History of Tibet (English Wikipedia)

https://www.163.com/dy/article/HHINUQN00553GONE.html 1717年准噶尔汗国攻入拉萨，杀拉藏汗，和硕特汗国灭亡。1720年清朝第二次出兵，赶走准噶尔军。不久，清朝快速平定罗卜藏丹津之乱，在青海建立直接管理体系。 In 1717, the Dzungar Khanate invaded Lhasa, killed Lha-bzang Khan, and the Khoshut Khanate was destroyed. In 1720, the Qing dynasty sent troops for the second time and drove away the Dzungar army. Soon, the Qing dynasty quickly put down the rebellion of Lobsang Danjin and established a direct management system in Qinghai.

aljazeera.com

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Grousset 1970, pp. 47–48. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
Laird 2006, p. 115. Laird, Thomas; Dalai Lama XIV Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1. OCLC 63165009.
Laird 2006, p. 124. Laird, Thomas; Dalai Lama XIV Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1. OCLC 63165009.
Laird 2006, p. 145. Laird, Thomas; Dalai Lama XIV Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1. OCLC 63165009.
Laird 2006, p. 149. Laird, Thomas; Dalai Lama XIV Bstan-ʼdzin-rgya-mtsho (2006). The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-1827-1. OCLC 63165009.
Grousset 1970, p. 524. Grousset, René (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
Rawski, Evelyn Sakakida (1998). The last emperors : a social history of Qing imperial institutions. Berkeley : University of California Press. p. 251. ISBN 978-0-520-21289-3.
Why We Fight #6 Battle of China. https://archive.org/details/BattleOfChina

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柴达木文史丛书.第4辑.固始汗及其子孙. Beijing Book Co. December 2016. ISBN 978-7-999065-90-6. 皇上勝過締造萬物之如意寶，布仁慈於四海之濱；揚善抑惡，以足眾生之望。蒙天恩賞賜金冊、金印，封為遵行文義慧敏顧實汗，謹望闥跪接祗領，叩謝天恩。The Emperor is better than the wish-fulfilling treasure that created all things, spreading kindness to the shores of the four seas; promoting good and suppressing evil to satisfy the hopes of all living beings. I was rewarded with a gold book and a gold seal by Heaven's grace, and was named Obey Wenyi Huimin Gu Shihan. I sincerely hope that I will kneel down to accept the leader and kowtow to thank Heaven's grace.
陈庆英 (2005). 达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 41–. ISBN 978-7-5085-0745-3.
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Beckwith 1987, p. 17. Beckwith, Christopher I. (1987). The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia: A History of the Struggle for Great Power Among Tibetans, Turks, Arabs, and Chinese During the Early Middle Ages. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05494-0. OCLC 15630380.
Achut Dattatrya Pusalker (1964). The History and Culture of the Indian People: The age of imperial Kanauj. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 52. The Tibetan records claim that some of their rulers, who were contemporaries of Dharmapala and Devapala, conquered the dominions of the Palas, and specifically, refer to Dharamapala as submitting to Tibetan supremacy. This is not, however, corroborated by any independent evidence, and we cannot say how far the claims can be regarded as historically true. It is not unlikely that Tibet exercised some political influence in Eastern India during the period A.D. 750-850, and the occasional reverses of the Pala rulers at the hands of the Pratiharas and the Rashtrakutas may be partly due to Tibetan aggression.
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Shakya 1999, p. 314-347. Shakya, Tsering (January 1999). The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet Since 1947. Pimlico. ISBN 978-0-7126-6533-9. OCLC 40840911. Retrieved 19 April 2016.

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Zhang, David D.; Bennett, Matthew R.; Cheng, Hai; Wang, Leibin; Zhang, Haiwei; Reynolds, Sally C.; Zhang, Shengda; Wang, Xiaoqing; Li, Teng; Urban, Tommy; Pei, Qing; Wu, Zhifeng; Zhang, Pu; Liu, Chunru; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Cong; Zhang, Dongju; Lawrence Edwards, R. (10 September 2021). "Earliest parietal art: Hominin hand and foot traces from the middle Pleistocene of Tibet". Science Bulletin. 66 (24): 2506–2515. Bibcode:2021SciBu..66.2506Z. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2021.09.001. ISSN 2095-9273. PMID 36654210. S2CID 239102132.
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Wylie 1990, p. 106. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 106: "erred in identifying Tibet as the country against Chinggis launched that early campaign. His military objective was the Tangut kingdom of Hsi-hsia." Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 110: "delegated the command of the Tibetan invasion to an otherwise unknown general, Doorda Darkhan" Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 104. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 111. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 104: "To counterbalance the political power of the lama, Khubilai appointed civil administrators at the Sa-skya to supervise the Mongol regency." Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 103-133. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Stein 1972, p. 83. Stein, R. A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Stanford University Press: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, ISBN 0-8047-0901-7, JSTOR 1795516; first published in French (1962). English translation by J. E. Stapelton Driver. Reprint: Stanford University Press (with minor revisions from 1977 Faber & Faber edition), 1995. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (hbk).
Stein 1972, pp. 85–88. Stein, R. A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Stanford University Press: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, ISBN 0-8047-0901-7, JSTOR 1795516; first published in French (1962). English translation by J. E. Stapelton Driver. Reprint: Stanford University Press (with minor revisions from 1977 Faber & Faber edition), 1995. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (hbk).

