History of penicillin (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "History of penicillin" in English language version.

refsWebsite

Global rank English rank

182worldcat.org

5^th place

85nih.gov

4^th place

80doi.org

2^nd place

29semanticscholar.org

11^th place

8^th place

21archive.org

6^th place

15books.google.com

3^rd place

10harvard.edu

18^th place

17^th place

7nobelprize.org

301^st place

478^th place

5nytimes.com

7^th place

4web.archive.org

1^st place

4jstor.org

26^th place

20^th place

3acs.org

1,248^th place

1,104^th place

3royalsocietypublishing.org

1,993^rd place

3,231^st place

1anbg.gov.au

7,564^th place

5,409^th place

1biologists.com

low place

1umn.edu

1,266^th place

860^th place

1rki.de

4,845^th place

low place

1lboro.ac.uk

4,065^th place

3,349^th place

1wikipedia.org

low place

1wellcomecollection.org

low place

1ijphjournal.it

low place

1parisdescartes.fr

7,928^th place

low place

1sagepub.com

731^st place

638^th place

1elsevier.com

610^th place

704^th place

1iapt-taxon.org

7,945^th place

6,470^th place

1anu.edu.au

942^nd place

597^th place

1cdc.gov

218^th place

212^th place

1sciencewatch.com

low place

1yale.edu

565^th place

460^th place

1usda.gov

438^th place

336^th place

1springer.com

274^th place

309^th place

1proquest.com

206^th place

124^th place

1pfizer.com

low place

1history.sa.gov.au

low place

1annualreviews.org

3,867^th place

3,957^th place

1medical-tribune.at

low place

1nap.edu

2,128^th place

1,553^rd place

1tandfonline.com

507^th place

429^th place

1espacenet.com

800^th place

676^th place

acs.org

"Discovery and Development of Penicillin: International Historic Chemical Landmark". Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
"Penicillin Production through Deep-tank Fermentation - National Historic Chemical Landmark". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
"Discovery and Development of Penicillin". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 12 February 2023.

anbg.gov.au

"Aboriginal use of fungi". Australian National Herbarium. Retrieved 11 February 2023.

annualreviews.org

Chain, E (1948). "The chemistry of penicillin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 17 (1): 657–704. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.17.070148.003301. PMID 18893607.

anu.edu.au

rsc.anu.edu.au

"Research School of Chemistry Safety Regulations" (PDF). Australian National University. July 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2023.

archive.org

MacFarlane 1979, pp. 13–15. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Kruif 1996, p. 157 "At once Pasteur jumped to a fine idea: "If the harmless bugs from the air choke out the anthrax bacilli in the bottle, they will do it in the body too! It is a kind of dog-eat-dog!” shouted Pasteur, (...) Pasteur gravely announced: "That there were high hopes for the cure of disease from this experiment", but that is the last you hear of it, for Pasteur was never a man to give the world of science the benefit of studying his failures." Kruif, Paul De (1996) [1926]. Microbe Hunters. San Diego: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-602777-9. OCLC 807359013.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 274–275. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, p. 285. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 300–303. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 306–307. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, p. 325. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 305–308. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 308–312. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 313–316. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, p. 315. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 319–320. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 322–324. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 329–331. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 331–333. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 342–346. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 352–353. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Lax 2015, pp. 245–246. Lax, Eric (2015). The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-644-6. OCLC 910881004.
Lax 2015, p. 247. Lax, Eric (2015). The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-644-6. OCLC 910881004.
Lax 2015, pp. 239–240. Lax, Eric (2015). The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-644-6. OCLC 910881004.
Shnayerson & Plotkin 2002, pp. 135–143. Shnayerson, Michael; Plotkin, Mark J. (2002). The Killers Within: The Deadly Rise of Drug-Resistant Bacteria (1st ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0-316-71331-3. OCLC 49260511.

biologists.com

journals.biologists.com

Burdon-Sanderson, J. S. (1 October 1871). "Memoirs: The Origin and Distribution of Microzymes (Bacteria) in Water, and the Circumstances which determine their Existence in the Tissues and Liquids of the Living Body". Journal of Cell Science. 11 (44): 323–352. doi:10.1242/jcs.s2-11.44.323. S2CID 90162642. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

books.google.com

Bud 2007, pp. 44–45. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 78–79. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 85–88. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 88–91. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, p. 206. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 141–142. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 158–160. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, p. 152. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 146–153. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 118–120. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 119–120. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, p. 171. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 174–175. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 182–183. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 205–206. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.

cdc.gov

wwwnc.cdc.gov

Gaynes 2017, pp. 849–853. Gaynes, Robert (2017). "The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23 (5): 849–853. doi:10.3201/eid2305.161556. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 5403050.

