History of music (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "History of music" in English language version.

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41doi.org

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Levitin & Tirovolas 2009, pp. 212–213. Levitin, D. J.; Tirovolas, A. K. (2009). "Current Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Music". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1156 (1): 211–231. Bibcode:2009NYASA1156..211L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04417.x. PMID 19338510. S2CID 2856561.
Levitin & Tirovolas 2009, p. 213. Levitin, D. J.; Tirovolas, A. K. (2009). "Current Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Music". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1156 (1): 211–231. Bibcode:2009NYASA1156..211L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04417.x. PMID 19338510. S2CID 2856561.

about.com

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Lamb, Bill. "Pop Music Defined". About Entertainment. About.com. Archived from the original on 20 October 2005. Retrieved 13 November 2015.

archaeology.org

archive.archaeology.org

Atwood, Roger (2011). "The Nok of Nigeria". Archaeology. Vol. 64, no. 4.

archive.org

Grout 1973, p. 2. Grout, Donald Jay (1973). A History of Western Music. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-09416-9.
Darwin, Charles (1874) [1871]. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray. p. 87. OCLC 1239976266.
Nettl 1956, pp. 1–5. Nettl, Bruno (1956). Music in Primitive Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-59000-7.
Grout 1973, pp. 4–5, 11. Grout, Donald Jay (1973). A History of Western Music. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-09416-9.
Grout 1973, p. 24. Grout, Donald Jay (1973). A History of Western Music. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-09416-9.
Wade 2005, p. 24. Wade, Bonnie C. (2005). Music in Japan: Experiencing Music, Expressing Culture. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514487-1.

archive.today

Zimmer, Carl (15 May 2024). "Why Do People Make Music? - In a new study, researchers found universal features of songs across many cultures, suggesting that music evolved in our distant ancestors". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.

bl.uk

Clayton, Ewan. "Where did writing begin?". British Library. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2021.

books.google.com

Though the term "primitive music" includes extinct preliterate cultures, it also refers to existing uncontacted indigenous peoples.^[43] The term is now outdated, though Wallin, Merker & Brown (2000, p. 21) assert that the 20th-century musicologists that used it had "nothing less but respect" for the music in question.^[44] Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0.
- See Morley (2013, pp. 43–45) for a comprehensive table on all eight surviving flutes from the Geissenklösterle, Hohle Fels and Vogelherd caves Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
- Morley 2013, p. 5. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
- Wallin, Merker & Brown 2000, pp. 3–4. Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0.
  - Wallin, Merker & Brown 2000, p. 3. Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0.
    - Wallin, Merker & Brown 2000, p. 8. Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0.
      - Morley 2013, pp. 2–3. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
      - Wallin, Merker & Brown 2000, pp. 5–6. Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0.
        Bickerton, Derek (2000). "Can Biomusicology Learn from Language Evolution Studies?". The Origins of Music. (In Wallin, Merker & Brown (2000, pp. 153–163))
        Wallin, Merker & Brown 2000, p. 11. Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0.
        Bickerton, Derek (2000). "Can Biomusicology Learn from Language Evolution Studies?". The Origins of Music. (In Wallin, Merker & Brown (2000, pp. 153–163))
        Morley 2013, p. 315. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
        Murray 2020, p. 13. Murray, Penelope (2020). "The Mythology of the Muses". In Lynch, Tosca A. C.; Rocconi, Eleonora (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Greek and Roman Music. Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. Hoboken: Wiley. ISBN 978-1-119-27547-3.
        Morley 2013, pp. 38–39. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
        Wallin, Merker & Brown 2000, p. 21. Wallin, Nils; Merker, Björn; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000). The Origins of Music. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-73143-0.
        Bickerton, Derek (2000). "Can Biomusicology Learn from Language Evolution Studies?". The Origins of Music. (In Wallin, Merker & Brown (2000, pp. 153–163))
        Morley 2013, p. 3. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
        Morley 2013, p. 33. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
        Morley 2013, p. 38. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
        Morley 2013, p. 42. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
        Morley 2013, p. 43. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
        Morley 2013, p. 324. Morley, Iain (2013). The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-923408-0.
        Randel 2003, pp. 361, 767. Randel, Don Michael, ed. (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4th ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674011632.
        Randel 2003, p. 260. Randel, Don Michael, ed. (2003). The Harvard Dictionary of Music (4th ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674011632.
        Dillon, Michael (24 February 1998). China: A Historical and Cultural Dictionary. Farnham: Routledge. pp. 224–225. ISBN 978-0-7007-0439-2.
        Mathiesen 1999, p. 177. Mathiesen, Thomas J. (1999). Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-3079-8.
        Farhat 2004, p. 3. Farhat, Hormoz (2004). The Dastgah Concept in Persian Music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54206-7.
        Curtis 2003, p. 138. Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh (2003). "Persian Myths". World of Myths. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70607-1.
        Metcalfe, William (1898). The Scottish Review. Vol. XXXII. Alexander Gardner. p. 302.
        Sorrell & Narayan 1980, pp. 3–4. Sorrell, Neil; Narayan, Ram (1980). Indian Music in Performance: A Practical Introduction. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-0756-9.
        Te Nijenhuis 1974, p. 80. Te Nijenhuis, Emmie (1974). Indian Music: History and Structure. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-03978-0.
        Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World: Performance and production. Volume II. A&C Black. 2003. p. 431. ISBN 978-0-8264-6321-0.
        Campbell, Michael (2012). Popular Music in America:The Beat Goes On. Cengage Learning. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-133-71260-2.

