History of atomic theory (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "History of atomic theory" in English language version.

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Grivet, Jean-Philippe (January 2002). "The Hydrogen Molecular Ion Revisited". Journal of Chemical Education. 79 (1): 127. Bibcode:2002JChEd..79..127G. doi:10.1021/ed079p127. ISSN 0021-9584.

aps.org (Global: 1,503^rd place; English: 1,378^th place)

link.aps.org

Levin, F. S.; Shertzer, J. (1985-12-01). "Finite-element solution of the Schrödinger equation for the helium ground state". Physical Review A. 32 (6): 3285–3290. Bibcode:1985PhRvA..32.3285L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.32.3285. ISSN 0556-2791. PMID 9896495.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Thomas Thomson (1831). A History of Chemistry, Volume 2. p. 291
Millington (1906). John Dalton, p. 113 J. P. Millington (1906). John Dalton. J. M. Dent & Co. (London); E. P. Dutton & Co. (New York).
Cannizzaro (1858). Sketch of a Course of Chemical Philosophy. pp. 2–4
Perrin (1909). Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality, p. 50 Jean Perrin (1910) [1909]. Brownian Movement and Molecular Reality. Translated by F. Soddy. Taylor and Francis.
J. J. Thomson (1898). "On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Röntgen Rays". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 46 (283): 528–545. doi:10.1080/14786449808621229.
Van Der Broek, A. (1913-11-01). "Intra-atomic Charge". Nature. 92 (2300): 372–373. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..372V. doi:10.1038/092372c0. ISSN 0028-0836. Archived from the original on 2021-07-06.
J. J. Thomson (1898). "On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Röntgen Rays". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 46 (283): 528–545. doi:10.1080/14786449808621229.
Orme Masson (1921). "The Constitution of Atoms". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 41 (242): 281–285. doi:10.1080/14786442108636219.
Footnote by Ernest Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of Section A of the British Association [for the Advancement of Science] at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name "proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle" given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'
Sir E. Rutherford (1920). "Bakerian Lecture: Nuclear Constitution of Atoms". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. 97 (686): 374–400. Bibcode:1920RSPSA..97..374R. doi:10.1098/rspa.1920.0040.: "Under some conditions, however, it may be possible for an electron to combine much more closely with the H nucleus, forming a kind of neutral doublet. [...] The existence of such atoms seems almost necessary to explain the building up of the nuclei of heavy elements; for unless we suppose the production of charged particles of very high velocities it is difficult to see how any positively charged particle can reach the nucleus of a heavy atom against its intense repulsive field."

au.dk (Global: 8,222^nd place; English: 8,022^nd place)

css.au.dk

Kragh, Helge (October 2010). "Before Bohr: Theories of atomic structure 1850-1913" (PDF). RePoSS: Research Publications on Science Studies, 10. Retrieved 2024-11-29.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Pullman, Bernard (1998). The Atom in the History of Human Thought. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-0-19-515040-7. Archived from the original on 5 February 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
Avogadro, Amedeo (1811). "Essai d'une manière de déterminer les masses relatives des molécules élémentaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons". Journal de Physique. 73: 58–76. English translation
Henry Enfield Roscoe, Carl Schorlemmer (1895). A Treatise on Chemistry, Volume 3, Part 1, pp. 121–122
Henry Enfield Roscoe, Carl Schorlemmer (1895). A Treatise on Chemistry, Volume 3, Part 1, pp. 121: "The radical theory and the theory of types are capable of explaining many cases of isomerism, but it was not until the doctrine of the linking of atoms was established that a clear light was thrown on this subject."
Adolphe Wurtz (1880). The Atomic Theory, p. 291: "It is in this manner that the theory of atomicity predicts, interprets, and limits the number of isomers; it has furnished the elements of one of the greatest advances which science has accomplished in the last twenty years. [...] The theory of atomicity has successfully attacked the problem by introducing into the discussion exact data, which have been in a great number of cases confirmed by experiment."
Greiner, Walter (4 October 2000). "Quantum Mechanics: An Introduction". Springer. ISBN 9783540674580. Retrieved 2010-06-14.