doi.org

Gould, Kate (2016). "Antibiotics: From Prehistory to the Present Day". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 71 (3): 572–575. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv484. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 26851273.
Nowak, A.; Nowak, M. J.; Cybulska, K. (December 2017). "Stories with Microorganisms". Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology. 22 (1–2): 59–68. doi:10.1515/cdem-2017-0003. ISSN 1640-9019. S2CID 90736968.
Burdon-Sanderson, J. S. (1 October 1871). "Memoirs: The Origin and Distribution of Microzymes (Bacteria) in Water, and the Circumstances which determine their Existence in the Tissues and Liquids of the Living Body". Journal of Cell Science. 11 (44): 323–352. doi:10.1242/jcs.s2-11.44.323. S2CID 90162642. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
Lakhtakia, Ritu (2014). "The Legacy of Robert Koch: Surmise, search, substantiate". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 14 (1): e37–41. doi:10.12816/0003334. PMC 3916274. PMID 24516751.
Koch, Robert (2010) [1876]. "Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus Anthracis" [The Etiology of Anthrax Disease, Based on the Developmental History of Bacillus Anthracis]. Cohns Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen (in German). 2 (2). Robert Koch-Institut: 277 (1–22). doi:10.25646/5064. ISSN 0005-8041.
Shama, G. (September 2016). "La Moisissure et la Bactérie: Deconstructing the fable of the discovery of penicillin by Ernest Duchesne". Endeavour. 40 (3): 188–200. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2016.07.005. ISSN 0160-9327. PMID 27496372.
Brunel, J. (1951). "Antibiosis from Pasteur to Fleming". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 6 (3): 287–301. doi:10.1093/jhmas/vi.summer.287. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 14873929.
Waksman, S. A . (1947). "What is an antibiotic or an antibiotic substance?". Mycologia. 39 (5): 565–569. doi:10.1080/00275514.1947.12017635. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 20264541.
Wainwright, Milton (2000). "André Gratia (1893–1950): Forgotten Pioneer of Research into Antimicrobial Agents". Journal of Medical Biography. 8 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1177/096777200000800108. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11608911. S2CID 43285911.
de Scoville, C.; Brouwer, C. De; Dujardin, M. (1999). "Nobel chronicle: Fleming and Gratia". The Lancet. 354 (9, 174): 258. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66334-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 10421340. S2CID 11659394.
Lalchhandama, K. (2020). "Reappraising Fleming's Snot and Mould". Science Vision. 20 (1): 29–42. doi:10.33493/scivis.20.01.03. ISSN 0975-6175.
Wainwright, M. (February 1993). "The mystery of the plate: Fleming's discovery and contribution to the early development of penicillin". Journal of Medical Biography. 1 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1177/096777209300100113. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11639213. S2CID 7578843.
Tan, S. Y.; Tatsumura, Y. (July 2015). "Alexander Fleming (1881–1955): Discoverer of penicillin". Singapore Medical Journal. 56 (7): 366–367. doi:10.11622/smedj.2015105. PMC 4520913. PMID 26243971.
Arseculeratne, S. N.; Arseculeratne, G. (May 2017). "A re-appraisal of the conventional history of antibiosis and Penicillin". Mycoses. 60 (5): 343–347. doi:10.1111/myc.12599. PMID 28144986. S2CID 21424547.
Henderson, J.W. (July 1997). "The yellow brick road to penicillin: a story of serendipity". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 72 (7): 683–687. doi:10.4065/72.7.683. PMID 9212774.
Kingston, W (June 2008). "Irish contributions to the origins of antibiotics". Irish Journal of Medical Science. 177 (2): 87–92. doi:10.1007/s11845-008-0139-x. PMID 18347757. S2CID 32847260.
Thom, C. (1931). "Appendix. History of species used and Dr. Thom's diagnoses of species". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 220 (468–473): 83–92. doi:10.1098/rstb.1931.0015.
Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J. C.; Samson, R. A. (June 2011). "Fleming's penicillin producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens". IMA Fungus. 2 (1): 87–95. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.12. PMC 3317369. PMID 22679592.
Thom, Charles (1945). "Mycology Presents Penicillin". Mycologia. 37 (4): 460–475. doi:10.2307/3754632. JSTOR 3754632.
Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J. C.; Seifert, K. A.; Overy, D. P.; Tuthill, D. M.; Valdez, J. G.; Samson, R. A. (December 2012). "New penicillin-producing Penicillium species and an overview of section Chrysogena". Persoonia. 29 (1): 78–100. doi:10.3767/003158512X660571. PMC 3589797. PMID 23606767.
Hare, R. (January 1982). "New Light on the History of Penicillin". Medical History. 26 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/S0025727300040758. PMC 1139110. PMID 7047933.
Curry, J. (1981). "Obituary: C. J. La Touche". Medical Mycology. 19 (2): 164. doi:10.1080/00362178185380261.
Berger, F. (7 October 1944). "Extraction and Purification of Penicillin". Nature. 154 (3910): 459. Bibcode:1944Natur.154..459B. doi:10.1038/154459a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4071554.
Chain 1971, p. 297. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Jones, David S.; Jones, John H. (1 December 2014). "Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 5–22. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002. ISSN 0080-4606.
Chain 1971, p. 111. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 46 (3, 713): 837. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. S2CID 4070796.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E.; Fletcher, C. M.; Florey, H. W.; Gardner, A. D.; Heatley, N. G.; Jennings, M. A. (16 August 1941). "Further Observations on Penicillin". The Lancet. 238 (6, 155): 177–189. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)72122-2. ISSN 0031-6970. PMID 1541313.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1942). "Purification of Penicillin". Nature. 149 (3, 777): 328. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..328A. doi:10.1038/149328b0. S2CID 4122059.
Abraham, E. P.; Baker, W.; Chain, E.; Florey, H. W.; Holiday, E. R.; Robinson, R. (March 1942). "Nitrogenous Character of Penicillin". Nature. 149 (3, 778): 356. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..356A. doi:10.1038/149356a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4055617.
Gaynes 2017, pp. 849–853. Gaynes, Robert (2017). "The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23 (5): 849–853. doi:10.3201/eid2305.161556. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 5403050.
Chain, E.; Florey, H. W.; Adelaide, M. B.; Gardner, A. D.; Heatley, N. G.; Jennings, M. A.; Orr-Ewing, J.; Sanders, A. G. (1940). "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent". The Lancet. 236 (6104): 226–228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)08728-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 8403666.
Dawson, Martin H.; Hobby, Galdys L.; Meyer, Karl; Chaffee, Eleanor (1 July 1941). "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 20 (4): 433–465. doi:10.1172/JCI101239. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 435076.
Florey, M.E. (27 March 1943). "General and Local Administration of Penicillin". The Lancet. 241 (6239): 387–397. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)41962-8. ISSN 0140-6736.
Mathews, John A. (2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia, 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 0810-9028. S2CID 143123783.
Neushul, P. (1993). "Science, Government, and the Mass Production of Penicillin". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 48 (4): 371–395. doi:10.1093/jhmas/48.4.371. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 8283024.
Bentley, Ronald (2009). "Different roads to discovery; Prontosil (hence sulfa drugs) and penicillin (hence β-lactams)". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 36 (6): 775–786. doi:10.1007/s10295-009-0553-8. ISSN 1367-5435. PMID 19283418. S2CID 35432074.
Kardos, Nelson; Demain, Arnold L. (2011). "Penicillin: the medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 92 (4): 677–687. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3587-6. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 21964640. S2CID 39223087.
Matthews 2008, pp. 323–324. Matthews, John A. (December 2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 1470-1030. S2CID 143123783.
Matthews 2008, pp. 324–327. Matthews, John A. (December 2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 1470-1030. S2CID 143123783.
Wainwright, M. (Spring 2004). "Hitler's penicillin". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 47 (2): 189–198. doi:10.1353/pbm.2004.0037. ISSN 0031-5982. PMID 15259203. S2CID 29450203.
Shama & Reinarz 2002, pp. 357–359. Shama, Gilbert; Reinarz, Jonathan (2002). "Allied intelligence reports on wartime German penicillin research and production". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 347–367. doi:10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.347. ISSN 1939-1811.
Shama & Reinarz 2002, pp. 353–357. Shama, Gilbert; Reinarz, Jonathan (2002). "Allied intelligence reports on wartime German penicillin research and production". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 347–367. doi:10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.347. ISSN 1939-1811.
Shama & Reinarz 2002, pp. 360–361. Shama, Gilbert; Reinarz, Jonathan (2002). "Allied intelligence reports on wartime German penicillin research and production". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 347–367. doi:10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.347. ISSN 1939-1811.
Shama & Reinarz 2002, pp. 351–353. Shama, Gilbert; Reinarz, Jonathan (2002). "Allied intelligence reports on wartime German penicillin research and production". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 347–367. doi:10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.347. ISSN 1939-1811.
Kumazawa, Joichi; Yagisawa, Morimasa (June 2002). "The history of antibiotics: The Japanese story". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 8 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1007/s101560200022. ISSN 1341-321X. PMID 12111564. S2CID 13309445.
Jones, David S.; Jones, John H. (1 December 2014). "Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 5–22. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002. ISSN 0080-4606.
Curtis, R.; Jones, J. (December 2007). "Robert Robinson and penicillin: an unnoticed document in the saga of its structure". Journal of Peptide Science. 13 (12): 769–775. doi:10.1002/psc.888. ISSN 1075-2617. PMID 17890642. S2CID 11213177.
Committee on Medical Research; Medical Research Council (1945). "Chemistry of penicillin". Science. 102 (2660): 627–629. Bibcode:1945Sci...102..627M. doi:10.1126/science.102.2660.627. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17788243.
Chain, E (1948). "The chemistry of penicillin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 17 (1): 657–704. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.17.070148.003301. PMID 18893607.
Sheehan, John C.; Henery-Logan, Kenneth R. (5 March 1957). "The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (5): 1262–1263. doi:10.1021/ja01562a063. ISSN 0002-7863.
Sheehan, John C.; Henery-Logan, Kenneth R. (20 June 1959). "The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (12): 3089–3094. doi:10.1021/ja01521a044. ISSN 0002-7863.
Nicolaou, K.C.; Vourloumis, D.; Winssinger, N.; Baran, P. S. (January 2000). "The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century". Angewandte Chemie. 39 (1): 44–122. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000103)39:1<44::AID-ANIE44>3.0.CO;2-L. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 10649349.
Sheehan, John C.; Henery-Logan, Kenneth R. (1959). "A general synthesis of the penicillins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (21): 5838–5839. doi:10.1021/ja01530a079. ISSN 0002-7863.
Sheehan, John C.; Henery-Logan, Kenneth R. (1962). "The Total and Partial General Syntheses of the Penicillins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 84 (15): 2983–2990. doi:10.1021/ja00874a029. ISSN 0002-7863.
Sheehan 1964, pp. 15–24. Sheehan, J.C. (1964). "The Synthetic Penicillins". In Schueler, F. W. (ed.). Molecular Modification in Drug Design. Advances in Chemistry. Vol. 45. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. pp. 15–24. doi:10.1021/ba-1964-0045.ch002. ISBN 978-0-8412-0046-3.
Hamilton-Miller, J. M. (March 2008). "Development of the semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 31 (3): 189–192. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.010. PMID 18248798.
Batchelor, F. R.; Doyle, F. P.; Nayler, J. H.; Rolinson, G. N. (1959). "Synthesis of penicillin: 6-aminopenicillanic acid in penicillin fermentations". Nature. 183 (4656): 257–258. Bibcode:1959Natur.183..257B. doi:10.1038/183257b0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13622762. S2CID 4268993.
Rolinson, G. N.; Geddes, A. M. (2007). "The 50th anniversary of the discovery of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA)". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 29 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.09.003. PMID 17137753.
Harkins, C.P.; Pichon, B.; Doumith, M.; Parkhill, J.; Westh, H.; Tomasz, A.; de Lencastre, H.; Bentley, S.D.; Kearns, A.M.; Holden, M.T. (July 2017). "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the introduction of methicillin into clinical practice". Genome Biology. 18 (1): 130. doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1252-9. PMC 5517843. PMID 28724393.
Abraham, Edward Penley (1983). "Ernst Boris Chain, 19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 29: 42–91. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1983.0003. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 58175504.
Slinn 2008, p. 193. Slinn, Judy (2008). "Patents and the UK pharmaceutical industry between 1945 and the 1970s". History and Technology. 24 (2): 191–205. doi:10.1080/07341510701810963. ISSN 0734-1512. S2CID 154138258.
Bynum, Bill (2007). "Book and Exhibition: Shedding New light on the Story of Penicillin". The Lancet. 369 (9578): 1991–1992. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60929-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 17577943. S2CID 40981218.
Acred, P.; Brown, D.M.; Turner, D.H.; Wilson, M.J. (April 1962). "Pharmacology and chemotherapy of ampicillin—a new broad-spectrum penicillin". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 18 (2): 356–69. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01416.x. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 1482127. PMID 13859205.
Colley, E.W.; Mcnicol, M.W.; Bracken, P.M. (March 1965). "Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in a General Hospital". The Lancet. 1 (7385): 595–597. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(65)91165-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 14250094.
James, C.W.; Gurk-Turner, C. (January 2001). "Cross-reactivity of beta-lactam antibiotics". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 14 (1): 106–107. doi:10.1080/08998280.2001.11927741. ISSN 0899-8280. PMC 1291320. PMID 16369597.
de Sousa Coelho, F.; Mainardi, J.-L. (5 January 2021). "The multiple benefits of second-generation β-lactamase inhibitors in treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria". Infectious Diseases Now. 51 (6): 510–517. doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2020.11.007. ISSN 2666-9919. PMID 33870896.
Sutherland, R.; Rolinson, G. N. (1970). "α-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin (BRL 2333), a new semisynthetic penicillin: in vitro evaluation". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 10: 411–415. doi:10.1128/AAC.10.3.411. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 429762. PMID 5000265.
Burch, D. G. S.; Sperling, D. (2018). "Amoxicillin—current use in swine medicine". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 41 (3): 356–368. doi:10.1111/jvp.12482. ISSN 0140-7783. PMID 29352469.
Aberer, Werner; Macy, Eric (2017). "Moving toward optimizing testing for penicillin allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 5 (3): 684–685. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.03.020. ISSN 2213-2198. PMID 28483319.
Davies, Julian; Davies, Dorothy (2010). "Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 74 (3): 417–433. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 2937522. PMID 20805405.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 146 (3713): 837. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4070796.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 10 (4): 677–678. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 3055168. S2CID 4070796.
Lowy, F. D. (May 2003). "Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (9): 1265–1273. doi:10.1172/JCI18535. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 154455. PMID 12727914.
Appelbaum, P. C. (1992). "Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 15 (1): 77–83. doi:10.1093/clinids/15.1.77. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 1617076.
Camargos, Paulo; Fischer, Gilberto Bueno; Mocelin, Helena; Dias, Cícero; Ruvinsky, Raúl (2006). "Penicillin resistance and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Latin America". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 7 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2006.04.004. ISSN 1526-0542. PMID 16938644.
Boyd 2001, pp. 647–648. Boyd, William (October 2001). "Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production". Technology and Culture. 42 (4): 631–664. doi:10.1353/tech.2001.0150. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 25147798. S2CID 110894884.
Kirchhelle 2018, p. 325. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.
Kirchhelle 2018, pp. 330–333. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.
Kirchhelle 2018, pp. 333–335. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

de Scoville, C.; Brouwer, C. De; Dujardin, M. (1999). "Nobel chronicle: Fleming and Gratia". The Lancet. 354 (9, 174): 258. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66334-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 10421340. S2CID 11659394.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

