History of circumcision (English Wikipedia)

"Circumcision protest brought to Florence". Associated Press. 30 March 2008. However, the practice is still common among Christians in the United States, Oceania, South Korea, the Philippines, the Indonesian archipelago, the Middle East and Africa. Some Middle Eastern Christians actually view the procedure as a rite of passage.

archive.org

Gollaher DL (2000). Circumcision: A history of the world's most controversial surgery. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04397-6.
Maimonides M (1885). The Guide of the Perplexed. London: Trübner and co. pp. 267–9. ISBN 0-524-08303-7.
Julian of Toledo (1862). Historia rebellionis Paulli adversus Wambam Gothorum Regem (in Latin). apud Garnier fratres et J.-P. Migne successores. p. 10. reprinted in Jacques Paul Migne, ed. (1862). Patrologiæ cursus completus, seu bibliotheca universalis, integra, uniformis, commoda, oeconomica, Omnium SS. Patrium, Doctorum scriptoriumque, eccliasticorum. pp. 771–774.
Darby R. "A short history of the world's most controversial surgery". Circumcision Information Australia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008., a review of Gollaher DL (2000). Circumcision: A history of the world's most controversial surgery. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04397-6.

archive.today

El-Hout Y, Khauli RB (September 2007). "The case for routine circumcision". Journal of Men's Health. 4 (3): 300–305. doi:10.1016/j.jmhg.2007.05.007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013.

bbc.com

"Circumcision, the ultimate parenting dilemma". BBC News. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2016.

beliefnet.com

Moss LB. "Circumcision: A Jewish Inquiry". Beliefnet. Retrieved 9 April 2008.

biblestudymagazine.com

"Cutting a Covenant". Bible Study Magazine. Retrieved 11 August 2019.

books.google.com

Adams, Gregory; Adams, Kristina (2012). "Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent". In Bolnick, David A.; Koyle, Martin; Yosha, Assaf (eds.). Surgical Guide to Circumcision. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 291–298. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_26. ISBN 978-1-4471-2857-1.
Mark EW (2003). The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite (illustrated ed.). University Press of New England. p. 44. ISBN 1584653078.
Ahmed-Saidi, Christine (7 December 2020). "Family and Community Life". Daily Life of Women: An Encyclopedia from Ancient Times to the Present. ABC-CLIO. p. 375. ISBN 9781440846939.
Kent SK (1999). Gender and power in Britain, 1640–1990. Routledge. p. 189. ISBN 0-415-14742-5.
Fennell P (1999). Treatment without consent: law, psychiatry and the treatment of mentally disordered people since 1845. Routledge. pp. 66–69. ISBN 0-415-07787-7.

booksdo.com

Gollaher, David (2000). "The Jewish Tradition" (PDF). Circumcision: A History Of The World's Most Controversial Surgery. Basic Books. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0-465-02653-2. S2CID 68860890.

boystoo.com

O'Donnell H (April 2001). "The United States' Circumcision Century". Circumcision Statistics of the 20th Century. Archived from the original on 25 April 2018. Retrieved 17 January 2005.

britannica.com

"The United States proved to be the exception to this trend; in the early 21st century most boys there continued to be circumcised shortly after birth, at least in cases where there were no compelling reasons for delay." https://www.britannica.com/topic/circumcision-ritual-surgical-procedure

byu.edu

rsc.byu.edu

"7. Cutting Covenants | Religious Studies Center". rsc.byu.edu. Retrieved 11 August 2019.

cambridge.org

Brown, Stanley (January 1948). "The Nomoli of Mende Country". Africa. 18 (1): 18–19. doi:10.2307/3180463. JSTOR 3180463. S2CID 146653906.
Atherton, John H.; Milan, Kalous (July 1970). "Nomoli". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 303–317. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010161. S2CID 241833023.

ccel.org

Josephus. "How Helene the Queen of Adiabene and her son Izates, embraced the Jewish religion; and how Helene supplied the poor with corn, when there was a great famine at Jerusalem". Antiquities of the Jews – Book XX, Chapter 2, verse 4. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Retrieved 29 September 2008.