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"Law of definite proportions | chemistry". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-03.

chemteam.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

J. J. Thomson (1899). "On the Masses of the Ions in Gases at Low Pressures". Philosophical Magazine. 5. 48 (295): 547–567.
"...the magnitude of this negative charge is about 6 × 10⁻¹⁰ electrostatic units, and is equal to the positive charge carried by the hydrogen atom in the electrolysis of solutions. [...] In gases at low pressures these units of negative electric charge are always associated with carriers of a definite mass. This mass is exceedingly small, being only about 1.4 × 10⁻³ of that of the hydrogen ion, the smallest mass hitherto recognized as capable of a separate existence. The production of negative electrification thus involves the splitting up of an atom, as from a collection of atoms something is detached whose mass is less than that of a single atom."
Ernest Rutherford (1911). "The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom". Philosophical Magazine. Series 6. 21 (125): 669–688. doi:10.1080/14786440508637080.
Ernest Rutherford (March 1914). "The Structure of the Atom". Philosophical Magazine. 6. 27: 488–498. It is obvious from the consideration of the cases of hydrogen and helium, where hydrogen has one electron and helium two, that the number of electrons cannot be exactly half the atomic weight in all cases. This has led to an interesting suggestion by van den Broek that the number of units of charge on the nucleus, and consequently the number of external electrons, may be equal to the number of the elements when arranged in order of increasing atomic weight.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Hudson, John (1992). The History of Chemistry. Boston, MA: Springer US. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-6441-2. ISBN 978-1-4684-6443-6.
Brito, Angmary; Rodríguez, María A.; Niaz, Mansoor (2005). "A Reconstruction of Development of the Periodic Table Based on History and Philosophy of Science and Its Implications for General Chemistry Textbooks". Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 42 (1): 84–111. Bibcode:2005JRScT..42...84B. doi:10.1002/tea.20044.
Uffink, Jos (2007-01-01). "Compendium of the foundations of classical statistical physics". In Butterfield, Jeremy; Earman, John (eds.). Philosophy of Physics. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 923–1074. doi:10.1016/b978-044451560-5/50012-9. ISBN 978-0-444-51560-5.
Uffink, Jos (2007-01-01). "Compendium of the foundations of classical statistical physics". In Butterfield, Jeremy; Earman, John (eds.). Philosophy of Physics. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 923–1074. doi:10.1016/b978-044451560-5/50012-9. ISBN 978-0-444-51560-5.
Deltete, Robert (1999-04-01). "Helm and Boltzmann: Energetics at the Lübeck Naturforscherversammlung". Synthese. 119 (1): 45–68. doi:10.1023/A:1005287003138. ISSN 1573-0964.
Bernstein, Jeremy (2006-10-01). "Einstein and the existence of atoms". American Journal of Physics. 74 (10): 863–872. Bibcode:2006AmJPh..74..863B. doi:10.1119/1.2218357. ISSN 0002-9505.
J. J. Thomson (1897). "Cathode rays" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 44 (269): 293–316. doi:10.1080/14786449708621070.
"From these determinations we see that the value of m/e is independent of the nature of the gas, and that its value 10⁻⁷ is very small compared with the value 10⁻⁴, which is the smallest value of this quantity previously known, and which is the value for the hydrogen ion in electrolysis."
J. J. Thomson (1898). "On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Röntgen Rays". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 46 (283): 528–545. doi:10.1080/14786449808621229.
J. J. Thomson (March 1904). "On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure". Philosophical Magazine. Sixth series. 7 (39): 237–265. doi:10.1080/14786440409463107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Giora Hon; Bernard R. Goldstein (2013). "J. J. Thomson's plum-pudding atomic model: The making of a scientific myth". Annalen der Physik. 525 (8–9): A129 – A133. Bibcode:2013AnP...525A.129H. doi:10.1002/andp.201300732.
Heilbron, John L. (1968). "The Scattering of α and β Particles and Rutherford's Atom". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 4 (4): 247–307. doi:10.1007/BF00411591. ISSN 0003-9519. JSTOR 41133273.
Perry, Michael F. (May 2007). "Remembering The Oil Drop Experiment". Physics Today. 60 (5): 56. Bibcode:2007PhT....60e..56P. doi:10.1063/1.2743125. S2CID 162256936.
Fletcher, Harvey (1982-06-01). "My work with Millikan on the oil-drop experiment". Physics Today. 35 (6): 43–47. Bibcode:1982PhT....35f..43F. doi:10.1063/1.2915126. ISSN 0031-9228.
Eric Scerri (6 March 2017). "The Gulf between chemistry and philosophy of chemistry, then and now". Structural Chemistry. 28 (5): 1599–1605. Bibcode:2017StrCh..28.1599S. doi:10.1007/s11224-017-0948-5.
Van Der Broek, A. (1913-11-01). "Intra-atomic Charge". Nature. 92 (2300): 372–373. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..372V. doi:10.1038/092372c0. ISSN 0028-0836. Archived from the original on 2021-07-06.