US 2442141, Moyer, A. J., "Method for Production of Penicillin", issued 25 March 1948, assigned to US Agriculture ; US 2443989, Moyer, A.J., "Method for Production of Penicillin", issued 22 June 1948, assigned to US Agriculture ; US 2476107, Moyer, A. J., "Method for Production of Penicillin", issued 12 July 1949, assigned to US Agriculture

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Berger, F. (7 October 1944). "Extraction and Purification of Penicillin". Nature. 154 (3910): 459. Bibcode:1944Natur.154..459B. doi:10.1038/154459a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4071554.
Chain 1971, p. 297. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Chain 1971, p. 111. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 46 (3, 713): 837. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. S2CID 4070796.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1942). "Purification of Penicillin". Nature. 149 (3, 777): 328. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..328A. doi:10.1038/149328b0. S2CID 4122059.
Abraham, E. P.; Baker, W.; Chain, E.; Florey, H. W.; Holiday, E. R.; Robinson, R. (March 1942). "Nitrogenous Character of Penicillin". Nature. 149 (3, 778): 356. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..356A. doi:10.1038/149356a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4055617.
Committee on Medical Research; Medical Research Council (1945). "Chemistry of penicillin". Science. 102 (2660): 627–629. Bibcode:1945Sci...102..627M. doi:10.1126/science.102.2660.627. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17788243.
Batchelor, F. R.; Doyle, F. P.; Nayler, J. H.; Rolinson, G. N. (1959). "Synthesis of penicillin: 6-aminopenicillanic acid in penicillin fermentations". Nature. 183 (4656): 257–258. Bibcode:1959Natur.183..257B. doi:10.1038/183257b0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13622762. S2CID 4268993.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 146 (3713): 837. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4070796.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 10 (4): 677–678. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 3055168. S2CID 4070796.

history.sa.gov.au

adelaidia.history.sa.gov.au

"Sir Hugh Cairns, KBE". Adelaidia. South Australian Government. Retrieved 14 February 2023.

iapt-taxon.org

"International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (VIENNA CODE). Appendix IV: Nomina specifica conservanda et rejicienda. B. Fungi". International Association of Plant Taxonomy. 2006. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

ijphjournal.it

Bucci, R.; Galli, P. (2011). "Vincenzo Tiberio: a misunderstood researcher". Italian Journal of Public Health. 8 (4): 404–406. ISSN 1723-7815. Retrieved 8 July 2023.

jstor.org

Thom, Charles (1945). "Mycology Presents Penicillin". Mycologia. 37 (4): 460–475. doi:10.2307/3754632. JSTOR 3754632.
Wells, Percy A. (September 1975). "Some Aspects of the Early History of Penicillin in the United States". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 65 (3): 96–101. ISSN 0043-0439. JSTOR 24536802.
Defries, R. D. (August 1948). "The Connaught Medical Research Laboratories 1914–1948". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 39 (8): 330–344. ISSN 0319-2652. JSTOR 41979831. PMID 18878250.
Boyd 2001, pp. 647–648. Boyd, William (October 2001). "Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production". Technology and Culture. 42 (4): 631–664. doi:10.1353/tech.2001.0150. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 25147798. S2CID 110894884.

lboro.ac.uk

dspace.lboro.ac.uk

Shama, G. (September 2016). "La Moisissure et la Bactérie: Deconstructing the fable of the discovery of penicillin by Ernest Duchesne". Endeavour. 40 (3): 188–200. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2016.07.005. ISSN 0160-9327. PMID 27496372.

medical-tribune.at

"Serie Forschung und Industrie: Sandoz". Medical Tribune (in German) (45/2005). Retrieved 2 August 2009.