britannica.com

"Sarasvati | Hindu deity | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 14 July 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
Malm 2019, "Ancient artifacts and writings". Malm, William P. (19 November 2019). "Chinese music | Characeristics, History, Instruments, Genres & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021.
Malm 2019, "Han dynasty (3rd century BCE–3rd century CE): musical events and foreign influences". Malm, William P. (19 November 2019). "Chinese music | Characeristics, History, Instruments, Genres & Facts | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021.
Nicol, Donald MacGillivray (21 September 2021). "Byzantine Empire | History, Geography, Maps & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2 October 2021. When did the Byzantine Empire exist?: The Byzantine Empire existed from approximately 395 CE—when the Roman Empire was split—to 1453.

doi.org

As of 1983,^[update] Tong (1983a, p. 79) notes that "several dozen Shang qing have been unearthed in [the 20th century]". From what is known, the common people did not use qing during the Shang dynasty (1600–1046); many qing instruments have decorations akin to the bronzeware and jade items of the Shang elite.^[76] Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.
There may have been an incipient form of the Music Bureau (Yuefu) during the Qin dynasty.^[105] In general, the chronology of the Music Bureau is unclear and extremely contradictory in ancient records. See Birrell (1993, pp. xviii–xx) for further information Birrell, Anne (1993) [1988]. Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zcm2j. ISBN 978-0-8248-1548-6. JSTOR j.ctv9zcm2j.
See Birrell (1993, pp. xxi–xxiv) for information on the location and amount of surviving folksongs. Birrell, Anne (1993) [1988]. Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zcm2j. ISBN 978-0-8248-1548-6. JSTOR j.ctv9zcm2j.
Merker, Morley & Zuidema 2015, "Introduction". Merker, Björn; Morley, Iain; Zuidema, Willem (19 March 2015). "Five fundamental constraints on theories of the origins of music". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 370 (1664). Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0095. eISSN 1471-2970. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4321136. PMID 25646518.
Goldstein 2016, "Language and Music in Cognition". Goldstein, Ian (31 March 2016). "Music and Cognition". Oxford Bibliographies: Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/obo/9780199757824-0169. (subscription required)
Levitin & Tirovolas 2009, pp. 212–213. Levitin, D. J.; Tirovolas, A. K. (2009). "Current Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Music". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1156 (1): 211–231. Bibcode:2009NYASA1156..211L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04417.x. PMID 19338510. S2CID 2856561.
Levitin & Tirovolas 2009, p. 213. Levitin, D. J.; Tirovolas, A. K. (2009). "Current Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Music". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1156 (1): 211–231. Bibcode:2009NYASA1156..211L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04417.x. PMID 19338510. S2CID 2856561.
Nettl 2001, "8. On the Origins of Music". Nettl, Bruno (2001). "Music". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Nadel 1930. Nadel, Siegfried (October 1930). "The Origins of Music". The Musical Quarterly. 16 (4). Translated by Baker, Theodore. Oxford University Press: 531–546. doi:10.1093/mq/XVI.4.531. JSTOR 738618.
Teie, David (9 August 2016). "A Comparative Analysis of the Universal Elements of Music and the Fetal Environment". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1158. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01158. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 4977359. PMID 27555828.
Killin 2018, "Music archaeology of the Upper Palaeolithic". Killin, Anton (14 February 2018). "The origins of music: Evidence, theory, and prospects". Music & Science. doi:10.1177/2059204317751971. hdl:1885/162771. S2CID 165905083.
Killin 2018, "The Late Pleistocene: Mid/Upper Palaeolithic musicality". Killin, Anton (14 February 2018). "The origins of music: Evidence, theory, and prospects". Music & Science. doi:10.1177/2059204317751971. hdl:1885/162771. S2CID 165905083.
Rycroft 2001, "1. History". Rycroft, David K. (2001). "Musical bow". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.19417. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Picard, François (28 May 2015) [8 December 2014]. "Gudi". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2281191. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Tong 1983a, p. 23. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.
DeVale, Sue Carole; Lawergren, Bo (2001). "Harp: IV. Asia". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.45738. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Boltz, William (1999). "Language and Writing". In Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (eds.). The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521470308.004. ISBN 978-0-521-47030-8.
