History of Syria (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "History of Syria" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

27web.archive.org

1^st place

12nytimes.com

7^th place

10aljazeera.com

268^th place

215^th place

8books.google.com

3^rd place

8bbc.co.uk

8^th place

10^th place

6reuters.com

49^th place

47^th place

5theguardian.com

12^th place

11^th place

5cnn.com

28^th place

26^th place

4doi.org

2^nd place

4worldcat.org

5^th place

4bbc.com

20^th place

30^th place

4un.org

97^th place

164^th place

3archive.org

6^th place

2britannica.com

40^th place

58^th place

2washingtonpost.com

34^th place

27^th place

2meforum.org

7,705^th place

6,028^th place

2amnesty.org

1,367^th place

1,176^th place

2independent.co.uk

36^th place

33^rd place

2telegraph.co.uk

30^th place

24^th place

2ft.com

210^th place

157^th place

2sana.sy

8,005^th place

9,385^th place

2npr.org

92^nd place

72^nd place

2cbsnews.com

108^th place

80^th place

2apnews.com

129^th place

89^th place

2aljazeera.net

665^th place

1,745^th place

2enabbaladi.net

low place

2timesofisrael.com

571^st place

403^rd place

2alarabiya.net

598^th place

1,085^th place

1history.com

555^th place

467^th place

1kochi-tech.ac.jp

low place

1about.com

216^th place

186^th place

1jaas.org

low place

1iranchamber.com

6,993^rd place

7,305^th place

1roman-emperors.org

4,717^th place

3,893^rd place

1everything2.com

6,359^th place

4,750^th place

1metmuseum.org

983^rd place

751^st place

1countrystudies.us

1,194^th place

1,001^st place

1diplomatie.gouv.fr

2,767^th place

5,194^th place

1americanmesopotamian.org

low place

1assafir.com

low place

1araborthodoxy.blogspot.ca

low place

1wikisource.org

27^th place

51^st place

1unog.ch

low place

1state.gov

264^th place

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1torontosun.com

1,440^th place

846^th place

1usip.org

7,512^th place

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1alzaytouna.net

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1forward.com

1,344^th place

796^th place

1news.google.com

59^th place

45^th place

1utexas.edu

916^th place

706^th place

1offiziere.ch

low place

1rferl.org

737^th place

605^th place

1uchicago.edu

230^th place

214^th place

1archives.gov

446^th place

308^th place

1naharnet.com

low place

1demdigest.net

low place

1foreignaffairs.com

3,234^th place

2,284^th place

1rsf.org

2,397^th place

2,494^th place

1economist.com

254^th place

236^th place

1thenextweb.com

1,356^th place

870^th place

1itp.net

low place

1foxnews.com

152^nd place

120^th place

1haaretz.com

497^th place

371^st place

1nbcnews.com

137^th place

101^st place

1salon.com

456^th place

300^th place

1xinhuanet.com

309^th place

660^th place

1latimes.com

22^nd place

19^th place

1huffingtonpost.com

109^th place

87^th place

1cpj.org

6,788^th place

4,911^th place

1newsfromsyria.com

low place

1suntimes.com

327^th place

228^th place

1dw.de

1,780^th place

3,005^th place

1ghostarchive.org

32^nd place

21^st place

1foreignpolicy.com

1,116^th place

790^th place

1usatoday.com

41^st place

34^th place

1googleusercontent.com

243^rd place

882^nd place

1archive.today

14^th place

1trust.org

9,070^th place

7,468^th place

1syrianshuhada.com

low place

1khaleejtimes.com

1,924^th place

1,131^st place

1couriermail.com.au

1,841^st place

1,039^th place

1google.com

163^rd place

185^th place

1nation.co.ke

5,336^th place

3,027^th place

1news24.com

1,309^th place

762^nd place

1sandiegouniontribune.com

1,275^th place

722^nd place

1ohchr.org

1,210^th place

1,422^nd place

1go.com

48^th place

39^th place

1israelnationalnews.com

3,814^th place

2,595^th place

1dw.com

204^th place

353^rd place

1france24.com

481^st place

508^th place

1syriadirect.org

low place

1peoplesdispatch.org

low place

1lemonde.fr

83^rd place

603^rd place

1diepresse.com

1,466^th place

4,904^th place

1voanews.com

581^st place

738^th place

1barrons.com

2,737^th place

1,700^th place

1syria.tv

low place

about.com

ancienthistory.about.com

"Syria: A country Study – Ancient Syria". Library of Congress. 2007. Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2007.