circinfo.org

Darby R. "A short history of the world's most controversial surgery". Circumcision Information Australia. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 7 October 2008., a review of Gollaher DL (2000). Circumcision: A history of the world's most controversial surgery. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-04397-6.
Incidence and prevalence of circumcision in Australia, Circumcision Information Australia, January 1913, retrieved 24 January 2015

cirp.org

Hall RG (August 1992). "Epispasm: circumcision in reverse". Bible Review: 52–7.
Peron JE (Spring 2000). "Circumcision: Then and Now". Many Blessings (volume III). pp. 41–42.
"Chaper 49". The Guide of the Perplexed. Translated and with an Introduction and Notes by Shlomo Pines. Vol. III. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. 1963. p. 609. Moses Maimonides (translated by Shlomo Pines) (1963). "Guide to the Perplexed by". University of Chicago. Retrieved 25 September 2008.
Davis DS (Summer 2001). "Male and female genital alteration: a collision course with the law?". Health Matrix. 11 (2): 487–570. PMID 11683048.
Glass M (October 2001). "The New Testament and Circumcision". Circumcision Information and Resource Pages.
* Gollaher DL (1994). "From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America". Journal of Social History. 28 (1): 5–36. doi:10.1353/jsh/28.1.5.
Waldeck SE (2003). "Using Male Circumcision to Understand Social Norms as Multipliers". University of Cincinnati Law Review. 72 (2): 455–526.
"Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes", BJU International, Volume 89: Pages 48–54, January 2002, archived at the Circumcision Reference Library
Wallerstein E (February 1985). "Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma". The Urologic Clinics of North America. 12 (1): 123–32. doi:10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9. PMID 3883617.

depaul.edu

via.library.depaul.edu

Cohen, Jonathan (1 June 2011). "Male circumcision in the United States: The History, an analysis of the discourse, and a philosophical interpretation". College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations.

doi.org

Adams, Gregory; Adams, Kristina (2012). "Circumcision in the Early Christian Church: The Controversy That Shaped a Continent". In Bolnick, David A.; Koyle, Martin; Yosha, Assaf (eds.). Surgical Guide to Circumcision. London: Springer-Verlag. pp. 291–298. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_26. ISBN 978-1-4471-2857-1.
Morris, B. J.; Wamai, R. G.; Henebeng, E. B.; Tobian, A. A.; Klausner, J. D.; Banerjee, J.; Hankins, C. A. (2016). "Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14: 4. doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5. PMC 4772313. PMID 26933388.
Morrison J (January 1967). "The origins of the practices of circumcision and subincision among the Aboriginal peoples of Australia". The Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (3): 125–7. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x. PMID 6018441. S2CID 45886476.
Immerman RS, Mackey WC (1997). "A biocultural analysis of circumcision". Social Biology. 44 (3–4): 265–75. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1976.tb00285.x. PMID 9446966. S2CID 143514833.
Darby RJ (February 2003). "Medical history and medical practice: persistent myths about the foreskin". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (4): 178–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05137.x. PMID 12580747. S2CID 31875702.
Cox, Guy; Morris, Brian J. (1 January 2012). "Why Circumcision: From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century". Surgical Guide to Circumcision. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 243–259. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_21. ISBN 978-1-4471-2858-8. S2CID 160513261.
Soukopova, Jitka (August 2017). "Central Saharan rock art: Considering the kettles and cupules". Journal of Arid Environments. 143: 12. Bibcode:2017JArEn.143...10S. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.12.011. S2CID 132225521.
Brown, Stanley (January 1948). "The Nomoli of Mende Country". Africa. 18 (1): 18–19. doi:10.2307/3180463. JSTOR 3180463. S2CID 146653906.
Atherton, John H.; Milan, Kalous (July 1970). "Nomoli". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 303–317. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010161. S2CID 241833023.
Huebner, Sabine R. (2009). "Female Circumcision as a Rite de Passage in Egypt—Continuity through the Millennia?". Journal of Egyptian History. 2 (1): 156–166. doi:10.1163/187416509X12492786609249. S2CID 161573169.
Al-Salem, Ahmed H. (8 November 2016). "Male Circumcision". An Illustrated Guide to Pediatric Urology. Springer Cham. p. 480. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44182-5_22. ISBN 978-3-319-44182-5. S2CID 79015190.
Dobanovački, Dušanka; et al. (2012). "Surgery Before Common Era (B.C.E.*)" (PDF). Archive of Oncology. 20 (1–2): 29. doi:10.2298/AOO1202028D. S2CID 53008076.
Hodges FM (Fall 2001). "The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and the kynodesme". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (3): 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. S2CID 29580193.
Rubin JP (July 1980). "Celsus' decircumcision operation: medical and historical implications". Urology. 16 (1): 121–4. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325.
El-Hout Y, Khauli RB (September 2007). "The case for routine circumcision". Journal of Men's Health. 4 (3): 300–305. doi:10.1016/j.jmhg.2007.05.007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013.
Slosar JP, O'Brien D (2003). "The ethics of neonatal male circumcision: a Catholic perspective". The American Journal of Bioethics. 3 (2): 62–64. doi:10.1162/152651603766436306. PMID 12859824. S2CID 38064474.
Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ (April 2006). "Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (2): 101–9, discussion 110. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.017442. PMC 2653870. PMID 16581731.
* Gollaher DL (1994). "From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America". Journal of Social History. 28 (1): 5–36. doi:10.1353/jsh/28.1.5.
Pang MG, Kim DS (January 2002). "Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes". BJU International. 89 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02545.x. PMID 11849160. S2CID 30235521.
Kim D, Koo SA, Pang MG (December 2012). "Decline in male circumcision in South Korea". BMC Public Health. 12: 1067. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1067. PMC 3526493. PMID 23227923.
Gairdner D (December 1949). "The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision". British Medical Journal. 2 (4642): 1433–7, illust. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433. PMC 2051968. PMID 15408299.
Gairdner D (February 1950). "The Fate of the Foreskin (letter of response)". British Medical Journal. 1 (4650): 439–440. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.383.439. PMC 2036928.
"James spence medallist, 1976 douglas montagu temple gairdner". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 52 (2): 85–6. February 1977. doi:10.1136/adc.52.2.85. PMC 1546185. PMID 21032536.
Wallerstein E (February 1985). "Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma". The Urologic Clinics of North America. 12 (1): 123–32. doi:10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9. PMID 3883617.

