History of artificial intelligence (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "History of artificial intelligence" in English language version.

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Hart et al. 2003. Hart PE, Nilsson NJ, Perrault R, Mitchell T, Kulikowski CA, Leake DB (15 March 2003). "In Memoriam: Charles Rosen, Norman Nielsen, and Saul Amarel". AI Magazine. 24 (1): 6. doi:10.1609/aimag.v24i1.1683. ISSN 2371-9621.

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Buchanan 2005, p. 56. Buchanan BG (Winter 2005), "A (Very) Brief History of Artificial Intelligence" (PDF), AI Magazine, pp. 53–60, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007, retrieved 30 August 2007.

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Haigh 2023. Haigh T (December 2023). "There Was No 'First AI Winter'". Communications of the ACM. 66 (12): 35–39. doi:10.1145/3625833. ISSN 0001-0782..

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This account is based on Crevier 1993, pp. 115–116. Other views include McCorduck 2004, pp. 306–313 and NRC 1999 under "Success in Speech Recognition". Crevier D (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. McCorduck P (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd., ISBN 978-1-56881-205-2, OCLC 52197627. NRC (1999), "Developments in Artificial Intelligence", Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press, ISBN 978-0-309-06278-7, OCLC 246584055
Wason & Shapiro (1966) showed that people do poorly on completely abstract problems, but if the problem is restated to allow the use of intuitive social intelligence, performance dramatically improves. (See Wason selection task) Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) have shown that people are terrible at elementary problems that involve uncertain reasoning. (See list of cognitive biases for several examples). Eleanor Rosch's work is described in Lakoff 1987. Kahnmann published a more general theory of symbolic cognition and other kinds of thinking in his book Thinking Fast and Slow (2011) Wason PC, Shapiro D (1966). "Reasoning". In Foss, B. M. (ed.). New horizons in psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Kahneman D, Slovic D, Tversky A (1982). "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases". Science. 185 (4157). New York: Cambridge University Press: 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISBN 978-0-521-28414-1. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Lakoff G (1987), Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind, University of Chicago Press., ISBN 978-0-226-46804-4.
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Moravec 1988, p. 9. Moravec H (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-57618-6, OCLC 245755104
Crevier 1993, pp. 52–107; Moravec 1988, p. 9 Crevier D (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Moravec H (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-57618-6, OCLC 245755104
Crevier 1993, pp. 52–107; Moravec 1988, p. 9 Crevier D (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. Moravec H (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-57618-6, OCLC 245755104
Minsky & Papert 1969. Minsky M, Papert S (1969), Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry, The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-63111-2, OCLC 16924756
Moravec 1988, pp. 15–16. Moravec H (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-57618-6, OCLC 245755104
Moravec 1988, pp. 15–16. Moravec H (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-57618-6, OCLC 245755104
NRC 1999, under "Shift to Applied Research Increases Investment.". NRC (1999), "Developments in Artificial Intelligence", Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press, ISBN 978-0-309-06278-7, OCLC 246584055
NRC 1999. NRC (1999), "Developments in Artificial Intelligence", Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press, ISBN 978-0-309-06278-7, OCLC 246584055
NRC 1999. NRC (1999), "Developments in Artificial Intelligence", Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press, ISBN 978-0-309-06278-7, OCLC 246584055
Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986. Dreyfus H, Dreyfus S (1986). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-02-908060-3. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986. Dreyfus H, Dreyfus S (1986). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-02-908060-3. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
Dreyfus & Dreyfus 1986. Dreyfus H, Dreyfus S (1986). Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-02-908060-3. Retrieved 22 August 2020.
NRC 1999, under "Shift to Applied Research Increases Investment". NRC (1999), "Developments in Artificial Intelligence", Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press, ISBN 978-0-309-06278-7, OCLC 246584055
Moravec 1988, p. 20. Moravec H (1988), Mind Children, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-57618-6, OCLC 245755104
Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998. Poole D, Mackworth A, Goebel R (1998), Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach, Oxford University Press., ISBN 978-0-19-510270-3.
NRC 1999, Artificial Intelligence in the 90s. NRC (1999), "Developments in Artificial Intelligence", Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press, ISBN 978-0-309-06278-7, OCLC 246584055

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Bubeck et al. 2023. Bubeck S, Chandrasekaran V, Eldan R, Gehrke J, Horvitz E, Kamar E, Lee P, Lee YT, Li Y, Lundberg S, Nori H, Palangi H, Ribeiro MT, Zhang Y (22 March 2023). "Sparks of Artificial General Intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4". arXiv:2303.12712 [cs.CL].

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Kurosawa Y (19 January 2021). "ゲームキャラ音声読み上げソフト「15.ai」公開中。『Undertale』や『Portal』のキャラに好きなセリフを言ってもらえる" [Game Character Voice Reading Software "15.ai" Now Available. Get Characters from Undertale and Portal to Say Your Desired Lines]. AUTOMATON (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2024.

