Holocene extinction (English Wikipedia)
Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Holocene extinction" in English language version.
refsWebsite
Global rank
English rank
1st place
1st place
18th place
17th place
11th place
8th place
5th place
5th place
12th place
11th place
102nd place
76th place
149th place
178th place
7th place
7th place
1,160th place
737th place
234th place
397th place
3rd place
3rd place
476th place
282nd place
120th place
125th place
36th place
33rd place
88th place
160th place
610th place
704th place
6th place
6th place
269th place
201st place
2,041st place
1,331st place
305th place
264th place
228th place
158th place
32nd place
21st place
108th place
80th place
268th place
215th place
3,430th place
3,114th place
731st place
638th place
896th place
674th place
4,246th place
2,804th place
2,953rd place
1,823rd place
1,982nd place
1,603rd place
507th place
429th place
low place
low place
6,094th place
4,186th place
140th place
115th place
low place
low place
1,877th place
1,129th place
1,808th place
1,159th place
1,010th place
612th place
1,031st place
879th place
2,660th place
2,078th place
2,562nd place
3,215th place
7,547th place
low place
49th place
47th place
low place
8,948th place
low place
low place
low place
low place
388th place
265th place
41st place
34th place
109th place
87th place
34th place
27th place
1,190th place
959th place
574th place
425th place
30th place
24th place
344th place
296th place
928th place
651st place
433rd place
284th place
low place
low place
2,523rd place
1,574th place
774th place
716th place
472nd place
340th place
4,168th place
2,512th place
2,263rd place
1,687th place
low place
low place
6,938th place
4,456th place
993rd place
920th place
6,834th place
4,564th place
low place
low place
low place
low place
low place
7,856th place
low place
low place
146th place
110th place
129th place
89th place
3news.co.nz
- "Multiple causes for colony collapse – report". 3 News NZ. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
aaas.org
atlas.aaas.org
- "Atlas of Population and Environment". AAAS. 2000. Archived from the original on 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
academie-sciences.fr
comptes-rendus.academie-sciences.fr
- Teyssèdre, A.; Couvet, D. (2007). "Expected impact of agriculture expansion on the global avifauna". C. R. Biologies. 30 (3): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.01.003. PMID 17434119. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
aljazeera.com
- "Why is the giraffe facing a silent extinction?". Al Jazeera. July 5, 2023. Retrieved July 7, 2023.
- "60 percent of global wildlife species wiped out". Al Jazeera. 28 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
apnews.com
- Larson, Christina; Borenstein, Seth (September 15, 2020). "World isn't meeting biodiversity goals, UN report finds". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
archive.org
- Diamond, Jared (1999). "Up to the Starting Line". Guns, Germs, and Steel. W.W. Norton. pp. 43–44. ISBN 978-0-393-31755-8.
- McKinney, Michael L.; Schoch, Robert; Yonavjak, Logan (2013). "Conserving Biological Resources". Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-6139-7.
archives-ouvertes.fr
hal.archives-ouvertes.fr
- Wooldridge, S. A. (9 June 2008). "Mass extinctions past and present: a unifying hypothesis" (PDF). Biogeosciences Discussions. 5 (3): 2401–2423. Bibcode:2008BGD.....5.2401W. doi:10.5194/bgd-5-2401-2008. S2CID 2346412. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
arstechnica.com
- "Tracking and combatting our current mass extinction". Ars Technica. 2014-07-25. Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
au.dk
pure.au.dk
- Fricke, Evan C.; Hsieh, Chia; Middleton, Owen; Gorczynski, Daniel; Cappello, Caroline D.; Sanisidro, Oscar; Rowan, John; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Beaudrot, Lydia (August 25, 2022). "Collapse of terrestrial mammal food webs since the Late Pleistocene". Science. 377 (6609): 1008–1011. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1008F. doi:10.1126/science.abn4012. PMID 36007038. S2CID 251843290.
Food webs underwent steep regional declines in complexity through loss of food web links after the arrival and expansion of human populations. We estimate that defaunation has caused a 53% decline in food web links globally.
australiangeographic.com.au
- "Australian endangered species list". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
bbc.com
- McGrath, Matt (6 May 2019). "Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
Pushing all this forward, though, are increased demands for food from a growing global population and specifically our growing appetite for meat and fish.
- Briggs, Helen (July 8, 2022). "Unsustainable logging, fishing and hunting 'driving extinction'". BBC. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- Briggs, Helen (September 10, 2020). "Wildlife in 'catastrophic decline' due to human destruction, scientists warn". BBC. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- "Biodiversity: Almost half of animals in decline, research shows". BBC. May 23, 2023. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
- Briggs, Helen (October 30, 2019). "'Alarming' loss of insects and spiders recorded". BBC. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
- "Northern white rhino: Last male Sudan dies in Kenya". British Broadcasting Corporation. March 20, 2018.
- Briggs, Helen (May 26, 2020). "'Billions of years of evolutionary history' under threat". BBC. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
The researchers calculated the amount of evolutionary history – branches on the tree of life – that are currently threatened with extinction, using extinction risk data for more than 25,000 species. They found a combined 50 billion years of evolutionary heritage, at least, were under threat from human impacts such as urban development, deforestation and road building.
- Briggs, Helen (December 4, 2018). "World's strangest sharks and rays 'on brink of extinction'". BBC. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
- "Attenborough: 'Curb excess capitalism' to save nature". BBC News. 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
bioone.org
- Hume, Julian P.; Hutton, Ian; Middleton, Greg; Nguyen, Jacqueline M.T.; Wylie, John (3 May 2021). "A Terrestrial Vertebrate Palaeontological Reconnaissance of Lord Howe Island, Australia". Pacific Science. 75 (1). doi:10.2984/75.1.2. ISSN 0030-8870. Retrieved 3 July 2024 – via BioOne Digital Library.
- Pregill, Gregory K.; Steadman, David W. (1 March 2004). "South Pacific Iguanas: Human Impacts and a New Species". Journal of Herpetology. 38 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1670/73-03A. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 85627049. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
books.google.com
- Hickel, Jason (2021). Less is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World. Windmill Books. p. 9. ISBN 978-1786091215.
- Crist, Eileen; Cafaro, Philip, eds. (2012). Life on the Brink: Environmentalists Confront Overpopulation. University of Georgia Press. p. 83. ISBN 978-0820343853.
- Foster, John Bellamy (2022). Capitalism in the Anthropocene: Ecological Ruin or Ecological Revolution. Monthly Review Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1583679746. Archived from the original on 2022-11-09. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
The advent of the Anthropocene coincided with a planetary rift, as the human economy under capitalism heedlessly crossed, or began to cross, Earth System boundaries, fouling its own nest and threatening the destruction of the planet as a safe home for humanity.
- McKinney, Michael L.; Schoch, Robert; Yonavjak, Logan (2013). "Conserving Biological Resources". Environmental Science: Systems and Solutions (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1-4496-6139-7.
- Spotila, James R.; Tomillo, Pilar S. (2015). The Leatherback Turtle: Biology and Conservation. Johns Hopkins University. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-4214-1708-0.
businessinsider.com
- Woodward, Aylin (April 8, 2019). "So many animals are going extinct that it could take Earth 10 million years to recover". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
Lowery doesn't think we've strayed into Sixth Extinction territory yet. But he and Fraass agree that squabbling over what constitutes that distinction is beside the point. "We have to work to save biodiversity before it's gone. That's the important takeaway here," Lowery said. There is consensus on one aspect of the extinction trend, however: Homo sapiens are to blame. According to a 2014 study, current extinction rates are 1,000 times higher than they would be if humans weren't around.
cambridge.org
- Faith, J. Tyler; Rowan, John; Du, Andrew; Barr, W. Andrew (July 2020). "The uncertain case for human-driven extinctions prior to Homo sapiens". Quaternary Research. 96: 88–104. Bibcode:2020QuRes..96...88F. doi:10.1017/qua.2020.51. ISSN 0033-5894.
- Pym, Felix C.; Franco-Gaviria, Felipe; Espinoza, Ismael G.; Urrego, Dunia H. (26 April 2023). "The timing and ecological consequences of Pleistocene megafaunal decline in the eastern Andes of Colombia". Quaternary Research. 114: 1–17. Bibcode:2023QuRes.114....1P. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.66. hdl:10871/133219. S2CID 258362772. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
cbd.int
- "History of the Convention". Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
cbsnews.com
- Lewis, Sophie (September 9, 2020). "Animal populations worldwide have declined by almost 70% in just 50 years, new report says". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- Lewis, Sophie (January 12, 2021). "Scientists warn the world's insects are undergoing "death by a thousand cuts"". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
cnn.com
- Hollingsworth, Julia (June 11, 2019). "Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years". CNN. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
The research – published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal – found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention.
- Guy, Jack (September 30, 2020). "Around 40% of the world's plant species are threatened with extinction". CNN. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
- Paddison, Laura (May 22, 2023). "Global loss of wildlife is 'significantly more alarming' than previously thought, according to a new study". CNN. Archived from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
- Sutter, John D. (December 12, 2016). "Imagine a world without giraffes". CNN. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
- Woodyatt, Amy (May 26, 2020). "Human activity threatens billions of years of evolutionary history, researchers warn". CNN. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- McKenzie, David; Formanek, Ingrid (September 1, 2016). "Our living dinosaurs". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-02-13. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
- McKenzie, David (December 31, 2016). "We are failing the elephants". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
- Yeung, Jessie (January 28, 2021). "Shark and ray populations have dropped 70% and are nearing 'point of no return,' study warns". CNN. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- Magramo, Kathleen (June 3, 2022). "More than 40% of Earth's land surface must be conserved to stop the biodiversity crisis, report warns". CNN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
- Yeung, Jessie (January 14, 2020). "We have 10 years to save Earth's biodiversity as mass extinction caused by humans takes hold, UN warns". CNN. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- Paddison, Laura (December 19, 2022). "More than 190 countries sign landmark agreement to halt the biodiversity crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
confex.com
isaconf.confex.com
- Boscardin, Livia (12 July 2016). "Greenwashing the Animal-Industrial Complex: Sustainable Intensification and Happy Meat". 3rd ISA Forum of Sociology, Vienna, Austria. ISAConf.confex.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
creativecommons.org
- Andermann, Tobias; Faurby, Søren; Turvey, Samuel T.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Silvestro, Daniele (September 2020). "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity". Science Advances. 6 (36). eabb2313. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2313A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2313. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7473673. PMID 32917612.
Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
doi.org
doi.org
- Wagler, Ron (2011). "The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators". The American Biology Teacher. 73 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5. S2CID 86352610. Archived from the original on 2022-02-05.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (8 June 2018). "The misunderstood sixth mass extinction". Science. 360 (6393): 1080–1081. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1080C. doi:10.1126/science.aau0191. OCLC 7673137938. PMID 29880679. S2CID 46984172.
- Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752-1–1246752-10. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
- Pimm, Stuart L.; Russell, Gareth J.; Gittleman, John L.; Brooks, Thomas M. (1995). "The Future of Biodiversity". Science. 269 (5222): 347–350. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..347P. doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347. PMID 17841251. S2CID 35154695.
- De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). "Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction" (PDF). Conservation Biology (in Spanish). 29 (2): 452–462. Bibcode:2015ConBi..29..452D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. S2CID 19121609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (19 June 2015). "Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606. PMID 26601195.
All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among the rich), and economic inequity.
- Raven, Peter H.; Chase, Jonathan M.; Pires, J. Chris (2011). "Introduction to special issue on biodiversity". American Journal of Botany. 98 (3): 333–335. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100055. PMID 21613129.