alarabiya.net

"Syria launches first stock exchange". Al Arabiya. 10 March 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

english.alarabiya.net

"Several countries expel Syrian diplomats as EU mulls joint expulsion". Al Arabiya. 29 May 2012. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

aljazeera.com

"Obama renews Syria sanctions". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
"IAEA reports Syria to UN Security Council". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
"Syria: The virtue of civil disobedience". Al Jazeera. 6 April 2012. Retrieved 28 August 2012.
"'Dozens killed' in Syrian border town". Al Jazeera. 17 May 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
"'Defected Syria security agent' speaks out". Al Jazeera. 8 June 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2011.
"Syrian army starts crackdown in northern town". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 12 June 2011.
agencies. "Executions reported in Syria". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
"Syria's government recaptures all of Aleppo city". Al Jazeera.
"Syrian hospital hit in air attack on opposition-held Idlib". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
"Ex-Syrian PM to supervise state bodies until transition". Al Jazeera. 8 December 2024. Archived from the original on 9 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.

aljazeera.net

"المعارضة السورية تكلف محمد البشير بتشكيل حكومة انتقالية" [Syrian opposition assigns Mohammed al-Bashir to form new government]. Al Jazeera Arabic (in Arabic). 9 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
"نص الإعلان الدستوري لسوريا 2025". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Retrieved 29 March 2025.

alzaytouna.net

"تقرير الوزير اللبناني أحمد فتفت عن ملف المجنسين". Alzaytouna.net. Archived from the original on 29 June 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2008.

americanmesopotamian.org

Lazar, David William, not dated A brief history of the plight of the Christian Assyrians* in modern-day Iraq Archived 17 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. American Mespopotamian.

amnesty.org

"Syria Smothering Freedom of Expression: the detention of peaceful critics". Amnesty International. 5 June 2002. Retrieved 5 July 2011.
"Syria: Deadly reprisals: Deliberate killings and other abuses by Syria's armed forces". 14 June 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2012.

apnews.com

"Ousted Syrian leader Assad flees to Moscow after fall of Damascus, Russian state media say". AP News. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.
"2 days of clashes and revenge killings in Syria leave more than 1,000 people dead". Associated Press. 9 March 2025.

araborthodoxy.blogspot.ca

Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. As-Safir daily Newspaper, Beirut. in Arabic Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View

archive.org

Cavendish Corporation, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples. Marshall Cavendish. p. 183. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0.
Mark A. Tessler (1994). A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict. Indiana University Press. p. 382. ISBN 978-0-253-20873-6. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
Seale, Patrick (1988). Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-06976-5.

archive.today

3,000 security forces (15 March 2011 – 27 March 2012),"Syrian forces, rebels clash inside Lebanon -residents - AlertNet". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2016. 230 security forces (28 March – 8 April),"Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::". Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. 1,117 insurgents (15 March 2011 – 10 April 2012),[1] 3,478 civilians (15 March 2011 – 6 April 2012),[2] total of 7,825 reported killed

archives.gov

georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov

"Fact Sheet: Implementing the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

assafir.com

Abu Fakhr, Saqr, 2013. As-Safir daily Newspaper, Beirut. in Arabic Christian Decline in the Middle East: A Historical View

barrons.com

"Kurdish-led Force Announces US-brokered Truce In Syria's Manbij". Barron's. 11 December 2024.

bbc.co.uk

"Robert Ford is first US ambassador to Syria since 2005". BBC. 16 January 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Jonathan Marcus (9 June 2011). "UN nuclear watchdog refers Syria to Security Council". BBC. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
"Syrian army tanks 'moving towards Hama'". BBC News. 5 May 2011. Retrieved 20 January 2012.
"Syria envoy says Assad resignation is not up for discussion". BBC News. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
"Anti-Assad rebels take most of southern Syrian region of Deraa, say reports". BBC. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2024.

news.bbc.co.uk

Guerin, Orla (6 March 2005). "Syria sidesteps Lebanon demands". BBC News. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
"Profile: Syria's Bashar al-Assad". BBC News. 10 March 2005. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
"Middle East | US and Syria hold landmark talks". BBC News. 3 May 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

bbc.com

"Syria rebels capture major city of Hama after military withdraws". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
"Ahmed al-Sharaa named Syria's transitional president". www.bbc.com. 31 January 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025. Ahmed al-Sharaa has been Syria's de facto leader since leading the overthrow of Bashar al-Assad
"Kurdish-led SDF agrees to integrate with Syrian government forces". BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2025.
"Syria gets temporary constitution for five-year transition". www.bbc.com. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 17 March 2025.