elsevierhealth.com

journals.elsevierhealth.com

El-Hout Y, Khauli RB (September 2007). "The case for routine circumcision". Journal of Men's Health. 4 (3): 300–305. doi:10.1016/j.jmhg.2007.05.007. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013.

ewtn.com

"Eccumenical Council of Florence and Council of Basel". EWTN Global Catholic Television Network Library. Retrieved 8 April 2016.

fordham.edu

Suetonius (translated and annotated by J. C. Rolfe) (c. 110). "De Vita Caesarum-Domitianus". Ancient History Sourcebook at fordham.edu. Retrieved 9 April 2008. The Romans applied the term curtus (lit., "cut short") to circumcised men at least in poetic contexts, e.g. at Horace, Sermones i.9.70.

haaretz.com

Gilad E. "Why Do Jews Circumcise Their Sons?". Haaretz.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Soukopova, Jitka (August 2017). "Central Saharan rock art: Considering the kettles and cupules". Journal of Arid Environments. 143: 12. Bibcode:2017JArEn.143...10S. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.12.011. S2CID 132225521.

historyofcircumcision.net

"The crotchets of Sir Jonathan Hutchinson". History of Circumcision. Archived from the original on 2 June 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2014.

jewishencyclopedia.com

"SHEM". The Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 17 December 2013.

jstor.org

Brown, Stanley (January 1948). "The Nomoli of Mende Country". Africa. 18 (1): 18–19. doi:10.2307/3180463. JSTOR 3180463. S2CID 146653906.

misericordia.edu

"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

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Herodotus (29 November 2005). The History of Herodotus. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1-4165-1697-2.

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Dobanovački, Dušanka; et al. (2012). "Surgery Before Common Era (B.C.E.*)" (PDF). Archive of Oncology. 20 (1–2): 29. doi:10.2298/AOO1202028D. S2CID 53008076.