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doi.org

Wason & Shapiro (1966) showed that people do poorly on completely abstract problems, but if the problem is restated to allow the use of intuitive social intelligence, performance dramatically improves. (See Wason selection task) Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) have shown that people are terrible at elementary problems that involve uncertain reasoning. (See list of cognitive biases for several examples). Eleanor Rosch's work is described in Lakoff 1987. Kahnmann published a more general theory of symbolic cognition and other kinds of thinking in his book Thinking Fast and Slow (2011) Wason PC, Shapiro D (1966). "Reasoning". In Foss, B. M. (ed.). New horizons in psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Kahneman D, Slovic D, Tversky A (1982). "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases". Science. 185 (4157). New York: Cambridge University Press: 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISBN 978-0-521-28414-1. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Lakoff G (1987), Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind, University of Chicago Press., ISBN 978-0-226-46804-4.
An early example of McCarthy's position was in the journal Science where he said "This is AI, so we don't care if it's psychologically real" (Kolata 1982), and he recently reiterated his position at the AI@50 conference where he said "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence" (Maker 2006). Kolata G (1982), "How can computers get common sense?", Science, 217 (4566): 1237–1238, Bibcode:1982Sci...217.1237K, doi:10.1126/science.217.4566.1237, PMID 17837639. Maker MH (2006), AI@50: AI Past, Present, Future, Dartmouth College, archived from the original on 8 October 2008, retrieved 16 October 2008
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Image adapted from Saygin 2000 Saygin AP, Cicekli I, Akman V (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
Image adapted from Saygin 2000 Saygin AP, Cicekli I, Akman V (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
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An early example of McCarthy's position was in the journal Science where he said "This is AI, so we don't care if it's psychologically real" (Kolata 1982), and he recently reiterated his position at the AI@50 conference where he said "Artificial intelligence is not, by definition, simulation of human intelligence" (Maker 2006). Kolata G (1982), "How can computers get common sense?", Science, 217 (4566): 1237–1238, Bibcode:1982Sci...217.1237K, doi:10.1126/science.217.4566.1237, PMID 17837639. Maker MH (2006), AI@50: AI Past, Present, Future, Dartmouth College, archived from the original on 8 October 2008, retrieved 16 October 2008

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Image adapted from Saygin 2000 Saygin AP, Cicekli I, Akman V (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).
Image adapted from Saygin 2000 Saygin AP, Cicekli I, Akman V (2000), "Turing Test: 50 Years Later" (PDF), Minds and Machines, 10 (4): 463–518, doi:10.1023/A:1011288000451, hdl:11693/24987, S2CID 990084, archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2011, retrieved 7 January 2004. Reprinted in Moor (2003, pp. 23–78).

harvard.edu

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Wason & Shapiro (1966) showed that people do poorly on completely abstract problems, but if the problem is restated to allow the use of intuitive social intelligence, performance dramatically improves. (See Wason selection task) Kahneman, Slovic & Tversky (1982) have shown that people are terrible at elementary problems that involve uncertain reasoning. (See list of cognitive biases for several examples). Eleanor Rosch's work is described in Lakoff 1987. Kahnmann published a more general theory of symbolic cognition and other kinds of thinking in his book Thinking Fast and Slow (2011) Wason PC, Shapiro D (1966). "Reasoning". In Foss, B. M. (ed.). New horizons in psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Retrieved 18 November 2019. Kahneman D, Slovic D, Tversky A (1982). "Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases". Science. 185 (4157). New York: Cambridge University Press: 1124–1131. Bibcode:1974Sci...185.1124T. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124. ISBN 978-0-521-28414-1. PMID 17835457. S2CID 143452957. Lakoff G (1987), Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind, University of Chicago Press., ISBN 978-0-226-46804-4.
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Quoted in Russell & Norvig (2021, p. 15) Russell SJ, Norvig P (2021). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (4th ed.). Hoboken: Pearson. ISBN 978-0-13-461099-3. LCCN 20190474.
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This account is based on Crevier 1993, pp. 115–116. Other views include McCorduck 2004, pp. 306–313 and NRC 1999 under "Success in Speech Recognition". Crevier D (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. New York, NY: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02997-3. McCorduck P (2004), Machines Who Think (2nd ed.), Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd., ISBN 978-1-56881-205-2, OCLC 52197627. NRC (1999), "Developments in Artificial Intelligence", Funding a Revolution: Government Support for Computing Research, National Academy Press, ISBN 978-0-309-06278-7, OCLC 246584055
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Christian 2020, pp. 67–70. Christian B (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-86833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
Christian 2020, pp. 6–7, 25. Christian B (2020). The Alignment Problem: Machine learning and human values. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-86833-3. OCLC 1233266753.
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