Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "History of the mandolin" in English language version.
(p.7) El de la estudiantina española, compuesta por 64 personas y que está en París, es muy bello y gusta mucho... (p.11) A las nueve los 64 jóvenes que forman la estudiantina llegaron a nuestra casa atravesando con gran dificultad por enmedio del público reunido delante de nuestro hotel... (p.44) La estudiantina se compone de 64 jóvenes que, según las noticias más fidedignas, y desnudas [de] algún tanto de la exageración francesa que los ha ennoblecido con antiguos titulos, por lo menos de hidalguía, proceden en gran parte del Conservatorio y de la Facultad de Medicina, que fue siempre la que dió más estudiantes a su Tuna. [Translation]:(p.7)That of the Spanish Estudiantina, composed of 64 people and is in Paris is very beautiful and very much like... (p.11) At nine the 64 young people who form the estudiantina came to our house with great difficulty through the middle of the public gathered in front of our hotel... (p.44) The estudiantina consists of 64 young people who, according to the most reliable news, and bare [of] somewhat of French exaggeration that has ennobled with old titles, at least hidalguía, comes in much of the Conservatory and the School of Medicine, which was always the one that gave more students to their Tuna.
A las tres el café Riche era el centro de una aglomeración de gentes de que nada puede dar idea puesto que el inspector de policía especialmente encargado de proteger a la estudiantina la ha evaluado en su parte oficial en 56.000 personas. [At three the Café Riche was the center of an agglomeration of people that nothing can give an idea as the police inspector in charge of protecting especially the estudiantina has evaluated its official part in 56,000 people.]
For the perfected form of the Neapolitan mandolin we are indebted entirely to the inventive genius of Pasquale Vinaccia (1806-1882), who gave us every point of difference between the antique and the modern forms. It was he who remodeled and extended the fingerboard; introduced wire strings and substituted the machine head.
There have been some uncertain presumptions concerning the "invention" of the bowed harp...The "musical bow" conjectured by many music scholars is not definitely recognizable in any cave paintings. The fact that some African negroes held the end of their bow shaped harp in their mouths in order to improve the tone...should not be taken as proof that the first European bowmen were also conversant with the musical bow.
The long-necked lute in the OED is orthographed as tambura; tambora, tamera, tumboora; tambur(a) and tanpoora. We have an Arabic Õunbur; Persian tanbur; Armenian pandir; Georgian panturi. and a Serbo-Croat tamburitza. The Greeks called it pandura; panduros; phanduros; panduris or pandurion. The Latin is pandura. It is attested as a Nubian instrument in the third century BC. The earliest literary allusion to lutes in Greece comes from Anaxilas in his play The Lyre-maker as 'trichordos'... According to Pollux, the trichordon (sic) was Assyrian and they gave it the name pandoura...These instruments survive today in the form of the various Arabian tunbar...
Mandora, mandore, mandola [Fr. mandore; Ger. Mandoër, Mandürichen, Mandourlauten; It. Mandola; Sp. vandola]. (1) A lutelike instrument developed from the medieval *gittern....
Though the instrument is entirely out of fashion, the house of Ricordi published last year [1874] at Milan A Metodo per Mandolino, a well planned work, well carried out, by Sic. Carmine De-Laurentiis.
The sarcophagus is in The British Museum, which says it was uncovered near Rome and was probably made in Rome itself, and date-estimates it 3rd century AD.
Muslim constructional features:W shaped sound holes.
...on December 2, 1852 in Parma at the Regio theater he performed a single string music from his mandolin, on a Lombard-type mandolin inspired by sixteenth-century instruments still unformed and rough. It was a soprano lute, very small, having the semblance of a paunchy half-egg which he later replaced with a mandolin inspired by Hispanic Bandurria- type models...
[Chart by Alex Timmerman showing lines of mandolins and their relationships. The document is not all inclusive, but contains "the most distinguished instruments within the Italian Mandolin family.]"
A cave-painting in the "Trois Frères" cave in France dating from about 15,000 years ago. The magician-hunter plays the musical bow.
Para comprender mejor el surgimiento de la Estudiantina Española Fígaro hemos necesariamente de recordar que muy posiblemente no hubiera existido si antes no se hubiera producido la creación de la Estudiantina Española con el fin de asistir al Carnaval de París de 1878... We say that the Spanish Estudiantina Figaro quite possibly would not exist if there were not produced before the creation and media coverage of the Spanish Estudiantina.[translation]: To better understand the emergence of the Spanish Estudiantina Figaro we have necessarily to remember that they most likely would not have existed had there not previously the Spanish Estudiantina been created in order to attend the Paris Carnival 1878... We say that the Spanish Estudiantina Figaro quite possibly would not exist if there were not produced before the creation and media coverage of the Spanish Estudiantina.
Sabemos por diversas fuentes que la Fígaro fue fundada por Dionisio Granados... [Translation]: We know from various sources that Figaro was founded by Dionisio Granados...
La Estudiantina Española Fígaro, como publicara la prensa de 1882, "es una asociación de jóvenes profesores, músicos ..... se creó y constituyó en Madrid formando una magnífica banda de guitarras, bandurrias y violines que partió de allí en 1878 con el objeto de dar conciertos [Translation]: The Spanish Estudiantina Figaro, as published Press 1882, "is an association of young teachers, musicians ..... was created and established in Madrid forming a magnificent band of guitars, bandurrias and violins left there in 1878 with the concerts object
Bletschacher (1978) has argued that this was due largely to the royal visits of Friedrich II with his magnificent Moorish Sicilian retinue to the towns in this valley between 1218 and 1237.
By 1500 the first written records confirm the existence of several families making lutes as a trade in and around Füssen in the Lech valley. Most of the famous names of 16th and 17th century lutemaking seem to have come originally from around this small area of Southern Germany. By 1562 the Füssen makers were sufficiently well established to set up as a guild with elaborate regulations which have survived.(see Bletschacher, 1978, and Layer, 1978)