nap.edu

Corey, E. J.; Roberts, John D . "Biographical Memoirs: John Clark Sheehan". The National Academy Press. Retrieved 28 January 2013.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Gould, Kate (2016). "Antibiotics: From Prehistory to the Present Day". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 71 (3): 572–575. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv484. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 26851273.
Lakhtakia, Ritu (2014). "The Legacy of Robert Koch: Surmise, search, substantiate". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 14 (1): e37–41. doi:10.12816/0003334. PMC 3916274. PMID 24516751.
Shama, G. (September 2016). "La Moisissure et la Bactérie: Deconstructing the fable of the discovery of penicillin by Ernest Duchesne". Endeavour. 40 (3): 188–200. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2016.07.005. ISSN 0160-9327. PMID 27496372.
Quoted and translated by Howard Florey in Florey 1946, pp. 101–102. For the French original, see Pasteur, Louis; Joubert, Jules [in French] (1877). Charbon et septicémie: lectures faites à l'Académie des sciences et à l'Académie de médecine (Report) (in French). p. 14. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Florey, Howard W. (1946). "The Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 19 (1): 101–118. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2602034. PMID 20275724.
Foster, W.; Raoult, A. (1974). "Early descriptions of antibiosis". British Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 24 (149): 889–894. PMC 2157443. PMID 4618289.
Brunel, J. (1951). "Antibiosis from Pasteur to Fleming". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 6 (3): 287–301. doi:10.1093/jhmas/vi.summer.287. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 14873929.
Waksman, S. A . (1947). "What is an antibiotic or an antibiotic substance?". Mycologia. 39 (5): 565–569. doi:10.1080/00275514.1947.12017635. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 20264541.
Quoted and translated by Howard Florey in Florey 1946, p. 102. Florey, Howard W. (1946). "The Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 19 (1): 101–118. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2602034. PMID 20275724.
Wainwright, Milton (2000). "André Gratia (1893–1950): Forgotten Pioneer of Research into Antimicrobial Agents". Journal of Medical Biography. 8 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1177/096777200000800108. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11608911. S2CID 43285911.
de Scoville, C.; Brouwer, C. De; Dujardin, M. (1999). "Nobel chronicle: Fleming and Gratia". The Lancet. 354 (9, 174): 258. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66334-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 10421340. S2CID 11659394.
Diggins, F. W. (1999). "The true history of the discovery of penicillin, with refutation of the misinformation in the literature". British Journal of Biomedical Science. 56 (2): 83–93. ISSN 0967-4845. PMID 10695047.
Wainwright, M. (February 1993). "The mystery of the plate: Fleming's discovery and contribution to the early development of penicillin". Journal of Medical Biography. 1 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1177/096777209300100113. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11639213. S2CID 7578843.
Tan, S. Y.; Tatsumura, Y. (July 2015). "Alexander Fleming (1881–1955): Discoverer of penicillin". Singapore Medical Journal. 56 (7): 366–367. doi:10.11622/smedj.2015105. PMC 4520913. PMID 26243971.
Arseculeratne, S. N.; Arseculeratne, G. (May 2017). "A re-appraisal of the conventional history of antibiosis and Penicillin". Mycoses. 60 (5): 343–347. doi:10.1111/myc.12599. PMID 28144986. S2CID 21424547.
Fleming, Alexander (1929). "On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their use in the Isolation of B. influenzae". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 10 (3): 226–236. PMC 2041430. PMID 2048009.; Reprinted as Fleming, A. (1979). "On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 60 (1): 3–13. PMC 2041430.
Henderson, J.W. (July 1997). "The yellow brick road to penicillin: a story of serendipity". Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 72 (7): 683–687. doi:10.4065/72.7.683. PMID 9212774.
Kingston, W (June 2008). "Irish contributions to the origins of antibiotics". Irish Journal of Medical Science. 177 (2): 87–92. doi:10.1007/s11845-008-0139-x. PMID 18347757. S2CID 32847260.
Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J. C.; Samson, R. A. (June 2011). "Fleming's penicillin producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens". IMA Fungus. 2 (1): 87–95. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.12. PMC 3317369. PMID 22679592.
Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J. C.; Seifert, K. A.; Overy, D. P.; Tuthill, D. M.; Valdez, J. G.; Samson, R. A. (December 2012). "New penicillin-producing Penicillium species and an overview of section Chrysogena". Persoonia. 29 (1): 78–100. doi:10.3767/003158512X660571. PMC 3589797. PMID 23606767.
Hare, R. (January 1982). "New Light on the History of Penicillin". Medical History. 26 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/S0025727300040758. PMC 1139110. PMID 7047933.
Wyn Jones, E.; Wyn Jones, R. G. (December 2002). "Merlin Pryce (1902–1976) and Penicillin: An Abiding Mystery". Vesalius. 8 (2): 6–25. ISSN 1373-4857. PMID 12713008.
Fleming, Alexander (1929). "On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 10 (3): 226–236. reprinted in Fleming, A. (1979). "On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 60 (1): 3–13. PMC 2041430. PMID 2048009.
Lobanovska, M.; Pilla, G. (March 2017). "Penicillin's Discovery and Antibiotic Resistance: Lessons for the Future?". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 90 (1): 135–145. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 5369031. PMID 28356901.
Chain 1971, p. 297. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Chain 1971, p. 111. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E.; Fletcher, C. M.; Florey, H. W.; Gardner, A. D.; Heatley, N. G.; Jennings, M. A. (16 August 1941). "Further Observations on Penicillin". The Lancet. 238 (6, 155): 177–189. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)72122-2. ISSN 0031-6970. PMID 1541313.
Chain, E.; Florey, H. W.; Adelaide, M. B.; Gardner, A. D.; Heatley, N. G.; Jennings, M. A.; Orr-Ewing, J.; Sanders, A. G. (1940). "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent". The Lancet. 236 (6104): 226–228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)08728-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 8403666.
Allison, V. D. (1974). "Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming". The Ulster Medical Journal. 43 (2): 89–98. PMC 2385475. PMID 4612919.
Neushul, P. (1993). "Science, Government, and the Mass Production of Penicillin". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 48 (4): 371–395. doi:10.1093/jhmas/48.4.371. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 8283024.
Bentley, Ronald (2009). "Different roads to discovery; Prontosil (hence sulfa drugs) and penicillin (hence β-lactams)". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 36 (6): 775–786. doi:10.1007/s10295-009-0553-8. ISSN 1367-5435. PMID 19283418. S2CID 35432074.
Kardos, Nelson; Demain, Arnold L. (2011). "Penicillin: the medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 92 (4): 677–687. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3587-6. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 21964640. S2CID 39223087.
Defries, R. D. (August 1948). "The Connaught Medical Research Laboratories 1914–1948". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 39 (8): 330–344. ISSN 0319-2652. JSTOR 41979831. PMID 18878250.
Wainwright, M. (Spring 2004). "Hitler's penicillin". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 47 (2): 189–198. doi:10.1353/pbm.2004.0037. ISSN 0031-5982. PMID 15259203. S2CID 29450203.
Kumazawa, Joichi; Yagisawa, Morimasa (June 2002). "The history of antibiotics: The Japanese story". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 8 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1007/s101560200022. ISSN 1341-321X. PMID 12111564. S2CID 13309445.
Hodgkin, D. C. (July 1949). "The X-ray analysis of the structure of penicillin". Advancement of Science. 6 (22): 85–89. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18134678.
Curtis, R.; Jones, J. (December 2007). "Robert Robinson and penicillin: an unnoticed document in the saga of its structure". Journal of Peptide Science. 13 (12): 769–775. doi:10.1002/psc.888. ISSN 1075-2617. PMID 17890642. S2CID 11213177.
Committee on Medical Research; Medical Research Council (1945). "Chemistry of penicillin". Science. 102 (2660): 627–629. Bibcode:1945Sci...102..627M. doi:10.1126/science.102.2660.627. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17788243.
Chain, E (1948). "The chemistry of penicillin". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 17 (1): 657–704. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.17.070148.003301. PMID 18893607.
Nicolaou, K.C.; Vourloumis, D.; Winssinger, N.; Baran, P. S. (January 2000). "The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century". Angewandte Chemie. 39 (1): 44–122. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000103)39:1<44::AID-ANIE44>3.0.CO;2-L. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 10649349.
Hamilton-Miller, J. M. (March 2008). "Development of the semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 31 (3): 189–192. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2007.11.010. PMID 18248798.
Batchelor, F. R.; Doyle, F. P.; Nayler, J. H.; Rolinson, G. N. (1959). "Synthesis of penicillin: 6-aminopenicillanic acid in penicillin fermentations". Nature. 183 (4656): 257–258. Bibcode:1959Natur.183..257B. doi:10.1038/183257b0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13622762. S2CID 4268993.
Rolinson, G. N.; Geddes, A. M. (2007). "The 50th anniversary of the discovery of 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA)". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 29 (1): 3–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.09.003. PMID 17137753.
Harkins, C.P.; Pichon, B.; Doumith, M.; Parkhill, J.; Westh, H.; Tomasz, A.; de Lencastre, H.; Bentley, S.D.; Kearns, A.M.; Holden, M.T. (July 2017). "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the introduction of methicillin into clinical practice". Genome Biology. 18 (1): 130. doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1252-9. PMC 5517843. PMID 28724393.
Allison, V. D. (1974). "Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming". Ulster Medical Journal. 43 (2): 89–98. ISSN 0041-6193. PMC 2385475. PMID 4612919.
Bynum, Bill (2007). "Book and Exhibition: Shedding New light on the Story of Penicillin". The Lancet. 369 (9578): 1991–1992. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60929-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 17577943. S2CID 40981218.
Acred, P.; Brown, D.M.; Turner, D.H.; Wilson, M.J. (April 1962). "Pharmacology and chemotherapy of ampicillin—a new broad-spectrum penicillin". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 18 (2): 356–69. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01416.x. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 1482127. PMID 13859205.
Colley, E.W.; Mcnicol, M.W.; Bracken, P.M. (March 1965). "Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in a General Hospital". The Lancet. 1 (7385): 595–597. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(65)91165-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 14250094.
James, C.W.; Gurk-Turner, C. (January 2001). "Cross-reactivity of beta-lactam antibiotics". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 14 (1): 106–107. doi:10.1080/08998280.2001.11927741. ISSN 0899-8280. PMC 1291320. PMID 16369597.
de Sousa Coelho, F.; Mainardi, J.-L. (5 January 2021). "The multiple benefits of second-generation β-lactamase inhibitors in treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria". Infectious Diseases Now. 51 (6): 510–517. doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2020.11.007. ISSN 2666-9919. PMID 33870896.
Croydon, E. A.; Sutherland, R. (1970). "α-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin (BRL 2333), a new semisynthetic penicillin: absorption and excretion in man". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 10: 427–430. ISSN 0066-4804. PMID 5521362.
Sutherland, R.; Rolinson, G. N. (1970). "α-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin (BRL 2333), a new semisynthetic penicillin: in vitro evaluation". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 10: 411–415. doi:10.1128/AAC.10.3.411. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 429762. PMID 5000265.
Burch, D. G. S.; Sperling, D. (2018). "Amoxicillin—current use in swine medicine". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 41 (3): 356–368. doi:10.1111/jvp.12482. ISSN 0140-7783. PMID 29352469.
Aberer, Werner; Macy, Eric (2017). "Moving toward optimizing testing for penicillin allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 5 (3): 684–685. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.03.020. ISSN 2213-2198. PMID 28483319.
Davies, Julian; Davies, Dorothy (2010). "Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 74 (3): 417–433. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 2937522. PMID 20805405.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 10 (4): 677–678. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 3055168. S2CID 4070796.
Lowy, F. D. (May 2003). "Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (9): 1265–1273. doi:10.1172/JCI18535. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 154455. PMID 12727914.
Appelbaum, P. C. (1992). "Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 15 (1): 77–83. doi:10.1093/clinids/15.1.77. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 1617076.
Camargos, Paulo; Fischer, Gilberto Bueno; Mocelin, Helena; Dias, Cícero; Ruvinsky, Raúl (2006). "Penicillin resistance and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Latin America". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 7 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2006.04.004. ISSN 1526-0542. PMID 16938644.
Kirchhelle 2018, p. 325. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.
Kirchhelle 2018, pp. 330–333. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.
Kirchhelle 2018, pp. 333–335. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Lakhtakia, Ritu (2014). "The Legacy of Robert Koch: Surmise, search, substantiate". Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 14 (1): e37–41. doi:10.12816/0003334. PMC 3916274. PMID 24516751.
Quoted and translated by Howard Florey in Florey 1946, pp. 101–102. For the French original, see Pasteur, Louis; Joubert, Jules [in French] (1877). Charbon et septicémie: lectures faites à l'Académie des sciences et à l'Académie de médecine (Report) (in French). p. 14. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Florey, Howard W. (1946). "The Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 19 (1): 101–118. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2602034. PMID 20275724.
Foster, W.; Raoult, A. (1974). "Early descriptions of antibiosis". British Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 24 (149): 889–894. PMC 2157443. PMID 4618289.
Quoted and translated by Howard Florey in Florey 1946, p. 102. Florey, Howard W. (1946). "The Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 19 (1): 101–118. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2602034. PMID 20275724.
Tan, S. Y.; Tatsumura, Y. (July 2015). "Alexander Fleming (1881–1955): Discoverer of penicillin". Singapore Medical Journal. 56 (7): 366–367. doi:10.11622/smedj.2015105. PMC 4520913. PMID 26243971.
Fleming, Alexander (1929). "On the Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their use in the Isolation of B. influenzae". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 10 (3): 226–236. PMC 2041430. PMID 2048009.; Reprinted as Fleming, A. (1979). "On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 60 (1): 3–13. PMC 2041430.
Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J. C.; Samson, R. A. (June 2011). "Fleming's penicillin producing strain is not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. rubens". IMA Fungus. 2 (1): 87–95. doi:10.5598/imafungus.2011.02.01.12. PMC 3317369. PMID 22679592.
Houbraken, J.; Frisvad, J. C.; Seifert, K. A.; Overy, D. P.; Tuthill, D. M.; Valdez, J. G.; Samson, R. A. (December 2012). "New penicillin-producing Penicillium species and an overview of section Chrysogena". Persoonia. 29 (1): 78–100. doi:10.3767/003158512X660571. PMC 3589797. PMID 23606767.
Hare, R. (January 1982). "New Light on the History of Penicillin". Medical History. 26 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/S0025727300040758. PMC 1139110. PMID 7047933.
Fleming, Alexander (1929). "On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 10 (3): 226–236. reprinted in Fleming, A. (1979). "On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 60 (1): 3–13. PMC 2041430. PMID 2048009.
Lobanovska, M.; Pilla, G. (March 2017). "Penicillin's Discovery and Antibiotic Resistance: Lessons for the Future?". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 90 (1): 135–145. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 5369031. PMID 28356901.
Chain 1971, p. 297. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Chain 1971, p. 111. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E.; Holiday, E. R. (June 1942). "Purification and Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Penicillin". British Journal of Experimental Pathology. 23 (3): 103–119. PMC 2065494.
Gaynes 2017, pp. 849–853. Gaynes, Robert (2017). "The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23 (5): 849–853. doi:10.3201/eid2305.161556. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 5403050.
Dawson, Martin H.; Hobby, Galdys L.; Meyer, Karl; Chaffee, Eleanor (1 July 1941). "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 20 (4): 433–465. doi:10.1172/JCI101239. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 435076.
Allison, V. D. (1974). "Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming". The Ulster Medical Journal. 43 (2): 89–98. PMC 2385475. PMID 4612919.
Harkins, C.P.; Pichon, B.; Doumith, M.; Parkhill, J.; Westh, H.; Tomasz, A.; de Lencastre, H.; Bentley, S.D.; Kearns, A.M.; Holden, M.T. (July 2017). "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus emerged long before the introduction of methicillin into clinical practice". Genome Biology. 18 (1): 130. doi:10.1186/s13059-017-1252-9. PMC 5517843. PMID 28724393.
Allison, V. D. (1974). "Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming". Ulster Medical Journal. 43 (2): 89–98. ISSN 0041-6193. PMC 2385475. PMID 4612919.
Acred, P.; Brown, D.M.; Turner, D.H.; Wilson, M.J. (April 1962). "Pharmacology and chemotherapy of ampicillin—a new broad-spectrum penicillin". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 18 (2): 356–69. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01416.x. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 1482127. PMID 13859205.
James, C.W.; Gurk-Turner, C. (January 2001). "Cross-reactivity of beta-lactam antibiotics". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 14 (1): 106–107. doi:10.1080/08998280.2001.11927741. ISSN 0899-8280. PMC 1291320. PMID 16369597.
Sutherland, R.; Rolinson, G. N. (1970). "α-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin (BRL 2333), a new semisynthetic penicillin: in vitro evaluation". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 10: 411–415. doi:10.1128/AAC.10.3.411. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 429762. PMID 5000265.
Davies, Julian; Davies, Dorothy (2010). "Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 74 (3): 417–433. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 2937522. PMID 20805405.
Lowy, F. D. (May 2003). "Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (9): 1265–1273. doi:10.1172/JCI18535. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 154455. PMID 12727914.