- Rosenberg KV, Dokter AM, Blancher PJ, Sauer JR, Smith AC, Smith PA, Stanton JC, Panjabi A, Helft L, Parr M, Marra PP (2019). "Decline of the North American avifauna". Science. 366 (6461): 120–124. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..120R. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1313. PMID 31604313. S2CID 203719982.
- Barnosky, Anthony D.; Matzke, Nicholas; Tomiya, Susumu; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Swartz, Brian; Quental, Tiago B.; Marshall, Charles; McGuire, Jenny L.; Lindsey, Emily L.; Maguire, Kaitlin C.; Mersey, Ben; Ferrer, Elizabeth A. (3 March 2011). "Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?". Nature. 471 (7336): 51–57. Bibcode:2011Natur.471...51B. doi:10.1038/nature09678. PMID 21368823. S2CID 4424650.
- Briggs, John C (October 2017). "Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063. ISSN 0024-4066. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
- Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews. 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMC 9786292. PMID 35014169. S2CID 245889833.
Our review lays out arguments clearly demonstrating that there is a biodiversity crisis, quite probably the start of the Sixth Mass Extinction.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487.
The planet has entered the sixth mass extinction.
- Rampino, Michael R.; Shen, Shu-Zhong (5 September 2019). "The end-Guadalupian (259.8 Ma) biodiversity crisis: the sixth major mass extinction?". Historical Biology. 33 (5): 716–722. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1658096. S2CID 202858078. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- Faurby, Søren; Svenning, Jens-Christian (2015). "Historic and prehistoric human-driven extinctions have reshaped global mammal diversity patterns". Diversity and Distributions. 21 (10): 1155–1166. Bibcode:2015DivDi..21.1155F. doi:10.1111/ddi.12369. hdl:10261/123512. S2CID 196689979.
- Svenning, Jens-Christian; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Bergman, Juraj; Buitenwerf, Robert; Le Roux, Elizabeth; Lundgren, Erick; Mungi, Ninad; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø. (2024). "The late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions: Patterns, causes, ecological consequences and implications for ecosystem management in the Anthropocene". Cambridge Prisms: Extinction. 2. doi:10.1017/ext.2024.4. ISSN 2755-0958.
- Cooke, Rob; Sayol, Ferran; Andermann, Tobias; Blackburn, Tim M.; Steinbauer, Manuel J.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Faurby, Søren (2023-12-19). "Undiscovered bird extinctions obscure the true magnitude of human-driven extinction waves". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 8116. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.8116C. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43445-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10730700. PMID 38114469.
- Crist E, Kopnina H, Cafaro P, Gray J, Ripple WJ, Safina C, Davis J, DellaSala DA, Noss RF, Washington H, Rolston III H, Taylor B, Orlikowska EH, Heister A, Lynn WS, Piccolo JJ (18 November 2021). "Protecting half the planet and transforming human systems are complementary goals". Frontiers in Conservation Science. 2. 761292. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2021.761292.
- Darimont, Chris T.; Fox, Caroline H.; Bryan, Heather M.; Reimchen, Thomas E. (21 August 2015). "The unique ecology of human predators". Science. 349 (6250): 858–860. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..858D. doi:10.1126/science.aac4249. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26293961. S2CID 4985359.
- Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022). "Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 272. 109646. Bibcode:2022BCons.27209646C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 250185617. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
- Fricke, Evan C.; Hsieh, Chia; Middleton, Owen; Gorczynski, Daniel; Cappello, Caroline D.; Sanisidro, Oscar; Rowan, John; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Beaudrot, Lydia (August 25, 2022). "Collapse of terrestrial mammal food webs since the Late Pleistocene". Science. 377 (6609): 1008–1011. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1008F. doi:10.1126/science.abn4012. PMID 36007038. S2CID 251843290.
Food webs underwent steep regional declines in complexity through loss of food web links after the arrival and expansion of human populations. We estimate that defaunation has caused a 53% decline in food web links globally.
- Dasgupta, Partha S.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (19 April 2013). "Pervasive Externalities at the Population, Consumption, and Environment Nexus". Science. 340 (6130): 324–328. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..324D. doi:10.1126/science.1224664. PMID 23599486. S2CID 9503728. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Maurer, Brian A. (January 1996). "Relating Human Population Growth to the Loss of Biodiversity". Biodiversity Letters. 3 (1): 1–5. doi:10.2307/2999702. JSTOR 2999702. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6089C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295.
Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly
- Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020). "Scientists' warning on affluence". Nature Communications. 11 (3107): 3107. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3107W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. PMC 7305220. PMID 32561753.
The affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts and are central to any future prospect of retreating to safer environmental conditions . . . It is clear that prevailing capitalist, growth-driven economic systems have not only increased affluence since World War II, but have led to enormous increases in inequality, financial instability, resource consumption and environmental pressures on vital earth support systems.
- Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" (PDF). BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
- Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption". Science of the Total Environment. 536: 419–431. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.536..419M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022. PMID 26231772.
- Wake, David B.; Vredenburg, Vance T. (2008-08-12). "Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (Suppl 1): 11466–11473. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511466W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801921105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556420. PMID 18695221.
The possibility that a sixth mass extinction spasm is upon us has received much attention. Substantial evidence suggests that an extinction event is underway.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth's history
- Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Haff, P. K.; Schwägerl, Christian; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ellis, Erle C. (2015). "The Anthropocene Biosphere". The Anthropocene Review. 2 (3): 196–219. Bibcode:2015AntRv...2..196W. doi:10.1177/2053019615591020. S2CID 7771527.
- Doughty, C. E.; Wolf, A.; Field, C. B. (2010). "Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: The first human-induced global warming?". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (15): n/a. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3715703D. doi:10.1029/2010GL043985. S2CID 54849882.
- Grayson, Donald K.; Meltzer, David J. (December 2012). "Clovis Hunting and Large Mammal Extinction: A Critical Review of the Evidence". Journal of World Prehistory. 16 (4): 313–359. doi:10.1023/A:1022912030020. S2CID 162794300.
- Vignieri, S. (25 July 2014). "Vanishing fauna (Special issue)". Science. 345 (6195): 392–412. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..392V. doi:10.1126/science.345.6195.392. PMID 25061199.
- Faith, J. Tyler; Rowan, John; Du, Andrew; Barr, W. Andrew (July 2020). "The uncertain case for human-driven extinctions prior to Homo sapiens". Quaternary Research. 96: 88–104. Bibcode:2020QuRes..96...88F. doi:10.1017/qua.2020.51. ISSN 0033-5894.
- Perry, George L. W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.; Wilmshurst, Janet M. (2014-12-01). "A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 105: 126–135. Bibcode:2014QSRv..105..126P. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025.
- Crowley, Brooke E. (2010-09-01). "A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna". Quaternary Science Reviews. Special Theme: Case Studies of Neodymium Isotopes in Paleoceanography. 29 (19–20): 2591–2603. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2591C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030.
- Lawton, J. H.; May, R. M. (1995). "Extinction Rates". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 9: 124–126. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1996.t01-1-9010124.x.
- Lawton, J. H.; May, R. M. (1995). "Extinction Rates". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 9 (1): 124–126. doi:10.1046/j.1420-9101.1996.t01-1-9010124.x.
- Briggs, John C. (12 May 2017). "Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- Hull, Pincelli M.; Darroch, Simon A. F.; Erwin, Douglas H. (17 December 2015). "Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems". Nature. 528 (7582): 345–351. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..345H. doi:10.1038/nature16160. PMID 26672552. S2CID 4464936.
- Régnier, Claire; Achaz, Guillaume; Lambert, Amaury; Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (23 June 2015). "Mass extinction in poorly known taxa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (25): 7761–7766. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.7761R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502350112. PMC 4485135. PMID 26056308.
- Plumptre, Andrew J.; Baisero, Daniele; et al. (2021). "Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 4. Bibcode:2021FrFGC...4.6635P. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635. hdl:10261/242175.
- Isbell, Forest; Balvanera, Patricia; et al. (2022). "Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 21 (2): 94–103. doi:10.1002/fee.2536. hdl:10852/101242. S2CID 250659953.
- Murali, Gopal; Iwamura, Takuya Iwamura; Meiri, Shai; Roll, Uri (January 18, 2023). "Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates". Nature. 615 (7952): 461–467. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..461M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z. PMID 36653454. S2CID 255974196. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2023). "Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (39): e2306987120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12006987C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2306987120. PMC 10523489. PMID 37722053.
- Andermann, Tobias; Faurby, Søren; Turvey, Samuel T.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Silvestro, Daniele (September 2020). "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity". Science Advances. 6 (36). eabb2313. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2313A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2313. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7473673. PMID 32917612. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter H. (June 1, 2020). "Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction". PNAS. 117 (24): 13596–13602. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713596C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1922686117. PMC 7306750. PMID 32482862.
- Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (December 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Beattie, Andrew; Ceballos, Gerardo; Crist, Eileen; Diamond, Joan; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ehrlich, Anne H.; Harte, John; Harte, Mary Ellen; Pyke, Graham; Raven, Peter H.; Ripple, William J.; Saltré, Frédérik; Turnbull, Christine; Wackernagel, Mathis; Blumstein, Daniel T. (2021). "Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future". Frontiers in Conservation Science. 1. doi:10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (16 December 2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487. S2CID 254803380.
- Pimm, Stuart; Raven, Peter; Peterson, Alan; Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (18 July 2006). "Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future bird extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10941–10946. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604181103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1544153. PMID 16829570. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
- Finn, Catherine; Grattarola, Florencia; Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel (2023). "More losers than winners: investigating Anthropocene defaunation through the diversity of population trends". Biological Reviews. 98 (5): 1732–1748. doi:10.1111/brv.12974. PMID 37189305. S2CID 258717720.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2022). "Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 377 (1857). doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0378. PMC 9237743. PMID 35757873.
- Wooldridge, S. A. (9 June 2008). "Mass extinctions past and present: a unifying hypothesis" (PDF). Biogeosciences Discussions. 5 (3): 2401–2423. Bibcode:2008BGD.....5.2401W. doi:10.5194/bgd-5-2401-2008. S2CID 2346412. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- Jackson, J. B. C. (Aug 2008). "Colloquium paper: ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (Suppl 1): 11458–11465. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511458J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802812105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556419. PMID 18695220.
- Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Smith, Alan; Barry, Tiffany L.; Coe, Angela L.; Bown, Paul R.; Brenchley, Patrick; Cantrill, David; Gale, Andrew; Gibbard, Philip; Gregory, F. John; Hounslow, Mark W.; Kerr, Andrew C.; Pearson, Paul; Knox, Robert; Powell, John; Waters, Colin; Marshall, John; Oates, Michael; Rawson, Peter; Stone, Philip (2008). "Are we now living in the Anthropocene". GSA Today. 18 (2): 4. Bibcode:2008GSAT...18b...4Z. doi:10.1130/GSAT01802A.1.
- Elewa, Ashraf M. T. (2008). "Current mass extinction". Mass Extinction. pp. 191–194. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-75916-4_14. ISBN 978-3-540-75915-7.
- Ruddiman, W. F. (2003). "The anthropogenic greenhouse gas era began thousands of years ago" (PDF). Climatic Change. 61 (3): 261–293. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.651.2119. doi:10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa. S2CID 2501894. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-03.