books.google.com

Young, Gary K. (2003). "Emesa in Roman Syria". Prudentia: 43. ISBN 9781877332098.
R. S. Stafford (2006). The Tragedy of the Assyrians. Gorgias Press, LLC. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9781593334130.
Hovannisian, Richard G. (2007). The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412835923. Archived from the original on 16 February 2017. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
Joan A. Argenter, R. McKenna Brown (2004). On the Margins of Nations: Endangered Languages and Linguistic Rights. Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 199. ISBN 9780953824861.
Watenpaugh, Keith David (2014). Being Modern in the Middle East: Revolution, Nationalism, Colonialism, and the Arab Middle Class. Princeton University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-1-4008-6666-3.
Chatty, Dawn (8 March 2010). Displacement and Dispossession in the Modern Middle East. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-48693-4.
Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer (2001). "The Middle East, p. 761". The Encyclopedia of World History. Houghton Mifflin Books. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4.
George, Alan (2003). Syria: neither bread nor freedom. London: Zed Books. pp. 56–58. ISBN 1-84277-213-9.

britannica.com

"Syria | History, People, & Maps | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
"Syria: World War II and independence". Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 20 January 2024.

cbsnews.com

"Syria ambassador to Iraq, Nawaf al-Fares, defects from Assad's regime". CBS News. 12 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
"Syrians celebrate end of the Assad family's half-century rule after president flees to Moscow – CBS News". www.cbsnews.com. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 9 December 2024.

cnn.com

edition.cnn.com

"Jordan asked Nixon to attack Syria, declassified papers show". CNN. 28 November 2007. Retrieved 25 October 2008.
"Regional group votes to suspend Syria; rebels claim downing of jet". CNN. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.

cnn.com

"Syria: Car bomb kills 17 in Damascus". CNN. 27 September 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
"Visit to Syria starts week of U.S. diplomacy in Middle East". CNN. 27 July 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com

"Why Syria could get even uglier". Global Public Square – CNN.com Blogs. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2012.

countrystudies.us

"Syria - Ottoman Empire". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

couriermail.com.au

"UNICEF says 400 children killed in Syria". The Courier-Mail. 8 February 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.

cpj.org

Labidi, Kamel (26 May 2009). "Q&A: Syrian journalist Michel Kilo after prison". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

demdigest.net

"The Damascus Declaration for Democratic National Change". 15 October 2005. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2011.

diepresse.com

"Der Islamist im Anzug: Wer ist der syrische Übergangspremier Mohammed al-Bashir?" [The Islamist in a suit: who is the Syrian interim prime minister Mohammed al-Bashir?]. Die Presse (in German). 10 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.

diplomatie.gouv.fr

"III - Protmand modifie mandat" (PDF). 26 June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

doi.org

Atassi, Karim (2018). "6: The Fourth Republic". Syria, the Strength of an Idea: The Constitutional Architectures of Its Political Regimes. New York, NY 10006, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 252. doi:10.1017/9781316872017. ISBN 978-1-107-18360-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
Kassam, Becker, Kamal, Maria (16 May 2023). "Syrians of today, Germans of tomorrow: the effect of initial placement on the political interest of Syrian refugees in Germany". Frontiers in Political Science. 5: 2, 3. doi:10.3389/fpos.2023.1100446.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Eyal Zisser (2002). "June 1967: Israel's Capture of the Golan Heights". Israel Studies. 7 (1): 168–194. doi:10.2979/isr.2002.7.1.168.
Kassam, Becker, Kamal, Maria (16 May 2023). "Syrians of today, Germans of tomorrow: the effect of initial placement on the political interest of Syrian refugees in Germany". Frontiers in Political Science. 5: 3. doi:10.3389/fpos.2023.1100446.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

dw.com

"Syria: US, Germany, France, UK call for de-escalation". DW News. 2 December 2024. Retrieved 2 December 2024.

dw.de

"US appoints first ambassador to Syria for five years". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

economist.com

"Red lines that cannot be crossed – The authorities don't want you to read or see too much". The Economist. 24 July 2008.

enabbaladi.net

english.enabbaladi.net

Ula, enab10 (10 December 2024). "Mohammed al-Bashir to head Syria's transitional government". Enab Baladi. Retrieved 15 February 2025.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"General Command appoints Ahmed al-Sharaa as President of Syria". Enab Baladi. 29 January 2025. Retrieved 9 February 2025.

everything2.com

"Battle of Aleppo - Everything2.com". www.everything2.com. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

foreignaffairs.com

Michael Bröning (7 March 2011). "The Sturdy House That Assad Built". The Foreign Affairs.