nobelprize.org

Fleming 1999, p. 83. Fleming, Alexander (1999). "Penicillin: Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945". In Samuelsson, Bengt; Sohlman, Michael; Lindsten, Jan E. (eds.). Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine, 1942–1962 (PDF). Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 83–93. ISBN 978-981-02-3411-9. OCLC 1291446203.
"Ernst B. Chain – Nobel Lecture: The Chemical Structure of the Penicillins". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
"Alexander Fleming". Nomination archive. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 16 February 2023.; "Howard Florey". Nomination archive. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 16 February 2023.; "Ernst Chain". Nomination archive. Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
Pietzsch, Joachim. "Speed read: An Eye for Structure". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
Fleming 1999, pp. 83–93. Fleming, Alexander (1999). "Penicillin: Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945". In Samuelsson, Bengt; Sohlman, Michael; Lindsten, Jan E. (eds.). Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine, 1942–1962 (PDF). Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 83–93. ISBN 978-981-02-3411-9. OCLC 1291446203.

nytimes.com

Laurence, William L. (6 May 1941). "'Giant' Germicide Yielded by Mold; New Non-Toxic Drug Said to be the Most Powerful Germ Killer Ever Discovered". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
"Ogden D. Miller, 73, Retired Educator". The New York Times. 15 February 1978. Section D, p. 16. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
"Dr. Chester Keefer Dies at 74; Held Boston U. Medical Posts". New York Times. 4 February 1972. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
"Winners of the Nobel Prize for Medicine – Fleming and Two Co-Workers Get Nobel Award for Penicillin Boon Dr. Chain, German Refugee, and Florey Share in Prize for Physiology and Medicine —Former Tells How Discovery Grew Dr. Chain, Here, Incredulous Scientists Not Compensated". The New York Times. 26 October 1945. p. 21. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

timesmachine.nytimes.com

"The Nobel Awards". The New York Times. 27 October 1945. p. 12. Retrieved 16 February 2023.

parisdescartes.fr

biusante.parisdescartes.fr

Pouillard, Jean (2002). "Une découverte oubliée: la thèse de médecine du docteur Ernest Duchesne (1874–1912)" [A Forgotten Discovery: Doctor of Medicine Ernest Duchesne's Thesis (1874–1912).] (PDF). Histoire des Sciences Médicales (in French). XXXVI (1): 11–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2019.

pfizer.com

"1900–1950". Exploring Our History. Pfizer Inc. 2009. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2009.

proquest.com

Bauze, Robert (December 1997). "Editorial: Howard Florey and the Penicillin Story". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. pp. vii–ix. ISSN 2309-4990. Retrieved 4 January 2021.

rki.de

edoc.rki.de

Koch, Robert (2010) [1876]. "Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus Anthracis" [The Etiology of Anthrax Disease, Based on the Developmental History of Bacillus Anthracis]. Cohns Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen (in German). 2 (2). Robert Koch-Institut: 277 (1–22). doi:10.25646/5064. ISSN 0005-8041.

royalsocietypublishing.org

rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org

Jones, David S.; Jones, John H. (1 December 2014). "Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 5–22. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002. ISSN 0080-4606.
Jones, David S.; Jones, John H. (1 December 2014). "Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 5–22. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002. ISSN 0080-4606.

royalsocietypublishing.org

Abraham, Edward Penley (1983). "Ernst Boris Chain, 19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 29: 42–91. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1983.0003. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 58175504.

sagepub.com

journals.sagepub.com

Wainwright, Milton (2000). "André Gratia (1893–1950): Forgotten Pioneer of Research into Antimicrobial Agents". Journal of Medical Biography. 8 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1177/096777200000800108. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11608911. S2CID 43285911.

sciencewatch.com

"Making Penicillin Possible: Norman Heatley Remembers". ScienceWatch. 2007. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2007.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Nowak, A.; Nowak, M. J.; Cybulska, K. (December 2017). "Stories with Microorganisms". Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology. 22 (1–2): 59–68. doi:10.1515/cdem-2017-0003. ISSN 1640-9019. S2CID 90736968.
Burdon-Sanderson, J. S. (1 October 1871). "Memoirs: The Origin and Distribution of Microzymes (Bacteria) in Water, and the Circumstances which determine their Existence in the Tissues and Liquids of the Living Body". Journal of Cell Science. 11 (44): 323–352. doi:10.1242/jcs.s2-11.44.323. S2CID 90162642. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
Wainwright, Milton (2000). "André Gratia (1893–1950): Forgotten Pioneer of Research into Antimicrobial Agents". Journal of Medical Biography. 8 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1177/096777200000800108. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11608911. S2CID 43285911.
de Scoville, C.; Brouwer, C. De; Dujardin, M. (1999). "Nobel chronicle: Fleming and Gratia". The Lancet. 354 (9, 174): 258. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66334-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 10421340. S2CID 11659394.
Wainwright, M. (February 1993). "The mystery of the plate: Fleming's discovery and contribution to the early development of penicillin". Journal of Medical Biography. 1 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1177/096777209300100113. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11639213. S2CID 7578843.
Arseculeratne, S. N.; Arseculeratne, G. (May 2017). "A re-appraisal of the conventional history of antibiosis and Penicillin". Mycoses. 60 (5): 343–347. doi:10.1111/myc.12599. PMID 28144986. S2CID 21424547.
Kingston, W (June 2008). "Irish contributions to the origins of antibiotics". Irish Journal of Medical Science. 177 (2): 87–92. doi:10.1007/s11845-008-0139-x. PMID 18347757. S2CID 32847260.
Berger, F. (7 October 1944). "Extraction and Purification of Penicillin". Nature. 154 (3910): 459. Bibcode:1944Natur.154..459B. doi:10.1038/154459a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4071554.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 46 (3, 713): 837. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. S2CID 4070796.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1942). "Purification of Penicillin". Nature. 149 (3, 777): 328. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..328A. doi:10.1038/149328b0. S2CID 4122059.
Abraham, E. P.; Baker, W.; Chain, E.; Florey, H. W.; Holiday, E. R.; Robinson, R. (March 1942). "Nitrogenous Character of Penicillin". Nature. 149 (3, 778): 356. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..356A. doi:10.1038/149356a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4055617.
Mathews, John A. (2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia, 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 0810-9028. S2CID 143123783.
Bentley, Ronald (2009). "Different roads to discovery; Prontosil (hence sulfa drugs) and penicillin (hence β-lactams)". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 36 (6): 775–786. doi:10.1007/s10295-009-0553-8. ISSN 1367-5435. PMID 19283418. S2CID 35432074.
Kardos, Nelson; Demain, Arnold L. (2011). "Penicillin: the medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 92 (4): 677–687. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3587-6. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 21964640. S2CID 39223087.
Matthews 2008, pp. 323–324. Matthews, John A. (December 2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 1470-1030. S2CID 143123783.
Matthews 2008, pp. 324–327. Matthews, John A. (December 2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 1470-1030. S2CID 143123783.
Wainwright, M. (Spring 2004). "Hitler's penicillin". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 47 (2): 189–198. doi:10.1353/pbm.2004.0037. ISSN 0031-5982. PMID 15259203. S2CID 29450203.
Kumazawa, Joichi; Yagisawa, Morimasa (June 2002). "The history of antibiotics: The Japanese story". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 8 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1007/s101560200022. ISSN 1341-321X. PMID 12111564. S2CID 13309445.
Curtis, R.; Jones, J. (December 2007). "Robert Robinson and penicillin: an unnoticed document in the saga of its structure". Journal of Peptide Science. 13 (12): 769–775. doi:10.1002/psc.888. ISSN 1075-2617. PMID 17890642. S2CID 11213177.
Batchelor, F. R.; Doyle, F. P.; Nayler, J. H.; Rolinson, G. N. (1959). "Synthesis of penicillin: 6-aminopenicillanic acid in penicillin fermentations". Nature. 183 (4656): 257–258. Bibcode:1959Natur.183..257B. doi:10.1038/183257b0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13622762. S2CID 4268993.
Abraham, Edward Penley (1983). "Ernst Boris Chain, 19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 29: 42–91. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1983.0003. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 58175504.
Slinn 2008, p. 193. Slinn, Judy (2008). "Patents and the UK pharmaceutical industry between 1945 and the 1970s". History and Technology. 24 (2): 191–205. doi:10.1080/07341510701810963. ISSN 0734-1512. S2CID 154138258.
Bynum, Bill (2007). "Book and Exhibition: Shedding New light on the Story of Penicillin". The Lancet. 369 (9578): 1991–1992. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60929-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 17577943. S2CID 40981218.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 146 (3713): 837. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4070796.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 10 (4): 677–678. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 3055168. S2CID 4070796.
Boyd 2001, pp. 647–648. Boyd, William (October 2001). "Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production". Technology and Culture. 42 (4): 631–664. doi:10.1353/tech.2001.0150. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 25147798. S2CID 110894884.
Kirchhelle 2018, p. 325. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.
Kirchhelle 2018, pp. 330–333. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.
Kirchhelle 2018, pp. 333–335. Kirchhelle, Claas (Summer 2018). "Swann Song: Antibiotic Regulation in British Livestock Production (1953–2006)". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 92 (2): 317–350. doi:10.1353/bhm.2018.0029. PMID 29961717. S2CID 49639055.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Kardos, Nelson; Demain, Arnold L. (2011). "Penicillin: the medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 92 (4): 677–687. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3587-6. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 21964640. S2CID 39223087.