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Zhang, David D.; Bennett, Matthew R.; Cheng, Hai; Wang, Leibin; Zhang, Haiwei; Reynolds, Sally C.; Zhang, Shengda; Wang, Xiaoqing; Li, Teng; Urban, Tommy; Pei, Qing; Wu, Zhifeng; Zhang, Pu; Liu, Chunru; Wang, Yafeng; Wang, Cong; Zhang, Dongju; Lawrence Edwards, R. (10 September 2021). "Earliest parietal art: Hominin hand and foot traces from the middle Pleistocene of Tibet". Science Bulletin. 66 (24): 2506–2515. Bibcode:2021SciBu..66.2506Z. doi:10.1016/j.scib.2021.09.001. ISSN 2095-9273. PMID 36654210. S2CID 239102132.
Zhao, M; Kong, QP; Wang, HW; Peng, MS; Xie, XD; Wang, WZ; Jiayang, Duan JG; Cai, MC; Zhao, SN; Cidanpingcuo, Tu YQ; Wu, SF; Yao, YG; Bandelt, HJ; Zhang, YP (2009). "Mitochondrial genome evidence reveals successful Late Paleolithic settlement on the Tibetan Plateau". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (50): 21230–21235. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10621230Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907844106. PMC 2795552. PMID 19955425.
Stein 1972, pp. 48f; Samuel 1993, p. 441. Stein, R. A. (1972), "Tibetan Civilization", The Geographical Journal, 138 (4), Stanford University Press: 501, Bibcode:1972GeogJ.138..501W, doi:10.2307/1795516, ISBN 0-8047-0901-7, JSTOR 1795516; first published in French (1962). English translation by J. E. Stapelton Driver. Reprint: Stanford University Press (with minor revisions from 1977 Faber & Faber edition), 1995. ISBN 0-8047-0806-1 (hbk). Samuel, Geoffrey (1993). Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 1-56098-231-4.
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Wylie 1990, p. 105. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 106. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 106: "erred in identifying Tibet as the country against Chinggis launched that early campaign. His military objective was the Tangut kingdom of Hsi-hsia." Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 110: "delegated the command of the Tibetan invasion to an otherwise unknown general, Doorda Darkhan" Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 104. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 111. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 104: "To counterbalance the political power of the lama, Khubilai appointed civil administrators at the Sa-skya to supervise the Mongol regency." Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
Wylie 1990, p. 103-133. Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted". Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies. 37 (1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. doi:10.2307/2718667. ISSN 0073-0548. JSTOR 2718667. OCLC 6015211726.
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https://www.sohu.com/a/335359149_457251 1718年正月初二，清军驻守青海的侍卫阿齐图在柴达木带队巡逻时，遇到了侥幸从拉萨逃出的拉藏汗次子苏尔扎的妻子一行，确认了拉藏汗兵败被杀、西藏已落入准噶尔手中的结局。事态的严重，迫使清朝方面仓促地做出了武力解决西藏问题的决策。1718年三月，康熙皇帝命色楞与额伦特等“统率军兵征剿西藏”。 On the second day of the first lunar month in 1718, Aqi Tu, a Qing guard stationed in Qinghai, met the wife of Surza, the second son of Lazang Khan, who had escaped from Lhasa, while leading a patrol in Qaidam. He confirmed that Lazang Khan had been defeated and killed, and Tibet had fallen into the hands of the Dzungars. The seriousness of the situation forced the Qing dynasty to hastily make a decision to resolve the Tibetan issue by force. In March 1718, Emperor Kangxi ordered Seleng and Elunte to "lead the army to conquer Tibet."

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不能遗忘的历史画面——看封建农奴制下的悲惨西藏 [Unforgettable History – Old Tibet Serfdom System]. Guangming Daily (in Chinese (China)). Archived from the original on 2008-04-21. Retrieved 2008-04-17 – via Xinhua.
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