- Syvitski, Jaia; Waters, Colin N.; Day, John; Milliman, John D.; Summerhayes, Colin; Steffen, Will; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Cearreta, Alejandro; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Hajdas, Irka; Head, Martin J.; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, J. R.; Poirier, Clément; Rose, Neil L.; Shotyk, William; Wagreich, Michael; Williams, Mark (2020). "Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch". Communications Earth & Environment. 1 (1). 32. Bibcode:2020ComEE...1...32S. doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00029-y. hdl:20.500.11850/462514. S2CID 222415797.
- Waters, Colin N.; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Summerhayes, Colin; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Poirier, Clément; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Cearreta, Alejandro; Edgeworth, Matt; Ellis, Erle C. (2016-01-08). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene". Science. 351 (6269). aad2622. doi:10.1126/science.aad2622. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26744408. S2CID 206642594.
- Cruzten, P. J. (2002). "Geology of mankind: The Anthropocene". Nature. 415 (6867): 23. Bibcode:2002Natur.415...23C. doi:10.1038/415023a. PMID 11780095. S2CID 9743349.
- Steffen, Will; Persson, Åsa; Deutsch, Lisa; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Richardson, Katherine; Crumley, Carole; Crutzen, Paul; Folke, Carl; Gordon, Line; Molina, Mario; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Svedin, Uno (2011). "The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship". Ambio. 40 (7): 739–761. Bibcode:2011Ambio..40..739S. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x. PMC 3357752. PMID 22338713.
- Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
- Sandom, Christopher; Faurby, Søren; Sandel, Brody; Svenning, Jens-Christian (4 June 2014). "Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1787): 20133254. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3254. PMC 4071532. PMID 24898370.
- Smith, Felisa A.; Elliott Smith, Rosemary E.; Lyons, S. Kathleen; Payne, Jonathan L. (April 20, 2018). "Body size downgrading of mammals over the late Quaternary". Science. 360 (6386): 310–313. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..310S. doi:10.1126/science.aao5987. PMID 29674591.
- Dembitzer, Jacob; Barkai, Ran; Ben-Dor, Miki; Meiri, Shai (2022). "Levantine overkill: 1.5 million years of hunting down the body size distribution". Quaternary Science Reviews. 276: 107316. Bibcode:2022QSRv..27607316D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107316. S2CID 245236379.
- Bergman, Juraj; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø; Lundgren, Erick J.; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Monsarrat, Sophie; Pearce, Elena A.; Schierup, Mikkel H.; Svenning, Jens-Christian (24 November 2023). "Worldwide Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene population declines in extant megafauna are associated with Homo sapiens expansion rather than climate change". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7679. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7679B. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43426-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10667484. PMID 37996436.
- Ruddiman, W.F. (2009). "Effect of per-capita land use changes on Holocene forest clearance and CO2 emissions". Quaternary Science Reviews. 28 (27–28): 3011–3015. Bibcode:2009QSRv...28.3011R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.022.
- Vitousek, P. M.; Mooney, H. A.; Lubchenco, J.; Melillo, J. M. (1997). "Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems". Science. 277 (5325): 494–499. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.6529. doi:10.1126/science.277.5325.494. S2CID 8610995.
- Gaston, K.J.; Blackburn, T.N.G.; Klein Goldewijk, K. (2003). "Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1521): 1293–1300. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2303. PMC 1691371. PMID 12816643.
- Teyssèdre, A.; Couvet, D. (2007). "Expected impact of agriculture expansion on the global avifauna". C. R. Biologies. 30 (3): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.01.003. PMID 17434119. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- Ruddiman, W.F. (2013). "The Anthropocene". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 41: 45–68. Bibcode:2013AREPS..41...45R. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-123944.
- Tollefson, Jeff (2011-03-25). "The 8,000-year-old climate puzzle". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2011.184. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
- Firestone RB, West A, Kennett JP, et al. (October 2007). "Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (41): 16016–16021. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10416016F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706977104. PMC 1994902. PMID 17901202.
- Bunch TE, Hermes RE, Moore AM, Kennettd DJ, Weaver JC, Wittke JH, DeCarli PS, Bischoff JL, Hillman GC, Howard GA, Kimbel DR, Kletetschka G, Lipo CP, Sakai S, Revay Z, West A, Firestone RB, Kennett JP (June 2012). "Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (28): E1903–12. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1903B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204453109. PMC 3396500. PMID 22711809.
- Estrada, Alejandro; Garber, Paul A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Roos, Christian; Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo; Di Fiore, Anthony; Anne-Isola Nekaris, K.; Nijman, Vincent; Heymann, Eckhard W.; Lambert, Joanna E.; Rovero, Francesco; Barelli, Claudia; Setchell, Joanna M.; Gillespie, Thomas R.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Arregoitia, Luis Verde; de Guinea, Miguel; Gouveia, Sidney; Dobrovolski, Ricardo; Shanee, Sam; et al. (January 18, 2017). "Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter". Science Advances. 3 (1): e1600946. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0946E. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600946. PMC 5242557. PMID 28116351.
- Rees, William E. (2020). "Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase" (PDF). Ecological Economics. 169: 106519. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.16906519R. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519. S2CID 209502532. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-25.
- Dirzo, R.; Galetti, M. (2013). "Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Living in a Defaunated World". Biological Conservation. 163: 1–6. Bibcode:2013BCons.163....1G. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.020.
- Duranta, Sarah M.; Mitchell, Nicholas; Groom, Rosemary; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Ipavec, Audrey; Jacobson, Andrew P.; Woodroffe, Rosie; Böhm, Monika; Hunter, Luke T. B.; Becker, Matthew S.; Broekhuis, Femke; Bashir, Sultana; Andresen, Leah; Aschenborn, Ortwin; Beddiaf, Mohammed; Belbachir, Farid; Belbachir-Bazi, Amel; Berbash, Ali; Brandao de Matos Machado, Iracelma; Breitenmoser, Christine; et al. (2016). "The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (3): 1–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1611122114. PMC 5255576. PMID 28028225.
- Albrecht, Jörg; Bartoń, Kamil A.; Selva, Nuria; Sommer, Robert S.; Swenson, Jon E.; Bischof, Richard (4 September 2017). "Humans and climate change drove the Holocene decline of the brown bear". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 10399. Bibcode:2017NatSR...710399A. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10772-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5583342. PMID 28871202.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco; Wyckhuys, Kris A.G. (April 2019). "Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers". Biological Conservation. 232: 8–27. Bibcode:2019BCons.232....8S. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020. S2CID 91685233.
- Ripple, William J.; Abernethy, Katharine; Betts, Matthew G.; Chapron, Guillaume; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Galetti, Mauro; Levi, Taal; Lindsey, Peter A.; Macdonald, David W.; Machovina, Brian; Newsome, Thomas M.; Peres, Carlos A.; Wallach, Arian D.; Wolf, Christopher; Young, Hillary (2016). "Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 1–16. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360498R. doi:10.1098/rsos.160498. PMC 5098989. PMID 27853564.
- Benítez-López, A.; Alkemade, R.; Schipper, A. M.; Ingram, D. J.; Verweij, P. A.; Eikelboom, J. A. J.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. (April 14, 2017). "The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations". Science. 356 (6334): 180–183. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..180B. doi:10.1126/science.aaj1891. hdl:1874/349694. PMID 28408600. S2CID 19603093.
- Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Betts, Matthew G.; Ceballos, Gerardo; Courchamp, Franck; Hayward, Matt W.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wallach, Arian D.; Worm, Boris (2019). "Are we eating the world's megafauna to extinction?". Conservation Letters. 12 (3). e12627. Bibcode:2019ConL...12E2627R. doi:10.1111/conl.12627.
- Cox, Neil; Young, Bruce E.; et al. (2022). "A global reptile assessment highlights shared conservation needs of tetrapods". Nature. 605 (7909): 285–290. Bibcode:2022Natur.605..285C. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04664-7. PMC 9095493. PMID 35477765.
- Fisher, Diana O.; Blomberg, Simon P. (2011). "Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1708): 1090–1097. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1579. PMC 3049027. PMID 20880890.
- Jiang, Z.; Harris, R.B. (2016). "Elaphurus davidianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7121A22159785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- BirdLife International (2016). "Corvus hawaiiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22706052A94048187. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706052A94048187.en.
- Cooke, Rob; Gearty, William; et al. (2022). "Anthropogenic disruptions to longstanding patterns of trophic-size structure in vertebrates". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (6): 684–692. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..684C. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01726-x. PMID 35449460. S2CID 248323833. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- Hooke, R. LeB.; Martin-Duque, J. F.; Pedraza, J. (2012). "Land transformation by humans: A review" (PDF). GSA Today. 22 (12): 4–10. Bibcode:2012GSAT...12l...4H. doi:10.1130/GSAT151A.1. S2CID 120172847. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
- Walter Jetz; Powers, Ryan P. (4 March 2019). "Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios". Nature Climate Change. 9 (4): 323–329. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..323P. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0406-z. S2CID 92315899.
- Venter, Oscar; Atkinson, Scott C.; Possingham, Hugh P.; O’Bryan, Christopher J.; Marco, Moreno Di; Watson, James E. M.; Allan, James R. (12 March 2019). "Hotspots of human impact on threatened terrestrial vertebrates". PLOS Biology. 17 (3): e3000158. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000158. PMC 6413901. PMID 30860989.
- Thompson, Ken; Jones, Allan (February 1999). "Human Population Density and Prediction of Local Plant Extinction in Britain". Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 185–189. Bibcode:1999ConBi..13..185T. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97353.x. JSTOR 2641578. S2CID 84308784. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- Chen, Xuefei; D'Olivo, Juan Pablo; Wei, Gangjian; McCulloch, Malcolm (15 August 2019). "Anthropogenic ocean warming and acidification recorded by Sr/Ca, Li/Mg, δ11B and B/Ca in Porites coral from the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 528: 50–59. Bibcode:2019PPP...528...50C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.033. S2CID 155148474. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Caro, Tim; Rowe, Zeke; et al. (2022). "An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss". Conservation Letters. 15 (3): e12868. Bibcode:2022ConL...15E2868C. doi:10.1111/conl.12868. S2CID 246172852.
- Song, Haijun; Kemp, David B.; Tian, Li; Chu, Daoliang; Song, Huyue; Dai, Xu (4 August 2021). "Thresholds of temperature change for mass extinctions". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4694. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4694S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25019-2. PMC 8338942. PMID 34349121.
- Redford, K. H. (1992). "The empty forest" (PDF). BioScience. 42 (6): 412–422. doi:10.2307/1311860. JSTOR 1311860. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
- Altrichter, M.; Boaglio, G. (2004). "Distribution and Relative Abundance of Peccaries in the Argentine Chaco: Associations with Human Factors". Biological Conservation. 116 (2): 217–225. Bibcode:2004BCons.116..217A. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00192-7.
- Payne, Jonathan L.; Bush, Andrew M.; Heim, Noel A.; Knope, Matthew L.; McCauley, Douglas J. (2016). "Ecological selectivity of the emerging mass extinction in the oceans". Science. 353 (6305): 1284–1286. Bibcode:2016Sci...353.1284P. doi:10.1126/science.aaf2416. PMID 27629258.
- Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; et al. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..567P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. hdl:10871/124531. PMID 33505035. S2CID 231723355.
- Sherman, C. Samantha; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; et al. (2023). "Half a century of rising extinction risk of coral reef sharks and rays". Nature Communications. 14 (15): 15. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14...15S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35091-x. PMC 9845228. PMID 36650137.
- Ochoa-Ochoa, L.; Whittaker, R. J.; Ladle, R. J. (2013). "The demise of the golden toad and the creation of a climate change icon species". Conservation and Society. 11 (3): 291–319. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.121034.