foreignpolicy.com

Moubayed, Sami (6 August 2012). "Capture The Flag". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 August 2012.

forward.com

Marc Perelman (11 July 2003). "Syria Makes Overture Over Negotiations". Forward.com. Retrieved 25 October 2008.

foxnews.com

"House Speaker Pelosi Says Syria Willing to Resume Peace Talks With Israel". Fox News Channel. 4 April 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

france24.com

"Syrian army launches counterattack as rebels push towards Hama". France24. 4 December 2024. Retrieved 4 December 2024.

ft.com

Daraghi, Borzou (30 December 2011). "Syrian rebels raise a flag from the past". Retrieved 28 August 2012.
Saleh, Heba; Jalabi, Raya (9 December 2024). "Syrian rebels seek to consolidate control". Financial Times. Retrieved 9 December 2024.

ghostarchive.org

"Barack Obama renews sanctions on Syria for a year". The Telegraph. London. 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

"Envoy to Syrian President Visits China for Talks". ABC News. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.

google.com

"UNICEF says 400 children killed in Syria unrest". Geneva. Agence France-Presse. 7 February 2012. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 22 February 2012.

googleusercontent.com

translate.googleusercontent.com

"Number as a civil / military". Translate.googleusercontent.com. Retrieved 6 February 2012.

haaretz.com

Associated, The (5 April 2007). "U.S. Republican meets Assad day after contentious Pelosi visit". Haaretz. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

history.com

"Syria". HISTORY. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

huffingtonpost.com

Whatley, Stuart (10 March 2009). "Syria Launches Damascus Securities Exchange As Part of Economic Liberalization Effort". HuffPost. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

independent.co.uk

Huggler, Justin (6 October 2003). "Israel launches strikes on Syria in retaliation for bomb attack". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2008.
Sengupta, Kim (20 February 2012). "Syria's sectarian war goes international as foreign fighters and arms pour into country". The Independent. Antakya. Retrieved 22 February 2012.

iranchamber.com

Bounni, Adnan. "Achaemenid: Persian Syria 538–331 BCE. Two Centuries of Persian Rule". Iran Chamber Society. Retrieved 6 September 2017.

israelnationalnews.com

"French Intelligence: Syria Used and Will Use Sarin Gas". Arutz Sheva. 3 September 2013.

itp.net

"Facebook, YouTube unblocked in Syria". ITP.net. 9 February 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

jaas.org

"The Aramaic Language and Its Classification" (PDF). Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. 14 (1).

khaleejtimes.com

3,000 security forces (15 March 2011 – 27 March 2012),"Syrian forces, rebels clash inside Lebanon -residents - AlertNet". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2016. 230 security forces (28 March – 8 April),"Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::". Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. 1,117 insurgents (15 March 2011 – 10 April 2012),[1] 3,478 civilians (15 March 2011 – 6 April 2012),[2] total of 7,825 reported killed

kochi-tech.ac.jp

"The Dederiyeh Neanderthal". kochi-tech.ac.jp.

latimes.com

Raed Rafei (11 March 2009). "Syria launches stock exchange". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

lemonde.fr

"Syrian rebels name Mohammed al-Bashir head of transitional government". Le Monde. 10 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.

meforum.org

Ghadry, Farid N. (Winter 2005). "Syrian Reform: What Lies Beneath". The Middle East Quarterly.
Cook, Steven A. (December 1996). "On the Road: In Asad's Damascus". Middle East Quarterly: 39–43. Retrieved 24 March 2013.

metmuseum.org

"The Eastern Mediterranean, 1400–1600 CE". Metmuseum.org. Retrieved 23 April 2011.

naharnet.com

"Naharnet Newsdesk – Syria Curbs Kurdish Riots for a Merger with Iraq's Kurdistan". Naharnet.com. Retrieved 25 October 2008.

nation.co.ke

"UNICEF says 400 children killed in Syria unrest". Daily Nation. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2019.

nbcnews.com

"Pelosi meets with Syria's Assad". NBC News. 4 April 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

news.google.com

"Assad son dies in car accident". Rome News Tribune. 21 June 1994. Retrieved 13 July 2012.