tandfonline.com

Slinn 2008, p. 193. Slinn, Judy (2008). "Patents and the UK pharmaceutical industry between 1945 and the 1970s". History and Technology. 24 (2): 191–205. doi:10.1080/07341510701810963. ISSN 0734-1512. S2CID 154138258.

umn.edu

www1.umn.edu

Allchin, Douglas. "Penicillin & Chance". SHiPS Resource Center. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2010.

usda.gov

tellus.ars.usda.gov

"The Enduring Mystery of 'Moldy Mary'". US Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 12 February 2023.

web.archive.org

Allchin, Douglas. "Penicillin & Chance". SHiPS Resource Center. Archived from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2010.
Pouillard, Jean (2002). "Une découverte oubliée: la thèse de médecine du docteur Ernest Duchesne (1874–1912)" [A Forgotten Discovery: Doctor of Medicine Ernest Duchesne's Thesis (1874–1912).] (PDF). Histoire des Sciences Médicales (in French). XXXVI (1): 11–20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 July 2019.
"Making Penicillin Possible: Norman Heatley Remembers". ScienceWatch. 2007. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2007.
"1900–1950". Exploring Our History. Pfizer Inc. 2009. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2009.

wellcomecollection.org

Quoted and translated by Howard Florey in Florey 1946, pp. 101–102. For the French original, see Pasteur, Louis; Joubert, Jules [in French] (1877). Charbon et septicémie: lectures faites à l'Académie des sciences et à l'Académie de médecine (Report) (in French). p. 14. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Florey, Howard W. (1946). "The Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 19 (1): 101–118. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2602034. PMID 20275724.

wikipedia.org

fr.wikipedia.org

Quoted and translated by Howard Florey in Florey 1946, pp. 101–102. For the French original, see Pasteur, Louis; Joubert, Jules [in French] (1877). Charbon et septicémie: lectures faites à l'Académie des sciences et à l'Académie de médecine (Report) (in French). p. 14. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Florey, Howard W. (1946). "The Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 19 (1): 101–118. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2602034. PMID 20275724.