newadvent.org

Clement of Alexandria, 'Stromata, Book I, Chapter 15'; NewAdvent.org

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Marck J (1997). "Aspects of male circumcision in sub-equatorial African culture history". Health Transition Review. 7 Suppl (supplement): 337–60. PMID 10173099.
Morris, B. J.; Wamai, R. G.; Henebeng, E. B.; Tobian, A. A.; Klausner, J. D.; Banerjee, J.; Hankins, C. A. (2016). "Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14: 4. doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5. PMC 4772313. PMID 26933388.
Morrison J (January 1967). "The origins of the practices of circumcision and subincision among the Aboriginal peoples of Australia". The Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (3): 125–7. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x. PMID 6018441. S2CID 45886476.
Afsari M, Beasley SW, Maoate K, Heckert K (March 2002). "Attitudes of Pacific parents to circumcision of boys". Pacific Health Dialog. 9 (1): 29–33. PMID 12737414.
Amin Ud Din M (2012). "Aposthia-a motive of circumcision origin". Iranian Journal of Public Health. 41 (9): 84. PMC 3494220. PMID 23193511.
Immerman RS, Mackey WC (1997). "A biocultural analysis of circumcision". Social Biology. 44 (3–4): 265–75. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1976.tb00285.x. PMID 9446966. S2CID 143514833.
Darby RJ (February 2003). "Medical history and medical practice: persistent myths about the foreskin". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (4): 178–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05137.x. PMID 12580747. S2CID 31875702.
Darby R (July 2005). "The riddle of the sands: circumcision, history, and myth" (PDF). The New Zealand Medical Journal. 118 (1218): U1564. PMID 16027753. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
Hodges FM (Fall 2001). "The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and the kynodesme". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (3): 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. S2CID 29580193.
Rubin JP (July 1980). "Celsus' decircumcision operation: medical and historical implications". Urology. 16 (1): 121–4. doi:10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4. PMID 6994325.
Davis DS (Summer 2001). "Male and female genital alteration: a collision course with the law?". Health Matrix. 11 (2): 487–570. PMID 11683048.
Slosar JP, O'Brien D (2003). "The ethics of neonatal male circumcision: a Catholic perspective". The American Journal of Bioethics. 3 (2): 62–64. doi:10.1162/152651603766436306. PMID 12859824. S2CID 38064474.
Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ (April 2006). "Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (2): 101–9, discussion 110. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.017442. PMC 2653870. PMID 16581731.
Pang MG, Kim DS (January 2002). "Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes". BJU International. 89 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02545.x. PMID 11849160. S2CID 30235521.
Kim D, Koo SA, Pang MG (December 2012). "Decline in male circumcision in South Korea". BMC Public Health. 12: 1067. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1067. PMC 3526493. PMID 23227923.
Gairdner D (December 1949). "The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision". British Medical Journal. 2 (4642): 1433–7, illust. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433. PMC 2051968. PMID 15408299.
"James spence medallist, 1976 douglas montagu temple gairdner". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 52 (2): 85–6. February 1977. doi:10.1136/adc.52.2.85. PMC 1546185. PMID 21032536.
Wallerstein E (February 1985). "Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma". The Urologic Clinics of North America. 12 (1): 123–32. doi:10.1016/S0094-0143(21)00798-9. PMID 3883617.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Morris, B. J.; Wamai, R. G.; Henebeng, E. B.; Tobian, A. A.; Klausner, J. D.; Banerjee, J.; Hankins, C. A. (2016). "Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision". National Center for Biotechnology Information. 14: 4. doi:10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5. PMC 4772313. PMID 26933388.
Amin Ud Din M (2012). "Aposthia-a motive of circumcision origin". Iranian Journal of Public Health. 41 (9): 84. PMC 3494220. PMID 23193511.
Weiss HA, Thomas SL, Munabi SK, Hayes RJ (April 2006). "Male circumcision and risk of syphilis, chancroid, and genital herpes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (2): 101–9, discussion 110. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.017442. PMC 2653870. PMID 16581731.
Kim D, Koo SA, Pang MG (December 2012). "Decline in male circumcision in South Korea". BMC Public Health. 12: 1067. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1067. PMC 3526493. PMID 23227923.
Gairdner D (December 1949). "The fate of the foreskin, a study of circumcision". British Medical Journal. 2 (4642): 1433–7, illust. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4642.1433. PMC 2051968. PMID 15408299.
Gairdner D (February 1950). "The Fate of the Foreskin (letter of response)". British Medical Journal. 1 (4650): 439–440. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.383.439. PMC 2036928.
"James spence medallist, 1976 douglas montagu temple gairdner". Archives of Disease in Childhood. 52 (2): 85–6. February 1977. doi:10.1136/adc.52.2.85. PMC 1546185. PMID 21032536.

noharmm.org

Paige KE (May 1978). "The Ritual of Circumcision". Human Nature: 40–8.

nzma.org.nz

Darby R (July 2005). "The riddle of the sands: circumcision, history, and myth" (PDF). The New Zealand Medical Journal. 118 (1218): U1564. PMID 16027753. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2015.