Bohr, Niels (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (153): 476–502. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Kragh, Helge (2012-05-17). Niels Bohr and the Quantum Atom. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199654987.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-965498-7.
Kragh, Helge (1979). "Niels Bohr's Second Atomic Theory". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. 10: 123–186. doi:10.2307/27757389. ISSN 0073-2672. JSTOR 27757389.
Hentschel, Klaus (2009). "Zeeman Effect". In Greenberger, Daniel; Hentschel, Klaus; Weinert, Friedel (eds.). Compendium of Quantum Physics. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 862–864. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_241. ISBN 978-3-540-70622-9. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
Eckert, Michael (April 2014). "How Sommerfeld extended Bohr's model of the atom (1913–1916)". The European Physical Journal H. 39 (2): 141–156. Bibcode:2014EPJH...39..141E. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2013-40052-4. ISSN 2102-6459. S2CID 256006474.
Fleck, Alexander (1957). "Frederick Soddy". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3: 203–216. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014. p. 208: Up to 1913 we used the phrase 'radio elements chemically non-separable' and at that time the word isotope was suggested in a drawing-room discussion with Dr. Margaret Todd in the home of Soddy's father-in-law, Sir George Beilby.
Thomson, J. J. (1913). "Rays of positive electricity". Proceedings of the Royal Society. A 89 (607): 1–20. Bibcode:1913RSPSA..89....1T. doi:10.1098/rspa.1913.0057. S2CID 124295244. [as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books, 1966)]. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.
J. J. Thomson (1898). "On the Charge of Electricity carried by the Ions produced by Röntgen Rays". The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 5. 46 (283): 528–545. doi:10.1080/14786449808621229.
Ernest Rutherford (1911). "The Scattering of α and β Particles by Matter and the Structure of the Atom". Philosophical Magazine. Series 6. 21 (125): 669–688. doi:10.1080/14786440508637080.
Antonius van den Broek (23 June 1911). "The Number of Possible Elements and Mendeléeff's "Cubic" Periodic System". Nature. 87 (2177): 78. Bibcode:1911Natur..87...78V. doi:10.1038/087078b0.
"Hence, if this cubic periodic system should prove to be correct, then the number of possible elements is equal to the number of possible permanent charges of each sign per atom, or to each possible permanent charge (of both signs) per atom belongs a possible element."
Rutherford, Ernest (1919). "Collisions of alpha Particles with Light Atoms. IV. An Anomalous Effect in Nitrogen". Philosophical Magazine. 37 (222): 581. doi:10.1080/14786440608635919.
Orme Masson (1921). "The Constitution of Atoms". The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 41 (242): 281–285. doi:10.1080/14786442108636219.
Footnote by Ernest Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of Section A of the British Association [for the Advancement of Science] at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name "proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle" given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'
Helge Kragh (2000). "Conceptual Changes in Chemistry: The Notion of a Chemical Element, ca. 1900-1925". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 31 (4): 435–450. Bibcode:2000SHPMP..31..435K. doi:10.1016/S1355-2198(00)00025-3.
Sir E. Rutherford (1920). "Bakerian Lecture: Nuclear Constitution of Atoms". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. 97 (686): 374–400. Bibcode:1920RSPSA..97..374R. doi:10.1098/rspa.1920.0040.: "Under some conditions, however, it may be possible for an electron to combine much more closely with the H nucleus, forming a kind of neutral doublet. [...] The existence of such atoms seems almost necessary to explain the building up of the nuclei of heavy elements; for unless we suppose the production of charged particles of very high velocities it is difficult to see how any positively charged particle can reach the nucleus of a heavy atom against its intense repulsive field."
Chadwick, James (1932). "Possible Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0. S2CID 4076465. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Schrödinger, Erwin (1926). "Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem". Annalen der Physik. 81 (18): 109–139. Bibcode:1926AnP...386..109S. doi:10.1002/andp.19263861802.
Grivet, Jean-Philippe (January 2002). "The Hydrogen Molecular Ion Revisited". Journal of Chemical Education. 79 (1): 127. Bibcode:2002JChEd..79..127G. doi:10.1021/ed079p127. ISSN 0021-9584.
Levin, F. S.; Shertzer, J. (1985-12-01). "Finite-element solution of the Schrödinger equation for the helium ground state". Physical Review A. 32 (6): 3285–3290. Bibcode:1985PhRvA..32.3285L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.32.3285. ISSN 0556-2791. PMID 9896495.