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Bickel 1995, p. 61. Bickel, Lennard (1995) [1972]. Florey: The Man Who Made Penicillin. Melbourne University Press Australian Lives. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84712-3. OCLC 761193113.
Gould, Kate (2016). "Antibiotics: From Prehistory to the Present Day". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 71 (3): 572–575. doi:10.1093/jac/dkv484. ISSN 0305-7453. PMID 26851273.
Nowak, A.; Nowak, M. J.; Cybulska, K. (December 2017). "Stories with Microorganisms". Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology. 22 (1–2): 59–68. doi:10.1515/cdem-2017-0003. ISSN 1640-9019. S2CID 90736968.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 13–15. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Koch, Robert (2010) [1876]. "Die Ätiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus Anthracis" [The Etiology of Anthrax Disease, Based on the Developmental History of Bacillus Anthracis]. Cohns Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen (in German). 2 (2). Robert Koch-Institut: 277 (1–22). doi:10.25646/5064. ISSN 0005-8041.
Shama, G. (September 2016). "La Moisissure et la Bactérie: Deconstructing the fable of the discovery of penicillin by Ernest Duchesne". Endeavour. 40 (3): 188–200. doi:10.1016/j.endeavour.2016.07.005. ISSN 0160-9327. PMID 27496372.
Quoted and translated by Howard Florey in Florey 1946, pp. 101–102. For the French original, see Pasteur, Louis; Joubert, Jules [in French] (1877). Charbon et septicémie: lectures faites à l'Académie des sciences et à l'Académie de médecine (Report) (in French). p. 14. Retrieved 9 July 2023. Florey, Howard W. (1946). "The Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 19 (1): 101–118. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2602034. PMID 20275724.
Brunel, J. (1951). "Antibiosis from Pasteur to Fleming". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 6 (3): 287–301. doi:10.1093/jhmas/vi.summer.287. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 14873929.
Waksman, S. A . (1947). "What is an antibiotic or an antibiotic substance?". Mycologia. 39 (5): 565–569. doi:10.1080/00275514.1947.12017635. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 20264541.
Kruif 1996, p. 157 "At once Pasteur jumped to a fine idea: "If the harmless bugs from the air choke out the anthrax bacilli in the bottle, they will do it in the body too! It is a kind of dog-eat-dog!” shouted Pasteur, (...) Pasteur gravely announced: "That there were high hopes for the cure of disease from this experiment", but that is the last you hear of it, for Pasteur was never a man to give the world of science the benefit of studying his failures." Kruif, Paul De (1996) [1926]. Microbe Hunters. San Diego: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-15-602777-9. OCLC 807359013.
Quoted and translated by Howard Florey in Florey 1946, p. 102. Florey, Howard W. (1946). "The Use of Micro-organisms for Therapeutic Purposes". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 19 (1): 101–118. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 2602034. PMID 20275724.
Bucci, R.; Galli, P. (2011). "Vincenzo Tiberio: a misunderstood researcher". Italian Journal of Public Health. 8 (4): 404–406. ISSN 1723-7815. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
Wainwright, Milton (2000). "André Gratia (1893–1950): Forgotten Pioneer of Research into Antimicrobial Agents". Journal of Medical Biography. 8 (1): 39–42. doi:10.1177/096777200000800108. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11608911. S2CID 43285911.
de Scoville, C.; Brouwer, C. De; Dujardin, M. (1999). "Nobel chronicle: Fleming and Gratia". The Lancet. 354 (9, 174): 258. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66334-9. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 10421340. S2CID 11659394.
Lalchhandama, K. (2020). "Reappraising Fleming's Snot and Mould". Science Vision. 20 (1): 29–42. doi:10.33493/scivis.20.01.03. ISSN 0975-6175.
Diggins, F. W. (1999). "The true history of the discovery of penicillin, with refutation of the misinformation in the literature". British Journal of Biomedical Science. 56 (2): 83–93. ISSN 0967-4845. PMID 10695047.
Wainwright, M. (February 1993). "The mystery of the plate: Fleming's discovery and contribution to the early development of penicillin". Journal of Medical Biography. 1 (1): 59–65. doi:10.1177/096777209300100113. ISSN 0967-7720. PMID 11639213. S2CID 7578843.
Greenwood 2008, p. 86. Greenwood, David (2008). Antimicrobial Drugs: Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-156007-1. OCLC 801405589.
Pommerville 2014, p. 807. Pommerville, J.C. (2014). Fundamentals of Microbiology (10th ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett. ISBN 978-1-284-03968-9. OCLC 1193951845.
Fleming 1999, p. 83. Fleming, Alexander (1999). "Penicillin: Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945". In Samuelsson, Bengt; Sohlman, Michael; Lindsten, Jan E. (eds.). Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine, 1942–1962 (PDF). Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 83–93. ISBN 978-981-02-3411-9. OCLC 1291446203.
Wyn Jones, E.; Wyn Jones, R. G. (December 2002). "Merlin Pryce (1902–1976) and Penicillin: An Abiding Mystery". Vesalius. 8 (2): 6–25. ISSN 1373-4857. PMID 12713008.
Lobanovska, M.; Pilla, G. (March 2017). "Penicillin's Discovery and Antibiotic Resistance: Lessons for the Future?". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 90 (1): 135–145. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 5369031. PMID 28356901.
Williams 1984, p. 67. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Berger, F. (7 October 1944). "Extraction and Purification of Penicillin". Nature. 154 (3910): 459. Bibcode:1944Natur.154..459B. doi:10.1038/154459a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4071554.
Chain 1971, p. 297. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
Jones, David S.; Jones, John H. (1 December 2014). "Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 5–22. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002. ISSN 0080-4606.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 274–275. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, p. 285. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Chain 1971, p. 111. Chain, E. (31 December 1971). "Thirty Years of Penicillin Therapy". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 179 (1, 057): 293–319. Bibcode:1971RSPSB.179..293C. doi:10.1098/rspb.1971.0098. ISSN 1471-2946. PMC 5366029. PMID 4401412.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 300–303. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Mason 2022, pp. 119–121. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Jonas 1989, p. 269. Jonas, Gerald (1989). The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-02640-5. OCLC 17873576.
Hobby 1985, pp. 64–65. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Wilson 1976, p. 156. Wilson, David (1976). Penicillin in Perspective. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10839-8. OCLC 3091743.
Sheehan 1982, p. 30. Sheehan, John C. (1982). The Enchanted Ring. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19204-0. OCLC 8170304.
Williams 1984, p. 96. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 306–307. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Williams 1984, p. 118. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
MacFarlane 1979, p. 325. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Mason 2022, p. 191. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Mason 2022, p. 122. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Williams 1984, p. 100. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 305–308. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E.; Fletcher, C. M.; Florey, H. W.; Gardner, A. D.; Heatley, N. G.; Jennings, M. A. (16 August 1941). "Further Observations on Penicillin". The Lancet. 238 (6, 155): 177–189. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)72122-2. ISSN 0031-6970. PMID 1541313.
Wilson 1976, pp. 158–159. Wilson, David (1976). Penicillin in Perspective. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10839-8. OCLC 3091743.
Williams 1984, pp. 69–70. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Mason 2022, pp. 122–123. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Williams 1984, p. 99. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Wilson 1976, p. 203. Wilson, David (1976). Penicillin in Perspective. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10839-8. OCLC 3091743.
Abraham, E. P.; Baker, W.; Chain, E.; Florey, H. W.; Holiday, E. R.; Robinson, R. (March 1942). "Nitrogenous Character of Penicillin". Nature. 149 (3, 778): 356. Bibcode:1942Natur.149..356A. doi:10.1038/149356a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4055617.
Williams 1984, p. 111. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Gaynes 2017, pp. 849–853. Gaynes, Robert (2017). "The Discovery of Penicillin—New Insights After More Than 75 Years of Clinical Use". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23 (5): 849–853. doi:10.3201/eid2305.161556. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 5403050.
Williams 1984, p. 110. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 308–312. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Sheehan 1982, p. 32. Sheehan, John C. (1982). The Enchanted Ring. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19204-0. OCLC 8170304.
Chain, E.; Florey, H. W.; Adelaide, M. B.; Gardner, A. D.; Heatley, N. G.; Jennings, M. A.; Orr-Ewing, J.; Sanders, A. G. (1940). "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent". The Lancet. 236 (6104): 226–228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)08728-1. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 8403666.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 313–316. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, p. 315. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 319–320. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Mason 2022, p. 152. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Mason 2022, p. 156. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 322–324. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Mason 2022, pp. 162–164. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Bickel 1995, pp. 124–129. Bickel, Lennard (1995) [1972]. Florey: The Man Who Made Penicillin. Melbourne University Press Australian Lives. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84712-3. OCLC 761193113.
Hobby 1985, pp. 69–73. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Dawson, Martin H.; Hobby, Galdys L.; Meyer, Karl; Chaffee, Eleanor (1 July 1941). "Penicillin as a Chemotherapeutic Agent". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 20 (4): 433–465. doi:10.1172/JCI101239. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 435076.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 329–331. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 331–333. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 342–346. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Florey, M.E. (27 March 1943). "General and Local Administration of Penicillin". The Lancet. 241 (6239): 387–397. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)41962-8. ISSN 0140-6736.
Mathews, John A. (2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia, 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 0810-9028. S2CID 143123783.
Williams 1984, pp. 125–128. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Williams 1984, pp. 130–132. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Wells, Percy A. (September 1975). "Some Aspects of the Early History of Penicillin in the United States". Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. 65 (3): 96–101. ISSN 0043-0439. JSTOR 24536802.
Neushul, P. (1993). "Science, Government, and the Mass Production of Penicillin". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 48 (4): 371–395. doi:10.1093/jhmas/48.4.371. ISSN 0022-5045. PMID 8283024.
Williams 1984, pp. 134–137. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Hobby 1985, pp. 104–105. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Williams 1984, pp. 138–139. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Baxter 1968, p. 347. Baxter, James Phinney (1968) [1946]. Scientists Against Time (3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. OCLC 239570.
Bickel 1995, pp. 175–178. Bickel, Lennard (1995) [1972]. Florey: The Man Who Made Penicillin. Melbourne University Press Australian Lives. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84712-3. OCLC 761193113.
Hobby 1985, p. 96. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Williams 1984, pp. 133–134. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Wilson 1976, pp. 198–200. Wilson, David (1976). Penicillin in Perspective. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10839-8. OCLC 3091743.
Williams 1984, p. 146. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Bentley, Ronald (2009). "Different roads to discovery; Prontosil (hence sulfa drugs) and penicillin (hence β-lactams)". Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology. 36 (6): 775–786. doi:10.1007/s10295-009-0553-8. ISSN 1367-5435. PMID 19283418. S2CID 35432074.
Kardos, Nelson; Demain, Arnold L. (2011). "Penicillin: the medicine with the greatest impact on therapeutic outcomes". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 92 (4): 677–687. doi:10.1007/s00253-011-3587-6. ISSN 1432-0614. PMID 21964640. S2CID 39223087.
Bauze, Robert (December 1997). "Editorial: Howard Florey and the Penicillin Story". Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. pp. vii–ix. ISSN 2309-4990. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
Hobby 1985, pp. 100–101, 234. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Bud 2007, pp. 44–45. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Hobby 1985, pp. 183–185. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Bickel 1995, pp. 224–230. Bickel, Lennard (1995) [1972]. Florey: The Man Who Made Penicillin. Melbourne University Press Australian Lives. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84712-3. OCLC 761193113.
Matthews 2008, pp. 323–324. Matthews, John A. (December 2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 1470-1030. S2CID 143123783.
Matthews 2008, pp. 324–327. Matthews, John A. (December 2008). "The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia 1943–80". Prometheus. 26 (4): 317–333. doi:10.1080/08109020802459306. ISSN 1470-1030. S2CID 143123783.
Williams 1984, pp. 134–135. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Defries, R. D. (August 1948). "The Connaught Medical Research Laboratories 1914–1948". Canadian Journal of Public Health. 39 (8): 330–344. ISSN 0319-2652. JSTOR 41979831. PMID 18878250.