oremus.org

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Campbell, Alec; Coulson, David (2010). "Big Hippo Site, Oued Afar, Algeria" (PDF). Sahara. 21: 85, 90–91. ISSN 1120-5679. S2CID 191103812. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.

racp.edu.au

"Policy Statement on Circumcision". Royal Australasian College of Physicians. September 2004. Archived from the original on 30 March 2022. Retrieved 5 February 2010.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Morrison J (January 1967). "The origins of the practices of circumcision and subincision among the Aboriginal peoples of Australia". The Medical Journal of Australia. 1 (3): 125–7. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1967.tb21064.x. PMID 6018441. S2CID 45886476.
Immerman RS, Mackey WC (1997). "A biocultural analysis of circumcision". Social Biology. 44 (3–4): 265–75. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9744.1976.tb00285.x. PMID 9446966. S2CID 143514833.
Darby RJ (February 2003). "Medical history and medical practice: persistent myths about the foreskin". The Medical Journal of Australia. 178 (4): 178–9. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05137.x. PMID 12580747. S2CID 31875702.
Cox, Guy; Morris, Brian J. (1 January 2012). "Why Circumcision: From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century". Surgical Guide to Circumcision. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 243–259. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_21. ISBN 978-1-4471-2858-8. S2CID 160513261.
Campbell, Alec; Coulson, David (2010). "Big Hippo Site, Oued Afar, Algeria" (PDF). Sahara. 21: 85, 90–91. ISSN 1120-5679. S2CID 191103812. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
Soukopova, Jitka (August 2017). "Central Saharan rock art: Considering the kettles and cupules". Journal of Arid Environments. 143: 12. Bibcode:2017JArEn.143...10S. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.12.011. S2CID 132225521.
Brown, Stanley (January 1948). "The Nomoli of Mende Country". Africa. 18 (1): 18–19. doi:10.2307/3180463. JSTOR 3180463. S2CID 146653906.
Atherton, John H.; Milan, Kalous (July 1970). "Nomoli". Journal of African History. 11 (3): 303–317. doi:10.1017/S0021853700010161. S2CID 241833023.
Huebner, Sabine R. (2009). "Female Circumcision as a Rite de Passage in Egypt—Continuity through the Millennia?". Journal of Egyptian History. 2 (1): 156–166. doi:10.1163/187416509X12492786609249. S2CID 161573169.
Al-Salem, Ahmed H. (8 November 2016). "Male Circumcision". An Illustrated Guide to Pediatric Urology. Springer Cham. p. 480. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44182-5_22. ISBN 978-3-319-44182-5. S2CID 79015190.
Gollaher, David (2000). "The Jewish Tradition" (PDF). Circumcision: A History Of The World's Most Controversial Surgery. Basic Books. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0-465-02653-2. S2CID 68860890.
Dobanovački, Dušanka; et al. (2012). "Surgery Before Common Era (B.C.E.*)" (PDF). Archive of Oncology. 20 (1–2): 29. doi:10.2298/AOO1202028D. S2CID 53008076.
Hodges FM (Fall 2001). "The ideal prepuce in ancient Greece and Rome: male genital aesthetics and their relation to lipodermos, circumcision, foreskin restoration, and the kynodesme". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 75 (3): 375–405. doi:10.1353/bhm.2001.0119. PMID 11568485. S2CID 29580193.
Slosar JP, O'Brien D (2003). "The ethics of neonatal male circumcision: a Catholic perspective". The American Journal of Bioethics. 3 (2): 62–64. doi:10.1162/152651603766436306. PMID 12859824. S2CID 38064474.
Pang MG, Kim DS (January 2002). "Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes". BJU International. 89 (1): 48–54. doi:10.1046/j.1464-410X.2002.02545.x. PMID 11849160. S2CID 30235521.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Cox, Guy; Morris, Brian J. (1 January 2012). "Why Circumcision: From Prehistory to the Twenty-First Century". Surgical Guide to Circumcision. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 243–259. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2858-8_21. ISBN 978-1-4471-2858-8. S2CID 160513261.
Al-Salem, Ahmed H. (8 November 2016). "Male Circumcision". An Illustrated Guide to Pediatric Urology. Springer Cham. p. 480. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-44182-5_22. ISBN 978-3-319-44182-5. S2CID 79015190.

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worldcat.org

Campbell, Alec; Coulson, David (2010). "Big Hippo Site, Oued Afar, Algeria" (PDF). Sahara. 21: 85, 90–91. ISSN 1120-5679. S2CID 191103812. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.