- Mendelson, J.R.; Angulo, A. (2009). "Ecnomiohyla rabborum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T158613A5241303. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T158613A5241303.en. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
- Scheele, Ben C.; et al. (March 29, 2019). "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity" (PDF). Science. 363 (6434): 1459–1463. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1459S. doi:10.1126/science.aav0379. hdl:1885/160196. PMID 30923224. S2CID 85565860. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- Blehert, D. S.; Hicks, A. C.; Behr, M.; Meteyer, C. U.; Berlowski-Zier, B. M.; Buckles, E. L.; Coleman, J. T. H.; Darling, S. R.; Gargas, A.; Niver, R.; Okoniewski, J. C.; Rudd, R. J.; Stone, W. B. (9 January 2009). "Bat White-Nose Syndrome: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen?". Science. 323 (5911): 227. doi:10.1126/science.1163874. PMID 18974316. S2CID 23869393.
- Cepero, Almudena; Ravoet, Jorgen; Gómez-Moracho, Tamara; Bernal, José Luis; Del Nozal, Maria J.; Bartolomé, Carolina; Maside, Xulio; Meana, Aránzazu; González-Porto, Amelia V.; de Graaf, Dirk C.; Martín-Hernández, Raquel; Higes, Mariano (15 September 2014). "Holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in Spain: a case study". BMC Research Notes. 7: 649. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-649. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 4180541. PMID 25223634.
- Pushkina, D.; Raia, P. (2008). "Human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late Pleistocene Eurasian megafauna". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (6): 769–782. Bibcode:2008JHumE..54..769P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.024. PMID 18199470.
- Mann, Daniel H.; Groves, Pamela; Reanier, Richard E.; Gaglioti, Benjamin V.; Kunz, Michael L.; Shapiro, Beth (2015). "Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (46): 14301–14306. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214301M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516573112. PMC 4655518. PMID 26578776.
- Gil-García, María José; Ruiz-Zapata, Blanca; Ortiz, José E.; Torres, Trinidad; Ros, Milagros; Ramallo, Sebastián; López-Cilla, Ignacio; Galán, Luis A.; Sánchez-Palencia, Yolanda; Manteca, Ignacio; Rodríguez-Estrella, Tomás; Blázquez, Ana; Gómez-Borrego, Ángeles (1 March 2022). "Paleoenvironmental variability and anthropic influence during the last 7300 years in the western Mediterranean based on the pollen record of Cartagena Bay, SE Spain". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 589: 110839. Bibcode:2022PPP...58910839G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110839. hdl:20.500.12466/3874. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- Lambert, C.; Penaud, A.; Vidal, M.; Gandini, C.; Labeyrie, L.; Chavaud, L.; Ehrhold, A. (15 December 2020). "Striking forest revival at the end of the Roman Period in north-western Europe". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21984. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021984L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77253-1. PMC 7738505. PMID 33319781.
- Cheng, Zhongjing; Weng, Chengyu; Steinke, Stephan; Mohtadi, Mahyar (29 October 2018). "Anthropogenic modification of vegetated landscapes in southern China from 6,000 years ago". Nature Geoscience. 11 (12): 939–943. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..939C. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0250-1. S2CID 133729236. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- Martin, P.S. (1995). "Mammoth Extinction: Two Continents and Wrangel Island". Radiocarbon. 37 (1): 7–10. Bibcode:1995Radcb..37....7M. doi:10.1017/s0033822200014739.
- Pitulko, V. V.; Nikolsky, P. A.; Girya, E. Y.; Basilyan, A. E.; Tumskoy, V. E.; Koulakov, S. A.; Astakhov, S. N.; Pavlova, E. Y.; Anisimov, M. A. (2004). "The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum". Science. 303 (5654): 52–56. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...52P. doi:10.1126/science.1085219. PMID 14704419. S2CID 206507352. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Murchie, Tyler J.; Monteath, Alistair J.; Mahony, Matthew E.; Long, George S.; Cocker, Scott; Sadoway, Tara; Karpinski, Emil; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (8 December 2021). "Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7120. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.7120M. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6. PMC 8654998. PMID 34880234.
- Seersholm, Frederik V.; Werndly, Daniel J.; Grealy, Alicia; Johnson, Taryn; Keenan Early, Erin M.; Lundelius Jr., Ernest L.; Winsborough, Barbara; Farr, Grayal Earle; Toomey, Rickard; Hansen, Anders J.; Shapiro, Beth; Waters, Michael R.; McDonald, Gregory; Linderholm, Anna; Stafford Jr., Thomas W.; Bunce, Michael (2 June 2020). "Rapid range shifts and megafaunal extinctions associated with late Pleistocene climate change". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2770. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2770S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16502-3. PMC 7265304. PMID 32488006.
- Louys, Julien; Braje, Todd J.; Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Cosgrove, Richard; Fitzpatrick, Scott M.; Fujita, Masaki; Hawkins, Stuart; Ingicco, Stuart; Kawamura, Ai; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; McDowell, Matthew C.; Meijer, Hanneke J. M.; Piper, Philip J.; Roberts, Patrick; Simmons, Alan H.; Van den Bergh, Gerrit; Van der Geer, Alexandra; Kealy, Shimona; O'Connor, Sue (3 May 2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): 1–8. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
- Pym, Felix C.; Franco-Gaviria, Felipe; Espinoza, Ismael G.; Urrego, Dunia H. (26 April 2023). "The timing and ecological consequences of Pleistocene megafaunal decline in the eastern Andes of Colombia". Quaternary Research. 114: 1–17. Bibcode:2023QuRes.114....1P. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.66. hdl:10871/133219. S2CID 258362772. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- Rozas-Davila, Angela; Rodbell, Donald T.; Bush, Mark B. (24 January 2023). "Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in the grasslands of Junín-Peru". Journal of Biogeography. 50 (4): 755–766. Bibcode:2023JBiog..50..755R. doi:10.1111/jbi.14566. S2CID 256255790. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Torrence, Robin (6 February 2012). "Volcanic disasters and agricultural intensification: A case study from the Willaumez Peninsula, Papua New Guinea". Quaternary International. 249: 151–161. Bibcode:2012QuInt.249..151T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.041. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Turney, Chris S. M.; Flannery, Timothy F.; Roberts, Richard G.; Reid, Craig; Fifield, L. Keith; Higham, Tom F. G.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Kemp, Noel; Colhoun, Eric A. (2008-08-21). "Late-surviving megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, implicate human involvement in their extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34): 12150–12153. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512150T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801360105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2527880. PMID 18719103.
- Miller, Gifford; Magee, John; Smith, Mike; Spooner, Nigel; Baynes, Alexander; Lehman, Scott; Fogel, Marilyn; Johnston, Harvey; Williams, Doug (2016-01-29). "Human predation contributed to the extinction of the Australian megafaunal bird Genyornis newtoni [sim]47 ka". Nature Communications. 7: 10496. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710496M. doi:10.1038/ncomms10496. PMC 4740177. PMID 26823193.
- Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Johnson, Christopher N.; Llewelyn, John; Weisbecker, Vera; Strona, Giovanni; Saltré, Frédérik (30 March 2021). "Relative demographic susceptibility does not explain the extinction chronology of Sahul's megafauna". eLife. 10. Cambridge, UK: eLife Sciences Publications. doi:10.7554/eLife.63870. PMC 8043753. PMID 33783356.
- Steadman, D.W.; Martin, P.S.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Jull, A.J.T.; McDonald, H.G.; Woods, C.A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G.W.L. (2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
- Connor, Simon E.; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F. N.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Van der Knaap, Willem O.; Ammann, Brigitta; Björck, Svante (23 January 2012). "The ecological impact of oceanic island colonization – a palaeoecological perspective from the Azores". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (6): 1007–1023. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39.1007C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x. hdl:11343/55221. S2CID 86191735. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, C. A.; Rubiales, J. M.; De Nascimento, L.; Menezes de Sequeira, M.; Fernández-Palacios, J. M.; Madeira, J. (February 2020). "Oceanic Island forests buried by Holocene (Meghalayan) explosive eruptions: palaeobiodiversity in pre-anthropic volcanic charcoal from Faial Island (Azores, Portugal) and its palaeoecological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 273: 104116. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.27304116G. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104116. hdl:10400.13/4177. S2CID 210280909. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Richter, Nora; Russell, James M.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda; DeGroff, Wylie; Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Gonçalves, Vítor; De Boer, Erik J.; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Hernández, Armand; Benavente, Mario; Ritter, Catarina; Sáez, Alberto; Bao, Roberto; Trigo, Ricardo M.; Prego, Ricardo; Giralt, Santiago (1 June 2022). "Long-term hydroclimate variability in the sub-tropical North Atlantic and anthropogenic impacts on lake ecosystems: A case study from Flores Island, the Azores". Quaternary Science Reviews. 285: 107525. Bibcode:2022QSRv..28507525R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107525. hdl:10261/269568. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Rando, Juan Carlos; Pieper, Harald; Alcover, Josep Antoni (7 April 2014). "Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1780): 1–5. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3126. PMC 4027395. PMID 24523273.
- Goodfriend, Glenn A.; Cameron, Robert A. D.; Cook, L. M. (May 1994). "Fossil Evidence of Recent Human Impact on the Land Snail Fauna of Madeira". Journal of Biogeography. 21 (3): 309–320. Bibcode:1994JBiog..21..309G. doi:10.2307/2845532. JSTOR 2845532. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Teixeira, Dinarte; Groh, Klaus; Yanes, Yurena; Pokryszko, Beata M.; Silva, Isamberto; Cameron, Robert A. D. (7 May 2022). "Late Quaternary land snail faunas of the Desertas Islands (Madeira): high diversity and endemism followed by recent impoverishment and extinction". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 88 (2). doi:10.1093/mollus/eyac010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Mitchell, Ria L.; de Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Madeira, José; Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel (February 2019). "Eurya stigmosa (Theaceae), a new and extinct record for the Calabrian stage of Madeira Island (Portugal): 40Ar/39Ar dating, palaeoecological and oceanic island palaeobiogeographical implications". Quaternary Science Reviews. 206: 129–140. Bibcode:2019QSRv..206..129G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.008. hdl:10400.13/4182. S2CID 134725615. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Willis, Kathy J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (27 September 2021). "Anthropogenic transitions from forested to human-dominated landscapes in southern Macaronesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (40). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11822215C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2022215118. PMC 8501805. PMID 34580208.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Romeiras, Maria M.; Cundy, Andrew B.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (22 March 2021). "Effects of Holocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosystem of a small, dry island (Brava, Cabo Verde)". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (6): 1392–1405. Bibcode:2021JBiog..48.1392C. doi:10.1111/jbi.14084. hdl:10400.5/21368. S2CID 233708086. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Fonville, Thierry; Whittaker, Robert J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (15 June 2019). "Late Holocene environmental change and the anthropization of the highlands of Santo Antão Island, Cabo Verde". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 524: 101–117. Bibcode:2019PPP...524..101C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.033. S2CID 120143295. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S. (2003). "The late Quaternary extinction and future resurrection of birds on Pacific islands". Earth-Science Reviews. 61 (1–2): 133–147. Bibcode:2003ESRv...61..133S. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00116-2.
- Steadman, D. W. (1995). "Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology". Science. 267 (5201): 1123–1131. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1123S. doi:10.1126/science.267.5201.1123. PMID 17789194. S2CID 9137843.
