Study: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) -- Rwanda Boundary" (PDF). Department of State, Washington, D.C., US. 1965-06-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-16. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
"Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of England (Cambridge University Press). 2002-03-01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-09-20. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
"The Teaching of the History of Rwanda: A Participatory Approach (A Reference Book for Secondary Schools in Rwanda)" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Research, Kigali, Rwanda, and UC Berkeley Human Rights Center, Berkeley, US. 2007-03-01. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
"Julius Nyerere: Lifelong Learning and Informal Education". infed (Informal Education website), London, UK. 2007-05-27. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
"the Lucky Mwami". Time Magazine, Tampa, USA. 1965-10-29. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
"Sense at the Summit". Time Magazine, Tampa, USA. 1966-04-08. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-06-06.
"Timeline: Burundi". BBC News. October 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-09-06. Retrieved April 30, 2009. 1993 October - Tutsi soldiers assassinate Ndadaye
Shiffman, Ken (December 10, 2008). "As genocide raged, general's pleas for help ignored". CNN. Archived from the original on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 10 December 2009.[]
"Rwanda Civil War". GlobalSecurity.org, Alexandria, US. 2005-04-27. Archived from the original on 2006-12-01. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
"Rwanda, Un génocide made in France - Vidéo Dailymotion". 9 February 2009. Archived from the original on 2014-03-14. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
"Rwanda: A Brief History of the Country - Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations". Archived from the original on 2018-02-24. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
"Rwanda 'gacaca' genocide courts finish work". BBC News. 2012-07-18. Archived from the original on 2016-10-20. Retrieved 2016-10-19.
Lacey, Marc (9 April 2004). "A Decade After Massacres, Rwanda Outlaws Ethnicity". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2017-05-21. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
"Forces Democratiques de Liberation du Rwanda (FDLR)(Democratic Liberation Forces of Rwanda)". Global Security.org, Alexandria, US. 2004-01-23. Archived from the original on 2007-07-14. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
"Ban Ki-moon condemns massacre of civilians in DR Congo". UN News Service. 2007-05-23. Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
"Dangers increase for displaced in eastern DR Congo, UN says". UN News Service. 2007-05-25. Archived from the original on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2007-05-25.
"The Endangered Gorillas "held hostage" by rebels in African Park". National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., Kigali. 2007-05-23. Archived from the original on 2007-05-26. Retrieved 2007-05-23.
"Benebikira Sisters Foundation". New England Association of Catholic Development Officers, Worcester, MA. Archived from the original on 2009-11-29. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
"Rwanda, Belgium to Sign Pacts". The New Times. Kigali. 2007-04-17. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-04-17.
"Belgium on Mission to Rebuild Rwanda". Daily Monitor, Kampala, Uganda. 2007-06-03. Archived from the original on December 21, 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-03.
"CHDI Overview". William J. Clinton Foundation, Little Rock, US. 2007-06-14. Archived from the original on 2007-05-21. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
"Rwanda / Inshuti Mu Buzima". Partners in Health, Boston, US. January 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-05-28. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
"Rwanda Vision 2020" (PDF). Republic of Rwanda, Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2015.
"Intimidation of Rwandan opposition parties must end | Amnesty International". Archived from the original on 2014-11-11. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
"Rwanda: End human rights clampdown before presidential elections". 24 April 2010. Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
"Rwanda: Allow Independent Autopsy of Opposition Politician". 21 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2016-12-04.
"Pre-election attacks on Rwandan politicians and journalists condemned | Amnesty International". Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2016-12-04.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Umutesi, Francine (May 2014). Forgiveness... the Rwandan way. Bloomington, IN. ISBN 978-1-4969-0455-3. OCLC 1121045767.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Totten, Samuel. (2008). Dictionary of genocide. Bartrop, Paul R. (Paul Robert), 1955-, Jacobs, Steven L., 1947-. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-313-34641-5. OCLC 213486443.

History of Rwanda (English Wikipedia)

amnesty.org (Global: 1,367th place; English: 1,176th place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8th place; English: 10th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20th place; English: 30th place)

bilaterals.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40th place; English: 58th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305th place; English: 264th place)

assets.cambridge.org

clintonfoundation.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

cnn.com (Global: 28th place; English: 26th place)

edition.cnn.com

dacb.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dailymotion.com (Global: 1,541st place; English: 1,810th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

eac.int (Global: low place; English: low place)

ethz.ch (Global: 2,224th place; English: 1,900th place)

files.ethz.ch

francegenocidetutsi.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

fsu.edu (Global: 2,584th place; English: 1,811th place)

law.fsu.edu

globalsecurity.org (Global: 443rd place; English: 435th place)

historyworld.net (Global: 8,163rd place; English: 7,185th place)

hrcberkeley.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

hrw.org (Global: 729th place; English: 650th place)

infed.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 26th place; English: 20th place)

monitor.co.ug (Global: 5,222nd place; English: 2,954th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344th place; English: 296th place)

news.nationalgeographic.com

neacdo.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

newyorker.com (Global: 146th place; English: 110th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7th place; English: 7th place)

parliament.uk (Global: 367th place; English: 243rd place)

publications.parliament.uk

pih.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

reuters.com (Global: 49th place; English: 47th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

sida.se (Global: low place; English: low place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 507th place; English: 429th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12th place; English: 11th place)

time.com (Global: 61st place; English: 54th place)

un.org (Global: 97th place; English: 164th place)

unictr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

uws.ac.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

research-portal.uws.ac.uk

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

amnesty.org (Global: 1,367^th place; English: 1,176^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 8^th place; English: 10^th place)

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

cnn.com (Global: 28^th place; English: 26^th place)

dailymotion.com (Global: 1,541^st place; English: 1,810^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

ethz.ch (Global: 2,224^th place; English: 1,900^th place)

fsu.edu (Global: 2,584^th place; English: 1,811^th place)

globalsecurity.org (Global: 443^rd place; English: 435^th place)

historyworld.net (Global: 8,163^rd place; English: 7,185^th place)

hrw.org (Global: 729^th place; English: 650^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

monitor.co.ug (Global: 5,222^nd place; English: 2,954^th place)

nationalgeographic.com (Global: 344^th place; English: 296^th place)

newyorker.com (Global: 146^th place; English: 110^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

parliament.uk (Global: 367^th place; English: 243^rd place)

reuters.com (Global: 49^th place; English: 47^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

tandfonline.com (Global: 507^th place; English: 429^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 12^th place; English: 11^th place)

time.com (Global: 61^st place; English: 54^th place)

un.org (Global: 97^th place; English: 164^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)