news24.com

"Syria: Refugees brace for more bloodshed". News24. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

newsfromsyria.com

"Michel Kilo released". Newsfromsyria.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

npr.org

Peralta, Eyder (3 February 2012). "Rights Group Says Syrian Security Forces Detained, Tortured Children: The Two-Way". NPR. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
"Syrian Refugees May Be Wearing Out Turks' Welcome". NPR.org. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

nytimes.com

Schmemann, Serge (11 May 1997). "General's Words Shed a New Light on the Golan". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
Sanger, David (14 October 2007). "Israel Struck Syrian Nuclear Project, Analysts Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 October 2007.
Otterman, Sharon (29 July 2009). "U.S. Opens Way to Ease Sanctions Against Syria". The New York Times.
"Mitchell Cites Syria's Role in Mideast Peace Effort". The New York Times. 14 June 2009.
"Obama Renews Syria Sanctions". The New York Times. Agence France-Presse. 3 May 2010.
Fahim, Kareem (5 January 2012). "Hundreds Tortured in Syria, Human Rights Group Says". The New York Times.
MacFarquhar, Neil (12 November 2011). "Arab League Votes to Suspend Syria". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
Sanger, David E.; Schmitt, Eric (3 September 2013). "Allies' Intelligence Differs on Details, but Still Points to Assad Forces". The New York Times.
Sayare, Scott (2 September 2013). "French Release Intelligence Tying Assad Government to Chemical Weapons". The New York Times.
"Fighting Worsens Already Dire Conditions in Northwestern Syria". The New York Times. 4 December 2024.
"Syria's Government Battles Multiple Rebel Uprisings". The New York Times. 7 December 2024.
Bergman, Ronen (8 December 2024). "Israeli Ground Forces Cross into Syria, Officials Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 December 2024.

offiziere.ch

Ghadbian, Najib. "The New Asad: Dynamics of Continuity and Change in Syria" (PDF). p. 55 (4): 624–641. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 December 2018.

ohchr.org

http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/SY/ColSyriaDecember2012.pdf ^{[bare URL PDF]}

peoplesdispatch.org

Vijay Prashad (11 December 2024). "The fall of the Assad government in Syria". peoplesdispatch.org. Retrieved 13 December 2024.

reuters.com

Oweis, Khaled (22 March 2011). "Fear barrier crumbles in Syrian 'kingdom of silence'". Reuters. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
Makdessi, Marwan (27 September 2008). "Car bomb near Syrian security base kills 17". Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
Kasolowsky, Raissa (9 October 2012). "Up to 335,000 people have fled Syria violence: UNHCR". Reuters. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
"Syrian army quits Homs, cutting Assad off from coast". Reuters.
Samia Nakhoul; Maya Gebeily; Parisa Hafezi; Suleiman Al-Khalidi (13 December 2024). "Assad's final hours in Syria: Deception, despair and flight". Reuters. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
"Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections". Reuters. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.

rferl.org

"Iran Report: June 19, 2000". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 November 2008. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 15 May 2022.

roman-emperors.org

"Roman Emperors – DIR severan Julias". roman-emperors.org.

rsf.org

en.rsf.org

"Bashar Al-Assad, President, Syria". Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.

salon.com

"Condi Rice never looks back". Salon. 4 May 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

sana.sy

3,000 security forces (15 March 2011 – 27 March 2012),"Syrian forces, rebels clash inside Lebanon -residents - AlertNet". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2016. 230 security forces (28 March – 8 April),"Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::". Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. 1,117 insurgents (15 March 2011 – 10 April 2012),[1] 3,478 civilians (15 March 2011 – 6 April 2012),[2] total of 7,825 reported killed
Syrian Arab news agency – SANA – Syria : Syria news :: Archived 6 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Sana.sy (28 February 2012). Retrieved 26 June 2012.

sandiegouniontribune.com

"Syrian Kurds get cold reception from Iraqi Kurds". San Diego Union-Tribune. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2022.

state.gov

2009-2017.state.gov

"Background Note: Syria". United States Department of State, Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs, May 2007.

suntimes.com

blogs.suntimes.com

Sweet, Lynn (16 February 2010). "Obama names ambassador to Syria; first in five years". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.

syria.tv

"وزراء الحكومة السورية يقدمون خططهم ويؤدون القسم الدستوري". Syria TV (Fadaat Media) (in Arabic). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.

syriadirect.org

"What was behind Daraa's rapid fall, and did HTS participate?". syriadirect.org. 8 December 2024.

syrianshuhada.com

3,000 security forces (15 March 2011 – 27 March 2012),"Syrian forces, rebels clash inside Lebanon -residents - AlertNet". Archived from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2016. 230 security forces (28 March – 8 April),"Syrian Arab news agency - SANA - Syria : Syria news ::". Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012. 1,117 insurgents (15 March 2011 – 10 April 2012),[1] 3,478 civilians (15 March 2011 – 6 April 2012),[2] total of 7,825 reported killed

telegraph.co.uk

"Barack Obama renews sanctions on Syria for a year". The Telegraph. London. 4 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
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