- Steadman, David W. (1 March 1989). "Extinction of birds in Eastern polynesia: A review of the record, and comparisons with other Pacific Island groups". Journal of Archaeological Science. 16 (2): 177–205. Bibcode:1989JArSc..16..177S. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90065-4. ISSN 0305-4403. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Steadman, David W.; Pregill, Gregory K.; Burley, David V. (19 March 2002). "Rapid prehistoric extinction of iguanas and birds in Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (6): 3673–3677. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3673S. doi:10.1073/pnas.072079299. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122582. PMID 11904427.
- Kumar, Lalit; Tehrany, Mahyat Shafapour (13 July 2017). "Climate change impacts on the threatened terrestrial vertebrates of the Pacific Islands". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5030. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5030K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05034-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5509733. PMID 28706225.
- Hume, Julian P.; Hutton, Ian; Middleton, Greg; Nguyen, Jacqueline M.T.; Wylie, John (3 May 2021). "A Terrestrial Vertebrate Palaeontological Reconnaissance of Lord Howe Island, Australia". Pacific Science. 75 (1). doi:10.2984/75.1.2. ISSN 0030-8870. Retrieved 3 July 2024 – via BioOne Digital Library.
- White, Arthur W.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Hawkins, Stuart; Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (16 August 2010). "Megafaunal meiolaniid horned turtles survived until early human settlement in Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (35): 15512–15516. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715512W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005780107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2932593. PMID 20713711.
- Stevenson, Janelle (September 2004). "A late-Holocene record of human impact from the southwest coast of New Caledonia". The Holocene. 14 (6): 888–898. Bibcode:2004Holoc..14..888S. doi:10.1191/0959-683604hl755rp. S2CID 44797352. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Sage Journals.
- Pregill, Gregory K.; Steadman, David W. (1 March 2004). "South Pacific Iguanas: Human Impacts and a New Species". Journal of Herpetology. 38 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1670/73-03A. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 85627049. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- Steadman, David W.; Kirch, P. V. (1 December 1990). "Prehistoric extinction of birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (24): 9605–9609. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.9605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9605. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 55221. PMID 11607131.
- Kirch, P V (28 May 1996). "Late Holocene human-induced modifications to a central Polynesian island ecosystem". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (11): 5296–5300. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.5296K. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5296. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 39239. PMID 8643569.
- Prebble, Matthew; Anderson, Atholl; Kennett, Douglas J (18 September 2012). "Forest clearance and agricultural expansion on Rapa, Austral Archipelago, French Polynesia". The Holocene. 23 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1177/0959683612455551. ISSN 0959-6836. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Sage Journals.
- Steadman, David W.; Olson, Storrs L. (1 September 1985). "Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man-caused extinctions on an "uninhabited" island". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (18): 6191–6195. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.6191S. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.18.6191. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 391018. PMID 16593606.
- Athens, J. Stephen; Toggle, H. David; Ward, Jerome V.; Welch, David J. (14 November 2014). "Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawai'i". Archaeology in Oceania. 37 (2): 57–78. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2002.tb00507.x. ISSN 0728-4896. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
- Flaspohler, David J.; Giardina, Christian P.; Asner, Gregory P.; Hart, Patrick; Price, Jonathan; Lyons, Cassie Ka’apu; Castaneda, Xeronimo (February 2010). "Long-term effects of fragmentation and fragment properties on bird species richness in Hawaiian forests". Biological Conservation. 143 (2): 280–288. Bibcode:2010BCons.143..280F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.10.009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Benning, Tracy L.; LaPointe, Dennis; Atkinson, Carter T.; Vitousek, Peter M. (29 October 2002). "Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: Modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (22): 14246–14249. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914246B. doi:10.1073/pnas.162372399. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 137869. PMID 12374870.
- Hansford, James P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Weston, Eleanor M.; Turvey, Samuel T. (July 2021). "Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation". Quaternary Science Reviews. 263: 106996. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26306996H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106996. S2CID 236313083. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
- Perez, Ventura R.; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Nowak-Kemp, Malgosia; Burney, David A.; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Vasey, Natalia (2005-12-01). "Evidence of early butchery of giant lemurs in Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (6): 722–742. Bibcode:2005JHumE..49..722P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.004. PMID 16225904.
- Li, Hanying; Sinha, Ashish; André, Aurèle Anquetil; Spötl, Christoph; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Meunier, Arnaud; Kathayat, Gayatri; Duan, Pengzhen; Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G.; Ning, Youfeng; Biswas, Jayant; Hu, Peng; Li, Xianglei; Sha, Lijuan; Zhao, Jingyao; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai (16 October 2020). "A multimillennial climatic context for the megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar and Mascarene Islands". Science Advances. 6 (42): 1–13. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2459L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2459. PMC 7567594. PMID 33067226. S2CID 222811671.
- Godfrey, Laurie R.; Scroxton, Nick; Crowley, Brooke E.; Burns, Stephen J.; Sutherland, Michael R.; Pérez, Ventura R.; Faina, Peterson; McGee, David; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa (May 2019). "A new interpretation of Madagascar's megafaunal decline: The "Subsistence Shift Hypothesis"". Journal of Human Evolution. 130: 126–140. Bibcode:2019JHumE.130..126G. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.002. PMID 31010539. S2CID 128362254.
- Hixon, Sean W.; Douglass, Kristina G.; Crowley, Brooke E.; Rakotozafy, Lucien Marie Aimé; Clark, Geoffrey; Anderson, Atholl; Haberle, Simon; Ranaivoarisoa, Jean Freddy; Buckley, Michael; Fidiarisoa, Salomon; Mbola, Balzac; Kennett, Douglas J. (21 July 2021). "Late Holocene spread of pastoralism coincides with endemic megafaunal extinction on Madagascar". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 288 (1955): 1–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1204. PMC 8292765. PMID 34284627.
- Hixon, Sean W.; Domic, Alejandra I.; Douglass, Kristina G.; Roberts, Patrick; Eccles, Laurie; Buckley, Michael; Ivory, Sarah; Noe, Sarah; Kennett, Douglas J. (22 November 2022). "Cutmarked bone of drought-tolerant extinct megafauna deposited with traces of fire, human foraging, and introduced animals in SW Madagascar". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18504. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218504H. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22980-w. PMC 9681754. PMID 36414654.
- Reinhardt, Antonia L.; Kasper, Thomas; Lochner, Maximilian; Bliedtner, Marcel; Krahn, Kim J.; Haberzettl, Torsten; Shumilovskikh, Lyudmila; Rahobisoa, Jean-Jacques; Zech, Roland; Favier, Charly; Behling, Hermann; Bremond, Laurent; Daut, Gerhard; Montade, Vincent (4 February 2022). "Rain Forest Fragmentation and Environmental Dynamics on Nosy Be Island (NW Madagascar) at 1300 cal BP Is Attributable to Intensified Human Impact". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9: 1–21. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.783770. ISSN 2296-701X.
- Holdaway, Simon J.; Emmitt, Joshua; Furey, Louise; Jorgensen, Alex; O'Regan, Gerard; Phillipps, Rebecca; Prebble, Matthew; Wallace, Roderick; Ladefoged, Thegn N. (18 November 2018). "Māori settlement of New Zealand: The Anthropocene as a process". Archaeology in Oceania. 54 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1002/arco.5173. ISSN 0728-4896. Retrieved 3 July 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
- Allentoft, Morten Erik; Heller, Rasmus; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Hale, Marie L.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Jacomb, Christopher; Holdaway, Richard N.; Bunce, Michael (17 March 2014). "Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (13): 4922–4927. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4922A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314972111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3977255. PMID 24639531.
- Holdaway, Richard N.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Jacomb, Christopher; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Beavan, Nancy R.; Bunce, Michael (7 November 2014). "An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5436. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5436H. doi:10.1038/ncomms6436. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25378020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- Lafferty, Kevin D.; Hopkins, Skylar R. (13 February 2018). "Unique parasite aDNA in moa coprolites from New Zealand suggests mass parasite extinctions followed human-induced megafauna extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (7): 1411–1413. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1411L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1722598115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5816219. PMID 29440435.
- Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.84557166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID 35803428. S2CID 250387801. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- Brashares, Justin S.; Arcese, Peter; Sam, Moses K. (2001). "Human demography and reserve size predict wildlife extinction in West Africa". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 268 (1484): 2473–2478. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1815. JSTOR 3067753. PMC 1088902. PMID 11747566.
- Büscher B, Fletcher R, Brockington D, Sandbrook C, Adams W, Campbell L, Corson C, Dressler W, Duffy R, Gray N, Holmes G, Kelly A, Lunstrum E, Ramutsindela M, Shanker K (2017). "Half-Earth or Whole Earth? Radical ideas for conservation, and their implications". Oryx. 51 (3): 407–410. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001228. S2CID 56573294.
- Marques, Alexandra; Martins, Inês S.; Kastner, Thomas; Plutzar, Christoph; Theurl, Michaela C.; Eisenmenger, Nina; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Wood, Richard; Stadler, Konstanin; Bruckner, Martin; Canelas, Joana; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Tukker, Arnold; Erb, Karlheinz; Pereira, Henrique M. (4 March 2019). "Increasing impacts of land use on biodiversity and carbon sequestration driven by population and economic growth". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (4): 628–637. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..628M. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0824-3. PMC 6443044. PMID 30833755.
- Kopina H, Washington H, Gray J, Taylor B (2018). "The "future of conservation" debate: defending ecocentrism and the Nature Needs Half movement". Biological Conservation. 217: 140–148. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.016. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 89930104.
- Noss R, Dobson A, Baldwin R, Beier P, Davis C, Dellasala D, Francis J, Locke H, Nowak K, Lopez R, Reining C, Trombulak S, Tabor G (2012). "Bolder thinking for conservation". Conservation Biology. 26 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:2012ConBi..26....1N. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01738.x. PMID 22280321. S2CID 44550790.
- O'Sullivan, Jane N. (June 2020). "The social and environmental influences of population growth rate and demographic pressure deserve greater attention in ecological economics". Ecological Economics. 172: 106648. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.17206648O. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106648. S2CID 216368140. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- McKee, Jeffrey K.; Sciulli, Paul W.; Fooce, C. David; Waite, Thomas A. (January 2004). "Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth". Biological Conservation. 115 (1): 161–164. Bibcode:2004BCons.115..161M. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00099-5. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert (21 April 2017). "The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection". Science. 356 (6335): 260–264. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..260C. doi:10.1126/science.aal2011. PMID 28428391. S2CID 12770178. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- Dodson, Jenna C.; Dérer, Patrícia; Cafaro, Philip; Götmark, Frank (15 December 2020). "Population growth and climate change: Addressing the overlooked threat multiplier". Science of the Total Environment. 748: 141346. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.74841346D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141346. PMID 33113687. S2CID 225035992. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- Kopnina, Helen; Washington, Haydn (6 April 2016). "Discussing why population growth is still ignored or denied". Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment. 14 (2): 133–143. Bibcode:2016CJPRE..14..133K. doi:10.1080/10042857.2016.1149296. hdl:1887/44662. S2CID 155499197.
- Baillie, Jonathan; Ya-Ping, Zhang (September 14, 2018). "Space for nature". Science. 361 (6407): 1051. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1051B. doi:10.1126/science.aau1397. PMID 30213888.
- Allan, James R.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Atkinson, Scott C.; Waldron, Anthony; et al. (2 June 2022). "The minimum land area requiring conservation attention to safeguard biodiversity". Science. 376 (6597): 1094–1101. Bibcode:2022Sci...376.1094A. doi:10.1126/science.abl9127. hdl:11573/1640006. PMID 35653463. S2CID 233423065.