elsevier.com (Global: 610^th place; English: 704^th place)

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Uffink, Jos (2007-01-01). "Compendium of the foundations of classical statistical physics". In Butterfield, Jeremy; Earman, John (eds.). Philosophy of Physics. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 923–1074. doi:10.1016/b978-044451560-5/50012-9. ISBN 978-0-444-51560-5.
Uffink, Jos (2007-01-01). "Compendium of the foundations of classical statistical physics". In Butterfield, Jeremy; Earman, John (eds.). Philosophy of Physics. Handbook of the Philosophy of Science. Amsterdam: North-Holland. pp. 923–1074. doi:10.1016/b978-044451560-5/50012-9. ISBN 978-0-444-51560-5.

ghostarchive.org (Global: 32^nd place; English: 21^st place)

J. J. Thomson (March 1904). "On the Structure of the Atom: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure". Philosophical Magazine. Sixth series. 7 (39): 237–265. doi:10.1080/14786440409463107. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Bohr, Niels (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (153): 476–502. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Chadwick, James (1932). "Possible Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0. S2CID 4076465. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Milton Orchin; Roger Macomber; Allan Pinhas; R. Wilson. "The Vocabulary and Concepts of Organic Chemistry, Second Edition" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2010-06-14.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Brito, Angmary; Rodríguez, María A.; Niaz, Mansoor (2005). "A Reconstruction of Development of the Periodic Table Based on History and Philosophy of Science and Its Implications for General Chemistry Textbooks". Journal of Research in Science Teaching. 42 (1): 84–111. Bibcode:2005JRScT..42...84B. doi:10.1002/tea.20044.
Bernstein, Jeremy (2006-10-01). "Einstein and the existence of atoms". American Journal of Physics. 74 (10): 863–872. Bibcode:2006AmJPh..74..863B. doi:10.1119/1.2218357. ISSN 0002-9505.
Giora Hon; Bernard R. Goldstein (2013). "J. J. Thomson's plum-pudding atomic model: The making of a scientific myth". Annalen der Physik. 525 (8–9): A129 – A133. Bibcode:2013AnP...525A.129H. doi:10.1002/andp.201300732.
Perry, Michael F. (May 2007). "Remembering The Oil Drop Experiment". Physics Today. 60 (5): 56. Bibcode:2007PhT....60e..56P. doi:10.1063/1.2743125. S2CID 162256936.
Fletcher, Harvey (1982-06-01). "My work with Millikan on the oil-drop experiment". Physics Today. 35 (6): 43–47. Bibcode:1982PhT....35f..43F. doi:10.1063/1.2915126. ISSN 0031-9228.
Eric Scerri (6 March 2017). "The Gulf between chemistry and philosophy of chemistry, then and now". Structural Chemistry. 28 (5): 1599–1605. Bibcode:2017StrCh..28.1599S. doi:10.1007/s11224-017-0948-5.
Van Der Broek, A. (1913-11-01). "Intra-atomic Charge". Nature. 92 (2300): 372–373. Bibcode:1913Natur..92..372V. doi:10.1038/092372c0. ISSN 0028-0836. Archived from the original on 2021-07-06.
Bohr, Niels (1913). "On the constitution of atoms and molecules" (PDF). Philosophical Magazine. 26 (153): 476–502. Bibcode:1913PMag...26..476B. doi:10.1080/14786441308634993. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Eckert, Michael (April 2014). "How Sommerfeld extended Bohr's model of the atom (1913–1916)". The European Physical Journal H. 39 (2): 141–156. Bibcode:2014EPJH...39..141E. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2013-40052-4. ISSN 2102-6459. S2CID 256006474.
Thomson, J. J. (1913). "Rays of positive electricity". Proceedings of the Royal Society. A 89 (607): 1–20. Bibcode:1913RSPSA..89....1T. doi:10.1098/rspa.1913.0057. S2CID 124295244. [as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books, 1966)]. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.