Tong 1983a, p. 64. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.
Tong 1983a, p. 111. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.
Tong 1983b, p. 167. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983b). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part Two". Asian Music. 15 (1): 102–184. doi:10.2307/833918. JSTOR 833918.
Tong 1983b, p. 182. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983b). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part Two". Asian Music. 15 (1): 102–184. doi:10.2307/833918. JSTOR 833918.
Tong 1983b, p. 145. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983b). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part Two". Asian Music. 15 (1): 102–184. doi:10.2307/833918. JSTOR 833918.
Tong 1983a, p. 119. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.
Tong 1983a, p. 152. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.
Birrell 1993, p. xix. Birrell, Anne (1993) [1988]. Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zcm2j. ISBN 978-0-8248-1548-6. JSTOR j.ctv9zcm2j.
Furniss 2009, p. 23. Furniss, Ingrid (2009). "Unearthing China's Informal Musicians: An Archaeological and Textual Study of the Shang to Tang Periods". Yearbook for Traditional Music. 41. Cambridge University Press: 23–41. doi:10.1017/S0740155800004124. JSTOR 25735477.
Birrell 1993, p. xx. Birrell, Anne (1993) [1988]. Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zcm2j. ISBN 978-0-8248-1548-6. JSTOR j.ctv9zcm2j.
Furniss 2009, p. 24. Furniss, Ingrid (2009). "Unearthing China's Informal Musicians: An Archaeological and Textual Study of the Shang to Tang Periods". Yearbook for Traditional Music. 41. Cambridge University Press: 23–41. doi:10.1017/S0740155800004124. JSTOR 25735477.
Waele 1989, pp. 34–35. Waele, Eric De (1989). "Musicians and Musical Instruments on the Rock Reliefs in the Elamite Sanctuary of Kul-e Farah (Izeh)". Iran. 27. Taylor & Francis: 29–38. doi:10.2307/4299814. JSTOR 4299814.
Boyce 1957, pp. 20–21. Boyce, Mary (1957). "The Parthian Gōsān and Iranian Minstrel Tradition". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 89 (1–2). Cambridge University Press: 10–45. doi:10.1017/S0035869X0010735X. JSTOR 25201987. S2CID 161761104.
Lawergren 2001a. Lawergren, Bo (2001a). "Parthian Empire". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.20973. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Harich-Schneider 1957–1958, pp. 183–185. Harich-Schneider, Eta (1957–1958). "Rōei. The Medieval Court Songs of Japan". Monumenta Nipponica. 13 (3/4): 183–222. doi:10.2307/2383043. JSTOR 2383043.
Wolinski & Borders 2020, "Introduction". Wolinski, Mary; Borders, James (26 February 2020). "Medieval Music". Oxford Bibliographies: Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199757824-0269. ISBN 978-0-19-975782-4. (subscription required)
Levy 2001. Levy, Kenneth (2001). "Byzantine Chant". In Troelsgård, Christian (ed.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Christian Troelsgård. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04494. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
Touliatos 2001. Touliatos, Diane (2001). "Byzantine secular music". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48192. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Levy 2001, "10. Syllabic hymn settings: (ii) Kontakion". Levy, Kenneth (2001). "Byzantine Chant". In Troelsgård, Christian (ed.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Christian Troelsgård. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04494. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
Levy 2001, "10. Syllabic hymn settings: (iii) Kanōn". Levy, Kenneth (2001). "Byzantine Chant". In Troelsgård, Christian (ed.). Grove Music Online. Revised by Christian Troelsgård. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04494. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
Follieri, Enrica (2001). "Andrew of Crete". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.00894. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Touliatos 2001, "3. Genres and composers.". Touliatos, Diane (2001). "Byzantine secular music". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.48192. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Mellas 2020, pp. 147–148. Mellas, Andrew (2020). Liturgy and the Emotions in Byzantium: Compunction and Hymnody. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108767361. ISBN 978-1-108-76736-1. S2CID 225623021.
Troelsgård, Christian (2001). "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetus". Grove Music Online. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.06331. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0. (subscription or UK public library membership required)

edi-info.ir

dl.edi-info.ir

Farhat 2012, "Historic Retrospective". Farhat, Hormoz (2012). "An Introduction to Persian Music" (PDF). Catalogue of the Festival of Oriental Music. Durham: University of Durham. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