- Rounsevell M, Harfoot M, Harrison P, Newbold T, Gregory R, Mace G (June 12, 2020). "A biodiversity target based on species extinctions". Science. 368 (6496): 1193–1195. Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1193R. doi:10.1126/science.aba6592. PMID 32527821. S2CID 219585428. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020 – via UCL Discovery.
- "Fewer than 20 extinctions a year: does the world need a single target for biodiversity?". Editorial. Nature. 583 (7814): 7–8. June 30, 2020. Bibcode:2020Natur.583....7.. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01936-y. PMID 32606472.
dx.doi.org
- Steadman, David W. (1 March 1989). "Extinction of birds in Eastern polynesia: A review of the record, and comparisons with other Pacific Island groups". Journal of Archaeological Science. 16 (2): 177–205. Bibcode:1989JArSc..16..177S. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90065-4. ISSN 0305-4403. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
dw.com
- Walsh, Alistair (January 11, 2022). "What to expect from the world's sixth mass extinction". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
elsevier.com
linkinghub.elsevier.com
- Torrence, Robin (6 February 2012). "Volcanic disasters and agricultural intensification: A case study from the Willaumez Peninsula, Papua New Guinea". Quaternary International. 249: 151–161. Bibcode:2012QuInt.249..151T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.041. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Flaspohler, David J.; Giardina, Christian P.; Asner, Gregory P.; Hart, Patrick; Price, Jonathan; Lyons, Cassie Ka’apu; Castaneda, Xeronimo (February 2010). "Long-term effects of fragmentation and fragment properties on bird species richness in Hawaiian forests". Biological Conservation. 143 (2): 280–288. Bibcode:2010BCons.143..280F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.10.009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Hansford, James P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Weston, Eleanor M.; Turvey, Samuel T. (July 2021). "Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation". Quaternary Science Reviews. 263: 106996. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26306996H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106996. S2CID 236313083. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
esquire.com
- Marche, Stephen (November 7, 2016). "This Is the Most Important Issue That's Not Being Talked About in This Election". Esquire. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
europa.eu
europarl.europa.eu
- Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio; de Haan, Cees (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-92-5-105571-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
fortune.com
- Reints, Renae (March 6, 2019). "1,700 Species Will Likely Go Extinct Due to Human Land Use, Study Says". Fortune. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
fraw.org.uk
- Rees, William E. (2020). "Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase" (PDF). Ecological Economics. 169: 106519. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.16906519R. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519. S2CID 209502532. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-25.
gale.com
go.gale.com
- Cincotta, Richard P.; Engelman, Robert (Spring 2000). "Biodiversity and population growth". Issues in Science and Technology. 16 (3): 80. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
ghostarchive.org
- Plumer, Brad (May 6, 2019). "Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
"Human actions threaten more species with global extinction now than ever before," the report concludes, estimating that "around 1 million species already face extinction, many within decades, unless action is taken."
- Fletcher, Martin (January 31, 2015). "Pangolins: why this cute prehistoric mammal is facing extinction". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
handle.net
hdl.handle.net
- Faurby, Søren; Svenning, Jens-Christian (2015). "Historic and prehistoric human-driven extinctions have reshaped global mammal diversity patterns". Diversity and Distributions. 21 (10): 1155–1166. Bibcode:2015DivDi..21.1155F. doi:10.1111/ddi.12369. hdl:10261/123512. S2CID 196689979.
- Plumptre, Andrew J.; Baisero, Daniele; et al. (2021). "Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 4. Bibcode:2021FrFGC...4.6635P. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635. hdl:10261/242175.
- Isbell, Forest; Balvanera, Patricia; et al. (2022). "Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 21 (2): 94–103. doi:10.1002/fee.2536. hdl:10852/101242. S2CID 250659953.
- Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (December 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- Syvitski, Jaia; Waters, Colin N.; Day, John; Milliman, John D.; Summerhayes, Colin; Steffen, Will; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Cearreta, Alejandro; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Hajdas, Irka; Head, Martin J.; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, J. R.; Poirier, Clément; Rose, Neil L.; Shotyk, William; Wagreich, Michael; Williams, Mark (2020). "Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch". Communications Earth & Environment. 1 (1). 32. Bibcode:2020ComEE...1...32S. doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00029-y. hdl:20.500.11850/462514. S2CID 222415797.
- Benítez-López, A.; Alkemade, R.; Schipper, A. M.; Ingram, D. J.; Verweij, P. A.; Eikelboom, J. A. J.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. (April 14, 2017). "The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations". Science. 356 (6334): 180–183. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..180B. doi:10.1126/science.aaj1891. hdl:1874/349694. PMID 28408600. S2CID 19603093.
- Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; et al. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..567P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. hdl:10871/124531. PMID 33505035. S2CID 231723355.
- Scheele, Ben C.; et al. (March 29, 2019). "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity" (PDF). Science. 363 (6434): 1459–1463. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1459S. doi:10.1126/science.aav0379. hdl:1885/160196. PMID 30923224. S2CID 85565860. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- Gil-García, María José; Ruiz-Zapata, Blanca; Ortiz, José E.; Torres, Trinidad; Ros, Milagros; Ramallo, Sebastián; López-Cilla, Ignacio; Galán, Luis A.; Sánchez-Palencia, Yolanda; Manteca, Ignacio; Rodríguez-Estrella, Tomás; Blázquez, Ana; Gómez-Borrego, Ángeles (1 March 2022). "Paleoenvironmental variability and anthropic influence during the last 7300 years in the western Mediterranean based on the pollen record of Cartagena Bay, SE Spain". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 589: 110839. Bibcode:2022PPP...58910839G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110839. hdl:20.500.12466/3874. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- Pym, Felix C.; Franco-Gaviria, Felipe; Espinoza, Ismael G.; Urrego, Dunia H. (26 April 2023). "The timing and ecological consequences of Pleistocene megafaunal decline in the eastern Andes of Colombia". Quaternary Research. 114: 1–17. Bibcode:2023QuRes.114....1P. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.66. hdl:10871/133219. S2CID 258362772. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- Connor, Simon E.; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F. N.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Van der Knaap, Willem O.; Ammann, Brigitta; Björck, Svante (23 January 2012). "The ecological impact of oceanic island colonization – a palaeoecological perspective from the Azores". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (6): 1007–1023. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39.1007C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x. hdl:11343/55221. S2CID 86191735. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, C. A.; Rubiales, J. M.; De Nascimento, L.; Menezes de Sequeira, M.; Fernández-Palacios, J. M.; Madeira, J. (February 2020). "Oceanic Island forests buried by Holocene (Meghalayan) explosive eruptions: palaeobiodiversity in pre-anthropic volcanic charcoal from Faial Island (Azores, Portugal) and its palaeoecological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 273: 104116. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.27304116G. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104116. hdl:10400.13/4177. S2CID 210280909. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Richter, Nora; Russell, James M.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda; DeGroff, Wylie; Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Gonçalves, Vítor; De Boer, Erik J.; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Hernández, Armand; Benavente, Mario; Ritter, Catarina; Sáez, Alberto; Bao, Roberto; Trigo, Ricardo M.; Prego, Ricardo; Giralt, Santiago (1 June 2022). "Long-term hydroclimate variability in the sub-tropical North Atlantic and anthropogenic impacts on lake ecosystems: A case study from Flores Island, the Azores". Quaternary Science Reviews. 285: 107525. Bibcode:2022QSRv..28507525R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107525. hdl:10261/269568. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Mitchell, Ria L.; de Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Madeira, José; Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel (February 2019). "Eurya stigmosa (Theaceae), a new and extinct record for the Calabrian stage of Madeira Island (Portugal): 40Ar/39Ar dating, palaeoecological and oceanic island palaeobiogeographical implications". Quaternary Science Reviews. 206: 129–140. Bibcode:2019QSRv..206..129G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.008. hdl:10400.13/4182. S2CID 134725615. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Romeiras, Maria M.; Cundy, Andrew B.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (22 March 2021). "Effects of Holocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosystem of a small, dry island (Brava, Cabo Verde)". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (6): 1392–1405. Bibcode:2021JBiog..48.1392C. doi:10.1111/jbi.14084. hdl:10400.5/21368. S2CID 233708086. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Kopnina, Helen; Washington, Haydn (6 April 2016). "Discussing why population growth is still ignored or denied". Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment. 14 (2): 133–143. Bibcode:2016CJPRE..14..133K. doi:10.1080/10042857.2016.1149296. hdl:1887/44662. S2CID 155499197.
- Allan, James R.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Atkinson, Scott C.; Waldron, Anthony; et al. (2 June 2022). "The minimum land area requiring conservation attention to safeguard biodiversity". Science. 376 (6597): 1094–1101. Bibcode:2022Sci...376.1094A. doi:10.1126/science.abl9127. hdl:11573/1640006. PMID 35653463. S2CID 233423065.
harvard.edu
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (8 June 2018). "The misunderstood sixth mass extinction". Science. 360 (6393): 1080–1081. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1080C. doi:10.1126/science.aau0191. OCLC 7673137938. PMID 29880679. S2CID 46984172.
- Pimm, Stuart L.; Russell, Gareth J.; Gittleman, John L.; Brooks, Thomas M. (1995). "The Future of Biodiversity". Science. 269 (5222): 347–350. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..347P. doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347. PMID 17841251. S2CID 35154695.
- De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). "Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction" (PDF). Conservation Biology (in Spanish). 29 (2): 452–462. Bibcode:2015ConBi..29..452D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. S2CID 19121609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (19 June 2015). "Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606. PMID 26601195.
All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among the rich), and economic inequity.
- Rosenberg KV, Dokter AM, Blancher PJ, Sauer JR, Smith AC, Smith PA, Stanton JC, Panjabi A, Helft L, Parr M, Marra PP (2019). "Decline of the North American avifauna". Science. 366 (6461): 120–124. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..120R. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1313. PMID 31604313. S2CID 203719982.
- Barnosky, Anthony D.; Matzke, Nicholas; Tomiya, Susumu; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Swartz, Brian; Quental, Tiago B.; Marshall, Charles; McGuire, Jenny L.; Lindsey, Emily L.; Maguire, Kaitlin C.; Mersey, Ben; Ferrer, Elizabeth A. (3 March 2011). "Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?". Nature. 471 (7336): 51–57. Bibcode:2011Natur.471...51B. doi:10.1038/nature09678. PMID 21368823. S2CID 4424650.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487.
The planet has entered the sixth mass extinction.
- Faurby, Søren; Svenning, Jens-Christian (2015). "Historic and prehistoric human-driven extinctions have reshaped global mammal diversity patterns". Diversity and Distributions. 21 (10): 1155–1166. Bibcode:2015DivDi..21.1155F. doi:10.1111/ddi.12369. hdl:10261/123512. S2CID 196689979.
- Cooke, Rob; Sayol, Ferran; Andermann, Tobias; Blackburn, Tim M.; Steinbauer, Manuel J.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Faurby, Søren (2023-12-19). "Undiscovered bird extinctions obscure the true magnitude of human-driven extinction waves". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 8116. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.8116C. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43445-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10730700. PMID 38114469.
- Darimont, Chris T.; Fox, Caroline H.; Bryan, Heather M.; Reimchen, Thomas E. (21 August 2015). "The unique ecology of human predators". Science. 349 (6250): 858–860. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..858D. doi:10.1126/science.aac4249. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26293961. S2CID 4985359.
- Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022). "Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 272. 109646. Bibcode:2022BCons.27209646C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 250185617. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
- Fricke, Evan C.; Hsieh, Chia; Middleton, Owen; Gorczynski, Daniel; Cappello, Caroline D.; Sanisidro, Oscar; Rowan, John; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Beaudrot, Lydia (August 25, 2022). "Collapse of terrestrial mammal food webs since the Late Pleistocene". Science. 377 (6609): 1008–1011. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1008F. doi:10.1126/science.abn4012. PMID 36007038. S2CID 251843290.
Food webs underwent steep regional declines in complexity through loss of food web links after the arrival and expansion of human populations. We estimate that defaunation has caused a 53% decline in food web links globally.
- Dasgupta, Partha S.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (19 April 2013). "Pervasive Externalities at the Population, Consumption, and Environment Nexus". Science. 340 (6130): 324–328. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..324D. doi:10.1126/science.1224664. PMID 23599486. S2CID 9503728. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6089C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295.
Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly
- Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020). "Scientists' warning on affluence". Nature Communications. 11 (3107): 3107. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3107W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. PMC 7305220. PMID 32561753.
The affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts and are central to any future prospect of retreating to safer environmental conditions . . . It is clear that prevailing capitalist, growth-driven economic systems have not only increased affluence since World War II, but have led to enormous increases in inequality, financial instability, resource consumption and environmental pressures on vital earth support systems.
- Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption". Science of the Total Environment. 536: 419–431. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.536..419M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022. PMID 26231772.
- Wake, David B.; Vredenburg, Vance T. (2008-08-12). "Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (Suppl 1): 11466–11473. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511466W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801921105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556420. PMID 18695221.
The possibility that a sixth mass extinction spasm is upon us has received much attention. Substantial evidence suggests that an extinction event is underway.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth's history
- Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Haff, P. K.; Schwägerl, Christian; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ellis, Erle C. (2015). "The Anthropocene Biosphere". The Anthropocene Review. 2 (3): 196–219. Bibcode:2015AntRv...2..196W. doi:10.1177/2053019615591020. S2CID 7771527.
- Doughty, C. E.; Wolf, A.; Field, C. B. (2010). "Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: The first human-induced global warming?". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (15): n/a. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3715703D. doi:10.1029/2010GL043985. S2CID 54849882.
- Vignieri, S. (25 July 2014). "Vanishing fauna (Special issue)". Science. 345 (6195): 392–412. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..392V. doi:10.1126/science.345.6195.392. PMID 25061199.
- Faith, J. Tyler; Rowan, John; Du, Andrew; Barr, W. Andrew (July 2020). "The uncertain case for human-driven extinctions prior to Homo sapiens". Quaternary Research. 96: 88–104. Bibcode:2020QuRes..96...88F. doi:10.1017/qua.2020.51. ISSN 0033-5894.
- Perry, George L. W.; Wheeler, Andrew B.; Wood, Jamie R.; Wilmshurst, Janet M. (2014-12-01). "A high-precision chronology for the rapid extinction of New Zealand moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes)". Quaternary Science Reviews. 105: 126–135. Bibcode:2014QSRv..105..126P. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.09.025.
- Crowley, Brooke E. (2010-09-01). "A refined chronology of prehistoric Madagascar and the demise of the megafauna". Quaternary Science Reviews. Special Theme: Case Studies of Neodymium Isotopes in Paleoceanography. 29 (19–20): 2591–2603. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2591C. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.06.030.
- Hull, Pincelli M.; Darroch, Simon A. F.; Erwin, Douglas H. (17 December 2015). "Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems". Nature. 528 (7582): 345–351. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..345H. doi:10.1038/nature16160. PMID 26672552. S2CID 4464936.
- Régnier, Claire; Achaz, Guillaume; Lambert, Amaury; Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (23 June 2015). "Mass extinction in poorly known taxa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (25): 7761–7766. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.7761R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502350112. PMC 4485135. PMID 26056308.
- Plumptre, Andrew J.; Baisero, Daniele; et al. (2021). "Where Might We Find Ecologically Intact Communities?". Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. 4. Bibcode:2021FrFGC...4.6635P. doi:10.3389/ffgc.2021.626635. hdl:10261/242175.
- Murali, Gopal; Iwamura, Takuya Iwamura; Meiri, Shai; Roll, Uri (January 18, 2023). "Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates". Nature. 615 (7952): 461–467. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..461M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z. PMID 36653454. S2CID 255974196. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2023). "Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (39): e2306987120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12006987C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2306987120. PMC 10523489. PMID 37722053.
- Andermann, Tobias; Faurby, Søren; Turvey, Samuel T.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Silvestro, Daniele (September 2020). "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity". Science Advances. 6 (36). eabb2313. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2313A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2313. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7473673. PMID 32917612. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter H. (June 1, 2020). "Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction". PNAS. 117 (24): 13596–13602. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713596C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1922686117. PMC 7306750. PMID 32482862.
- Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (December 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (16 December 2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487. S2CID 254803380.
- Wooldridge, S. A. (9 June 2008). "Mass extinctions past and present: a unifying hypothesis" (PDF). Biogeosciences Discussions. 5 (3): 2401–2423. Bibcode:2008BGD.....5.2401W. doi:10.5194/bgd-5-2401-2008. S2CID 2346412. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- Jackson, J. B. C. (Aug 2008). "Colloquium paper: ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (Suppl 1): 11458–11465. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511458J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802812105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556419. PMID 18695220.
- Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Smith, Alan; Barry, Tiffany L.; Coe, Angela L.; Bown, Paul R.; Brenchley, Patrick; Cantrill, David; Gale, Andrew; Gibbard, Philip; Gregory, F. John; Hounslow, Mark W.; Kerr, Andrew C.; Pearson, Paul; Knox, Robert; Powell, John; Waters, Colin; Marshall, John; Oates, Michael; Rawson, Peter; Stone, Philip (2008). "Are we now living in the Anthropocene". GSA Today. 18 (2): 4. Bibcode:2008GSAT...18b...4Z. doi:10.1130/GSAT01802A.1.
- Syvitski, Jaia; Waters, Colin N.; Day, John; Milliman, John D.; Summerhayes, Colin; Steffen, Will; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Cearreta, Alejandro; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Hajdas, Irka; Head, Martin J.; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, J. R.; Poirier, Clément; Rose, Neil L.; Shotyk, William; Wagreich, Michael; Williams, Mark (2020). "Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch". Communications Earth & Environment. 1 (1). 32. Bibcode:2020ComEE...1...32S. doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00029-y. hdl:20.500.11850/462514. S2CID 222415797.
- Cruzten, P. J. (2002). "Geology of mankind: The Anthropocene". Nature. 415 (6867): 23. Bibcode:2002Natur.415...23C. doi:10.1038/415023a. PMID 11780095. S2CID 9743349.
- Steffen, Will; Persson, Åsa; Deutsch, Lisa; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Richardson, Katherine; Crumley, Carole; Crutzen, Paul; Folke, Carl; Gordon, Line; Molina, Mario; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Svedin, Uno (2011). "The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship". Ambio. 40 (7): 739–761. Bibcode:2011Ambio..40..739S. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x. PMC 3357752. PMID 22338713.
- Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
- Smith, Felisa A.; Elliott Smith, Rosemary E.; Lyons, S. Kathleen; Payne, Jonathan L. (April 20, 2018). "Body size downgrading of mammals over the late Quaternary". Science. 360 (6386): 310–313. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..310S. doi:10.1126/science.aao5987. PMID 29674591.
- Dembitzer, Jacob; Barkai, Ran; Ben-Dor, Miki; Meiri, Shai (2022). "Levantine overkill: 1.5 million years of hunting down the body size distribution". Quaternary Science Reviews. 276: 107316. Bibcode:2022QSRv..27607316D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107316. S2CID 245236379.
- Bergman, Juraj; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø; Lundgren, Erick J.; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Monsarrat, Sophie; Pearce, Elena A.; Schierup, Mikkel H.; Svenning, Jens-Christian (24 November 2023). "Worldwide Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene population declines in extant megafauna are associated with Homo sapiens expansion rather than climate change". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7679. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7679B. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43426-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10667484. PMID 37996436.
- Ruddiman, W.F. (2009). "Effect of per-capita land use changes on Holocene forest clearance and CO2 emissions". Quaternary Science Reviews. 28 (27–28): 3011–3015. Bibcode:2009QSRv...28.3011R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.05.022.
- Ruddiman, W.F. (2013). "The Anthropocene". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 41: 45–68. Bibcode:2013AREPS..41...45R. doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-050212-123944.
- Firestone RB, West A, Kennett JP, et al. (October 2007). "Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (41): 16016–16021. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10416016F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706977104. PMC 1994902. PMID 17901202.
- Bunch TE, Hermes RE, Moore AM, Kennettd DJ, Weaver JC, Wittke JH, DeCarli PS, Bischoff JL, Hillman GC, Howard GA, Kimbel DR, Kletetschka G, Lipo CP, Sakai S, Revay Z, West A, Firestone RB, Kennett JP (June 2012). "Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (28): E1903–12. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1903B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204453109. PMC 3396500. PMID 22711809.
- Estrada, Alejandro; Garber, Paul A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Roos, Christian; Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo; Di Fiore, Anthony; Anne-Isola Nekaris, K.; Nijman, Vincent; Heymann, Eckhard W.; Lambert, Joanna E.; Rovero, Francesco; Barelli, Claudia; Setchell, Joanna M.; Gillespie, Thomas R.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Arregoitia, Luis Verde; de Guinea, Miguel; Gouveia, Sidney; Dobrovolski, Ricardo; Shanee, Sam; et al. (January 18, 2017). "Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter". Science Advances. 3 (1): e1600946. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0946E. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600946. PMC 5242557. PMID 28116351.
- Rees, William E. (2020). "Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase" (PDF). Ecological Economics. 169: 106519. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.16906519R. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519. S2CID 209502532. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-25.
- Dirzo, R.; Galetti, M. (2013). "Ecological and Evolutionary Consequences of Living in a Defaunated World". Biological Conservation. 163: 1–6. Bibcode:2013BCons.163....1G. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.04.020.
- Albrecht, Jörg; Bartoń, Kamil A.; Selva, Nuria; Sommer, Robert S.; Swenson, Jon E.; Bischof, Richard (4 September 2017). "Humans and climate change drove the Holocene decline of the brown bear". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 10399. Bibcode:2017NatSR...710399A. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10772-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5583342. PMID 28871202.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco; Wyckhuys, Kris A.G. (April 2019). "Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers". Biological Conservation. 232: 8–27. Bibcode:2019BCons.232....8S. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020. S2CID 91685233.
- Ripple, William J.; Abernethy, Katharine; Betts, Matthew G.; Chapron, Guillaume; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Galetti, Mauro; Levi, Taal; Lindsey, Peter A.; Macdonald, David W.; Machovina, Brian; Newsome, Thomas M.; Peres, Carlos A.; Wallach, Arian D.; Wolf, Christopher; Young, Hillary (2016). "Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 1–16. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360498R. doi:10.1098/rsos.160498. PMC 5098989. PMID 27853564.
- Benítez-López, A.; Alkemade, R.; Schipper, A. M.; Ingram, D. J.; Verweij, P. A.; Eikelboom, J. A. J.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. (April 14, 2017). "The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations". Science. 356 (6334): 180–183. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..180B. doi:10.1126/science.aaj1891. hdl:1874/349694. PMID 28408600. S2CID 19603093.