Antonius van den Broek (23 June 1911). "The Number of Possible Elements and Mendeléeff's "Cubic" Periodic System". Nature. 87 (2177): 78. Bibcode:1911Natur..87...78V. doi:10.1038/087078b0.
"Hence, if this cubic periodic system should prove to be correct, then the number of possible elements is equal to the number of possible permanent charges of each sign per atom, or to each possible permanent charge (of both signs) per atom belongs a possible element."
Helge Kragh (2000). "Conceptual Changes in Chemistry: The Notion of a Chemical Element, ca. 1900-1925". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 31 (4): 435–450. Bibcode:2000SHPMP..31..435K. doi:10.1016/S1355-2198(00)00025-3.
Sir E. Rutherford (1920). "Bakerian Lecture: Nuclear Constitution of Atoms". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. 97 (686): 374–400. Bibcode:1920RSPSA..97..374R. doi:10.1098/rspa.1920.0040.: "Under some conditions, however, it may be possible for an electron to combine much more closely with the H nucleus, forming a kind of neutral doublet. [...] The existence of such atoms seems almost necessary to explain the building up of the nuclei of heavy elements; for unless we suppose the production of charged particles of very high velocities it is difficult to see how any positively charged particle can reach the nucleus of a heavy atom against its intense repulsive field."
Chadwick, James (1932). "Possible Existence of a Neutron" (PDF). Nature. 129 (3252): 312. Bibcode:1932Natur.129Q.312C. doi:10.1038/129312a0. S2CID 4076465. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
Schrödinger, Erwin (1926). "Quantisation as an Eigenvalue Problem". Annalen der Physik. 81 (18): 109–139. Bibcode:1926AnP...386..109S. doi:10.1002/andp.19263861802.
Grivet, Jean-Philippe (January 2002). "The Hydrogen Molecular Ion Revisited". Journal of Chemical Education. 79 (1): 127. Bibcode:2002JChEd..79..127G. doi:10.1021/ed079p127. ISSN 0021-9584.
Levin, F. S.; Shertzer, J. (1985-12-01). "Finite-element solution of the Schrödinger equation for the helium ground state". Physical Review A. 32 (6): 3285–3290. Bibcode:1985PhRvA..32.3285L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.32.3285. ISSN 0556-2791. PMID 9896495.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Deutsch, Rosamund E. (1945). "The Ancient and Modern Atom". The Classical Journal. 41 (3): 97–103. ISSN 0009-8353. JSTOR 3292004.
Heilbron, John L. (1968). "The Scattering of α and β Particles and Rutherford's Atom". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 4 (4): 247–307. doi:10.1007/BF00411591. ISSN 0003-9519. JSTOR 41133273.
Kragh, Helge (1979). "Niels Bohr's Second Atomic Theory". Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. 10: 123–186. doi:10.2307/27757389. ISSN 0073-2672. JSTOR 27757389.

lemoyne.edu (Global: 6,850^th place; English: 8,237^th place)

web.lemoyne.edu

Avogadro, Amedeo (1811). "Essay on a Manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies, and the Proportions in Which They Enter into These Compounds". Journal de Physique. 73: 58–76.
Avogadro, Amedeo (1811). "Essai d'une manière de déterminer les masses relatives des molécules élémentaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons". Journal de Physique. 73: 58–76. English translation
Thomson, J. J. (1913). "Rays of positive electricity". Proceedings of the Royal Society. A 89 (607): 1–20. Bibcode:1913RSPSA..89....1T. doi:10.1098/rspa.1913.0057. S2CID 124295244. [as excerpted in Henry A. Boorse & Lloyd Motz, The World of the Atom, Vol. 1 (New York: Basic Books, 1966)]. Retrieved on August 29, 2007.
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