ghostarchive.org

Farhat 2012, "Historic Retrospective". Farhat, Hormoz (2012). "An Introduction to Persian Music" (PDF). Catalogue of the Festival of Oriental Music. Durham: University of Durham. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Killin 2018, "Music archaeology of the Upper Palaeolithic". Killin, Anton (14 February 2018). "The origins of music: Evidence, theory, and prospects". Music & Science. doi:10.1177/2059204317751971. hdl:1885/162771. S2CID 165905083.
Killin 2018, "The Late Pleistocene: Mid/Upper Palaeolithic musicality". Killin, Anton (14 February 2018). "The origins of music: Evidence, theory, and prospects". Music & Science. doi:10.1177/2059204317751971. hdl:1885/162771. S2CID 165905083.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Levitin & Tirovolas 2009, pp. 212–213. Levitin, D. J.; Tirovolas, A. K. (2009). "Current Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Music". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1156 (1): 211–231. Bibcode:2009NYASA1156..211L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04417.x. PMID 19338510. S2CID 2856561.
Levitin & Tirovolas 2009, p. 213. Levitin, D. J.; Tirovolas, A. K. (2009). "Current Advances in the Cognitive Neuroscience of Music". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1156 (1): 211–231. Bibcode:2009NYASA1156..211L. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04417.x. PMID 19338510. S2CID 2856561.

iranicaonline.org

Lawergren 2009, "i. Third Millennium B.C.E.: (2) Bull lyres in western Iran". Lawergren, Bo (2009). "Music History i. Pre-Islamic Iran". Encyclopædia Iranica. Leiden: Brill Publishers.

jstor.org

As of 1983,^[update] Tong (1983a, p. 79) notes that "several dozen Shang qing have been unearthed in [the 20th century]". From what is known, the common people did not use qing during the Shang dynasty (1600–1046); many qing instruments have decorations akin to the bronzeware and jade items of the Shang elite.^[76] Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.
There may have been an incipient form of the Music Bureau (Yuefu) during the Qin dynasty.^[105] In general, the chronology of the Music Bureau is unclear and extremely contradictory in ancient records. See Birrell (1993, pp. xviii–xx) for further information Birrell, Anne (1993) [1988]. Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zcm2j. ISBN 978-0-8248-1548-6. JSTOR j.ctv9zcm2j.
See Birrell (1993, pp. xxi–xxiv) for information on the location and amount of surviving folksongs. Birrell, Anne (1993) [1988]. Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv9zcm2j. ISBN 978-0-8248-1548-6. JSTOR j.ctv9zcm2j.
Nadel 1930. Nadel, Siegfried (October 1930). "The Origins of Music". The Musical Quarterly. 16 (4). Translated by Baker, Theodore. Oxford University Press: 531–546. doi:10.1093/mq/XVI.4.531. JSTOR 738618.
Tong 1983a, p. 23. Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.
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ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Merker, Morley & Zuidema 2015, "Introduction". Merker, Björn; Morley, Iain; Zuidema, Willem (19 March 2015). "Five fundamental constraints on theories of the origins of music". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 370 (1664). Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0095. eISSN 1471-2970. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4321136. PMID 25646518.
Teie, David (9 August 2016). "A Comparative Analysis of the Universal Elements of Music and the Fetal Environment". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1158. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01158. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 4977359. PMID 27555828.

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The Haua Fteah cave, Libya; Ilsenhöhle [de], Germany; and Kents Cavern, England each contain an object that has been proposed as a Middle Paleolithic flute, though none have achieved wide scholarly acceptance.^[50]

en.wikipedia.org

As of 1983,^[update] Tong (1983a, p. 79) notes that "several dozen Shang qing have been unearthed in [the 20th century]". From what is known, the common people did not use qing during the Shang dynasty (1600–1046); many qing instruments have decorations akin to the bronzeware and jade items of the Shang elite.^[76] Tong, Kin-Woon (1983a). "Shang Musical Instruments: Part One". Asian Music. 14 (2): 17–182. doi:10.2307/833936. JSTOR 833936.

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Merker, Morley & Zuidema 2015, "Introduction". Merker, Björn; Morley, Iain; Zuidema, Willem (19 March 2015). "Five fundamental constraints on theories of the origins of music". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 370 (1664). Royal Society. doi:10.1098/rstb.2014.0095. eISSN 1471-2970. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 4321136. PMID 25646518.
Darwin, Charles (1874) [1871]. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray. p. 87. OCLC 1239976266.
Teie, David (9 August 2016). "A Comparative Analysis of the Universal Elements of Music and the Fetal Environment". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1158. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01158. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 4977359. PMID 27555828.

worldhistory.org

Cartwright, Mark (2017). "Leo VI". World History Encyclopedia. Horsham.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)