Bickel 1995, pp. 295–301. Bickel, Lennard (1995) [1972]. Florey: The Man Who Made Penicillin. Melbourne University Press Australian Lives. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84712-3. OCLC 761193113.
Wainwright, M. (Spring 2004). "Hitler's penicillin". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 47 (2): 189–198. doi:10.1353/pbm.2004.0037. ISSN 0031-5982. PMID 15259203. S2CID 29450203.
Shama & Reinarz 2002, pp. 357–359. Shama, Gilbert; Reinarz, Jonathan (2002). "Allied intelligence reports on wartime German penicillin research and production". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 347–367. doi:10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.347. ISSN 1939-1811.
Shama & Reinarz 2002, pp. 353–357. Shama, Gilbert; Reinarz, Jonathan (2002). "Allied intelligence reports on wartime German penicillin research and production". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 347–367. doi:10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.347. ISSN 1939-1811.
Shama & Reinarz 2002, pp. 360–361. Shama, Gilbert; Reinarz, Jonathan (2002). "Allied intelligence reports on wartime German penicillin research and production". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 347–367. doi:10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.347. ISSN 1939-1811.
Shama & Reinarz 2002, pp. 351–353. Shama, Gilbert; Reinarz, Jonathan (2002). "Allied intelligence reports on wartime German penicillin research and production". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 32 (2): 347–367. doi:10.1525/hsps.2002.32.2.347. ISSN 1939-1811.
Goudsmit 1947, p. 14. Goudsmit, Samuel A. (1947). Alsos. New York: Henry Schuman. ISBN 978-0-938228-09-7. OCLC 8805725.
Bud 2007, pp. 78–79. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 85–88. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 88–91. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Williams 1984, pp. 192–195. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Kumazawa, Joichi; Yagisawa, Morimasa (June 2002). "The history of antibiotics: The Japanese story". Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 8 (2): 125–133. doi:10.1007/s101560200022. ISSN 1341-321X. PMID 12111564. S2CID 13309445.
Williams 1984, p. 122. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Hobby 1985, pp. 132–134. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Williams 1984, pp. 154–157. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Wilson 1976, pp. 217–220. Wilson, David (1976). Penicillin in Perspective. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10839-8. OCLC 3091743.
Hobby 1985, pp. 127–128. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Hobby 1985, pp. 130–131. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Hobby 1985, pp. 135–136. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Hobby 1985, p. 140. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Hobby 1985, p. 142. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Wilson 1976, p. 202. Wilson, David (1976). Penicillin in Perspective. London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-10839-8. OCLC 3091743.
Hobby 1985, pp. 191, 249. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Hobby 1985, p. 196. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Hobby 1985, p. 186. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Baxter 1968, pp. 352–353. Baxter, James Phinney (1968) [1946]. Scientists Against Time (3rd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. OCLC 239570.
Hobby 1985, pp. 251–253. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Hobby 1985, pp. 122–124. Hobby, Gladys L. (1985). Penicillin: Meeting the Challenge. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03225-3. OCLC 11157939.
Williams 1984, pp. 177–179. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Williams 1984, pp. 177–182. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Mason 2022, pp. 279–280. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Bickel 1995, p. 187. Bickel, Lennard (1995) [1972]. Florey: The Man Who Made Penicillin. Melbourne University Press Australian Lives. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84712-3. OCLC 761193113.
Jones, David S.; Jones, John H. (1 December 2014). "Sir Edward Penley Abraham CBE. 10 June 1913 – 9 May 1999". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 60: 5–22. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2014.0002. ISSN 0080-4606.
Hodgkin, D. C. (July 1949). "The X-ray analysis of the structure of penicillin". Advancement of Science. 6 (22): 85–89. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 18134678.
Curtis, R.; Jones, J. (December 2007). "Robert Robinson and penicillin: an unnoticed document in the saga of its structure". Journal of Peptide Science. 13 (12): 769–775. doi:10.1002/psc.888. ISSN 1075-2617. PMID 17890642. S2CID 11213177.
Committee on Medical Research; Medical Research Council (1945). "Chemistry of penicillin". Science. 102 (2660): 627–629. Bibcode:1945Sci...102..627M. doi:10.1126/science.102.2660.627. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17788243.
Sheehan, John C.; Henery-Logan, Kenneth R. (5 March 1957). "The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 79 (5): 1262–1263. doi:10.1021/ja01562a063. ISSN 0002-7863.
Sheehan, John C.; Henery-Logan, Kenneth R. (20 June 1959). "The Total Synthesis of Penicillin V". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (12): 3089–3094. doi:10.1021/ja01521a044. ISSN 0002-7863.
Nicolaou, K.C.; Vourloumis, D.; Winssinger, N.; Baran, P. S. (January 2000). "The Art and Science of Total Synthesis at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century". Angewandte Chemie. 39 (1): 44–122. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(20000103)39:1<44::AID-ANIE44>3.0.CO;2-L. ISSN 1433-7851. PMID 10649349.
Sheehan, John C.; Henery-Logan, Kenneth R. (1959). "A general synthesis of the penicillins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (21): 5838–5839. doi:10.1021/ja01530a079. ISSN 0002-7863.
Sheehan, John C.; Henery-Logan, Kenneth R. (1962). "The Total and Partial General Syntheses of the Penicillins". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 84 (15): 2983–2990. doi:10.1021/ja00874a029. ISSN 0002-7863.
Batchelor, F. R.; Doyle, F. P.; Nayler, J. H.; Rolinson, G. N. (1959). "Synthesis of penicillin: 6-aminopenicillanic acid in penicillin fermentations". Nature. 183 (4656): 257–258. Bibcode:1959Natur.183..257B. doi:10.1038/183257b0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 13622762. S2CID 4268993.
Abraham, Edward Penley (1983). "Ernst Boris Chain, 19 June 1906 – 12 August 1979". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 29: 42–91. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1983.0003. ISSN 0080-4606. S2CID 58175504.
Williams 1984, pp. 128–129. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Slinn 2008, p. 193. Slinn, Judy (2008). "Patents and the UK pharmaceutical industry between 1945 and the 1970s". History and Technology. 24 (2): 191–205. doi:10.1080/07341510701810963. ISSN 0734-1512. S2CID 154138258.
Williams 1984, pp. 310–313. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Allison, V. D. (1974). "Personal recollections of Sir Almroth Wright and Sir Alexander Fleming". Ulster Medical Journal. 43 (2): 89–98. ISSN 0041-6193. PMC 2385475. PMID 4612919.
Bickel 1995, pp. 236–237. Bickel, Lennard (1995) [1972]. Florey: The Man Who Made Penicillin. Melbourne University Press Australian Lives. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84712-3. OCLC 761193113.
Williams 1984, pp. 308–309. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Williams 1984, pp. 314–316. Williams, Trevor J. (1984). Howard Florey: Penicillin and After. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858173-4. OCLC 10696385.
Mason 2022, pp. 273–274. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Mason 2022, pp. 274–276. Mason, Brett (2022). Wizards of Oz: How Oliphant and Florey Helped Win the War and Shape the Modern World. Kensington, New South Wales: NewSouth Books. ISBN 978-1-74223-745-9. OCLC 1334109106.
Bickel 1995, p. 173. Bickel, Lennard (1995) [1972]. Florey: The Man Who Made Penicillin. Melbourne University Press Australian Lives. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-522-84712-3. OCLC 761193113.
MacFarlane 1979, pp. 352–353. MacFarlane, Gwyn (1979). Howard Florey: The Making of a Great Scientist. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-858161-1. OCLC 4835043.
Bynum, Bill (2007). "Book and Exhibition: Shedding New light on the Story of Penicillin". The Lancet. 369 (9578): 1991–1992. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60929-5. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 17577943. S2CID 40981218.
Norrby 2010, pp. 176–178. Norrby, E. (2010). Nobel Prizes and Life Sciences: A Unique Arbiter of the Advance of Life Sciences. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 978-981-4299-37-4. OCLC 758961578.
Lax 2015, pp. 245–246. Lax, Eric (2015). The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-644-6. OCLC 910881004.
Lax 2015, p. 247. Lax, Eric (2015). The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-644-6. OCLC 910881004.
Lax 2015, pp. 239–240. Lax, Eric (2015). The Mold in Dr. Florey's Coat: The Story of the Penicillin Miracle. New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-1-62779-644-6. OCLC 910881004.
Acred, P.; Brown, D.M.; Turner, D.H.; Wilson, M.J. (April 1962). "Pharmacology and chemotherapy of ampicillin—a new broad-spectrum penicillin". British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 18 (2): 356–69. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1962.tb01416.x. ISSN 0007-1188. PMC 1482127. PMID 13859205.
Colley, E.W.; Mcnicol, M.W.; Bracken, P.M. (March 1965). "Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci in a General Hospital". The Lancet. 1 (7385): 595–597. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(65)91165-7. ISSN 0140-6736. PMID 14250094.
James, C.W.; Gurk-Turner, C. (January 2001). "Cross-reactivity of beta-lactam antibiotics". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 14 (1): 106–107. doi:10.1080/08998280.2001.11927741. ISSN 0899-8280. PMC 1291320. PMID 16369597.
de Sousa Coelho, F.; Mainardi, J.-L. (5 January 2021). "The multiple benefits of second-generation β-lactamase inhibitors in treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria". Infectious Diseases Now. 51 (6): 510–517. doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2020.11.007. ISSN 2666-9919. PMID 33870896.
Croydon, E. A.; Sutherland, R. (1970). "α-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin (BRL 2333), a new semisynthetic penicillin: absorption and excretion in man". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 10: 427–430. ISSN 0066-4804. PMID 5521362.
Sutherland, R.; Rolinson, G. N. (1970). "α-amino-p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin (BRL 2333), a new semisynthetic penicillin: in vitro evaluation". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 10: 411–415. doi:10.1128/AAC.10.3.411. ISSN 0066-4804. PMC 429762. PMID 5000265.
Burch, D. G. S.; Sperling, D. (2018). "Amoxicillin—current use in swine medicine". Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 41 (3): 356–368. doi:10.1111/jvp.12482. ISSN 0140-7783. PMID 29352469.
Aberer, Werner; Macy, Eric (2017). "Moving toward optimizing testing for penicillin allergy". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice. 5 (3): 684–685. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.03.020. ISSN 2213-2198. PMID 28483319.
Bud 2007, p. 206. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Davies, Julian; Davies, Dorothy (2010). "Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 74 (3): 417–433. doi:10.1128/MMBR.00016-10. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 2937522. PMID 20805405.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 146 (3713): 837. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 4070796.
Abraham, E. P.; Chain, E. (1940). "An enzyme from bacteria able to destroy penicillin". Nature. 10 (4): 677–678. Bibcode:1940Natur.146..837A. doi:10.1038/146837a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 3055168. S2CID 4070796.
Fleming 1999, pp. 83–93. Fleming, Alexander (1999). "Penicillin: Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1945". In Samuelsson, Bengt; Sohlman, Michael; Lindsten, Jan E. (eds.). Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine, 1942–1962 (PDF). Singapore: World Scientific. pp. 83–93. ISBN 978-981-02-3411-9. OCLC 1291446203.
Bud 2007, pp. 141–142. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 158–160. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, p. 152. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 146–153. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Lowy, F. D. (May 2003). "Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (9): 1265–1273. doi:10.1172/JCI18535. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 154455. PMID 12727914.
Bud 2007, pp. 118–120. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 119–120. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Appelbaum, P. C. (1992). "Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: an overview". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 15 (1): 77–83. doi:10.1093/clinids/15.1.77. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 1617076.
Camargos, Paulo; Fischer, Gilberto Bueno; Mocelin, Helena; Dias, Cícero; Ruvinsky, Raúl (2006). "Penicillin resistance and serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Latin America". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 7 (3): 209–214. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2006.04.004. ISSN 1526-0542. PMID 16938644.
Boyd 2001, pp. 647–648. Boyd, William (October 2001). "Making Meat: Science, Technology, and American Poultry Production". Technology and Culture. 42 (4): 631–664. doi:10.1353/tech.2001.0150. ISSN 0040-165X. JSTOR 25147798. S2CID 110894884.
Bud 2007, p. 171. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 174–175. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 182–183. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Bud 2007, pp. 205–206. Bud, Robert (2007). Penicillin: Triumph and Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925406-4. OCLC 71807825.
Shnayerson & Plotkin 2002, pp. 135–143. Shnayerson, Michael; Plotkin, Mark J. (2002). The Killers Within: The Deadly Rise of Drug-Resistant Bacteria (1st ed.). Boston: Little, Brown and Co. ISBN 978-0-316-71331-3. OCLC 49260511.

yale.edu

medicine.yale.edu

"Fulton, Penicillin and Chance". Yale Medicine Magazine. Fall 1999 – Winter 2000. Retrieved 16 February 2023.