- Ripple, William J.; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas M.; Betts, Matthew G.; Ceballos, Gerardo; Courchamp, Franck; Hayward, Matt W.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire; Wallach, Arian D.; Worm, Boris (2019). "Are we eating the world's megafauna to extinction?". Conservation Letters. 12 (3). e12627. Bibcode:2019ConL...12E2627R. doi:10.1111/conl.12627.
- Cox, Neil; Young, Bruce E.; et al. (2022). "A global reptile assessment highlights shared conservation needs of tetrapods". Nature. 605 (7909): 285–290. Bibcode:2022Natur.605..285C. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04664-7. PMC 9095493. PMID 35477765.
- Cooke, Rob; Gearty, William; et al. (2022). "Anthropogenic disruptions to longstanding patterns of trophic-size structure in vertebrates". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (6): 684–692. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..684C. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01726-x. PMID 35449460. S2CID 248323833. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- Hooke, R. LeB.; Martin-Duque, J. F.; Pedraza, J. (2012). "Land transformation by humans: A review" (PDF). GSA Today. 22 (12): 4–10. Bibcode:2012GSAT...12l...4H. doi:10.1130/GSAT151A.1. S2CID 120172847. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
- Walter Jetz; Powers, Ryan P. (4 March 2019). "Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios". Nature Climate Change. 9 (4): 323–329. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..323P. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0406-z. S2CID 92315899.
- Thompson, Ken; Jones, Allan (February 1999). "Human Population Density and Prediction of Local Plant Extinction in Britain". Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 185–189. Bibcode:1999ConBi..13..185T. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97353.x. JSTOR 2641578. S2CID 84308784. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- Chen, Xuefei; D'Olivo, Juan Pablo; Wei, Gangjian; McCulloch, Malcolm (15 August 2019). "Anthropogenic ocean warming and acidification recorded by Sr/Ca, Li/Mg, δ11B and B/Ca in Porites coral from the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 528: 50–59. Bibcode:2019PPP...528...50C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.033. S2CID 155148474. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Caro, Tim; Rowe, Zeke; et al. (2022). "An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss". Conservation Letters. 15 (3): e12868. Bibcode:2022ConL...15E2868C. doi:10.1111/conl.12868. S2CID 246172852.
- Song, Haijun; Kemp, David B.; Tian, Li; Chu, Daoliang; Song, Huyue; Dai, Xu (4 August 2021). "Thresholds of temperature change for mass extinctions". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4694. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4694S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25019-2. PMC 8338942. PMID 34349121.
- Altrichter, M.; Boaglio, G. (2004). "Distribution and Relative Abundance of Peccaries in the Argentine Chaco: Associations with Human Factors". Biological Conservation. 116 (2): 217–225. Bibcode:2004BCons.116..217A. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00192-7.
- Payne, Jonathan L.; Bush, Andrew M.; Heim, Noel A.; Knope, Matthew L.; McCauley, Douglas J. (2016). "Ecological selectivity of the emerging mass extinction in the oceans". Science. 353 (6305): 1284–1286. Bibcode:2016Sci...353.1284P. doi:10.1126/science.aaf2416. PMID 27629258.
- Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; et al. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..567P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. hdl:10871/124531. PMID 33505035. S2CID 231723355.
- Sherman, C. Samantha; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; et al. (2023). "Half a century of rising extinction risk of coral reef sharks and rays". Nature Communications. 14 (15): 15. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14...15S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35091-x. PMC 9845228. PMID 36650137.
- Scheele, Ben C.; et al. (March 29, 2019). "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity" (PDF). Science. 363 (6434): 1459–1463. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1459S. doi:10.1126/science.aav0379. hdl:1885/160196. PMID 30923224. S2CID 85565860. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- Pushkina, D.; Raia, P. (2008). "Human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late Pleistocene Eurasian megafauna". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (6): 769–782. Bibcode:2008JHumE..54..769P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.024. PMID 18199470.
- Mann, Daniel H.; Groves, Pamela; Reanier, Richard E.; Gaglioti, Benjamin V.; Kunz, Michael L.; Shapiro, Beth (2015). "Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (46): 14301–14306. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214301M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516573112. PMC 4655518. PMID 26578776.
- Gil-García, María José; Ruiz-Zapata, Blanca; Ortiz, José E.; Torres, Trinidad; Ros, Milagros; Ramallo, Sebastián; López-Cilla, Ignacio; Galán, Luis A.; Sánchez-Palencia, Yolanda; Manteca, Ignacio; Rodríguez-Estrella, Tomás; Blázquez, Ana; Gómez-Borrego, Ángeles (1 March 2022). "Paleoenvironmental variability and anthropic influence during the last 7300 years in the western Mediterranean based on the pollen record of Cartagena Bay, SE Spain". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 589: 110839. Bibcode:2022PPP...58910839G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110839. hdl:20.500.12466/3874. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- Lambert, C.; Penaud, A.; Vidal, M.; Gandini, C.; Labeyrie, L.; Chavaud, L.; Ehrhold, A. (15 December 2020). "Striking forest revival at the end of the Roman Period in north-western Europe". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21984. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021984L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77253-1. PMC 7738505. PMID 33319781.
- Cheng, Zhongjing; Weng, Chengyu; Steinke, Stephan; Mohtadi, Mahyar (29 October 2018). "Anthropogenic modification of vegetated landscapes in southern China from 6,000 years ago". Nature Geoscience. 11 (12): 939–943. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..939C. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0250-1. S2CID 133729236. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- Martin, P.S. (1995). "Mammoth Extinction: Two Continents and Wrangel Island". Radiocarbon. 37 (1): 7–10. Bibcode:1995Radcb..37....7M. doi:10.1017/s0033822200014739.
- Pitulko, V. V.; Nikolsky, P. A.; Girya, E. Y.; Basilyan, A. E.; Tumskoy, V. E.; Koulakov, S. A.; Astakhov, S. N.; Pavlova, E. Y.; Anisimov, M. A. (2004). "The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum". Science. 303 (5654): 52–56. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...52P. doi:10.1126/science.1085219. PMID 14704419. S2CID 206507352. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Murchie, Tyler J.; Monteath, Alistair J.; Mahony, Matthew E.; Long, George S.; Cocker, Scott; Sadoway, Tara; Karpinski, Emil; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (8 December 2021). "Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7120. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.7120M. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6. PMC 8654998. PMID 34880234.
- Seersholm, Frederik V.; Werndly, Daniel J.; Grealy, Alicia; Johnson, Taryn; Keenan Early, Erin M.; Lundelius Jr., Ernest L.; Winsborough, Barbara; Farr, Grayal Earle; Toomey, Rickard; Hansen, Anders J.; Shapiro, Beth; Waters, Michael R.; McDonald, Gregory; Linderholm, Anna; Stafford Jr., Thomas W.; Bunce, Michael (2 June 2020). "Rapid range shifts and megafaunal extinctions associated with late Pleistocene climate change". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2770. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2770S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16502-3. PMC 7265304. PMID 32488006.
- Louys, Julien; Braje, Todd J.; Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Cosgrove, Richard; Fitzpatrick, Scott M.; Fujita, Masaki; Hawkins, Stuart; Ingicco, Stuart; Kawamura, Ai; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; McDowell, Matthew C.; Meijer, Hanneke J. M.; Piper, Philip J.; Roberts, Patrick; Simmons, Alan H.; Van den Bergh, Gerrit; Van der Geer, Alexandra; Kealy, Shimona; O'Connor, Sue (3 May 2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): 1–8. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
- Pym, Felix C.; Franco-Gaviria, Felipe; Espinoza, Ismael G.; Urrego, Dunia H. (26 April 2023). "The timing and ecological consequences of Pleistocene megafaunal decline in the eastern Andes of Colombia". Quaternary Research. 114: 1–17. Bibcode:2023QuRes.114....1P. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.66. hdl:10871/133219. S2CID 258362772. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- Rozas-Davila, Angela; Rodbell, Donald T.; Bush, Mark B. (24 January 2023). "Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in the grasslands of Junín-Peru". Journal of Biogeography. 50 (4): 755–766. Bibcode:2023JBiog..50..755R. doi:10.1111/jbi.14566. S2CID 256255790. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Torrence, Robin (6 February 2012). "Volcanic disasters and agricultural intensification: A case study from the Willaumez Peninsula, Papua New Guinea". Quaternary International. 249: 151–161. Bibcode:2012QuInt.249..151T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.041. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Turney, Chris S. M.; Flannery, Timothy F.; Roberts, Richard G.; Reid, Craig; Fifield, L. Keith; Higham, Tom F. G.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Kemp, Noel; Colhoun, Eric A. (2008-08-21). "Late-surviving megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, implicate human involvement in their extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34): 12150–12153. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512150T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801360105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2527880. PMID 18719103.
- Miller, Gifford; Magee, John; Smith, Mike; Spooner, Nigel; Baynes, Alexander; Lehman, Scott; Fogel, Marilyn; Johnston, Harvey; Williams, Doug (2016-01-29). "Human predation contributed to the extinction of the Australian megafaunal bird Genyornis newtoni [sim]47 ka". Nature Communications. 7: 10496. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710496M. doi:10.1038/ncomms10496. PMC 4740177. PMID 26823193.
- Steadman, D.W.; Martin, P.S.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Jull, A.J.T.; McDonald, H.G.; Woods, C.A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G.W.L. (2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
- Connor, Simon E.; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F. N.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Van der Knaap, Willem O.; Ammann, Brigitta; Björck, Svante (23 January 2012). "The ecological impact of oceanic island colonization – a palaeoecological perspective from the Azores". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (6): 1007–1023. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39.1007C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x. hdl:11343/55221. S2CID 86191735. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, C. A.; Rubiales, J. M.; De Nascimento, L.; Menezes de Sequeira, M.; Fernández-Palacios, J. M.; Madeira, J. (February 2020). "Oceanic Island forests buried by Holocene (Meghalayan) explosive eruptions: palaeobiodiversity in pre-anthropic volcanic charcoal from Faial Island (Azores, Portugal) and its palaeoecological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 273: 104116. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.27304116G. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104116. hdl:10400.13/4177. S2CID 210280909. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Richter, Nora; Russell, James M.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda; DeGroff, Wylie; Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Gonçalves, Vítor; De Boer, Erik J.; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Hernández, Armand; Benavente, Mario; Ritter, Catarina; Sáez, Alberto; Bao, Roberto; Trigo, Ricardo M.; Prego, Ricardo; Giralt, Santiago (1 June 2022). "Long-term hydroclimate variability in the sub-tropical North Atlantic and anthropogenic impacts on lake ecosystems: A case study from Flores Island, the Azores". Quaternary Science Reviews. 285: 107525. Bibcode:2022QSRv..28507525R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107525. hdl:10261/269568. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Goodfriend, Glenn A.; Cameron, Robert A. D.; Cook, L. M. (May 1994). "Fossil Evidence of Recent Human Impact on the Land Snail Fauna of Madeira". Journal of Biogeography. 21 (3): 309–320. Bibcode:1994JBiog..21..309G. doi:10.2307/2845532. JSTOR 2845532. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Mitchell, Ria L.; de Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Madeira, José; Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel (February 2019). "Eurya stigmosa (Theaceae), a new and extinct record for the Calabrian stage of Madeira Island (Portugal): 40Ar/39Ar dating, palaeoecological and oceanic island palaeobiogeographical implications". Quaternary Science Reviews. 206: 129–140. Bibcode:2019QSRv..206..129G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.008. hdl:10400.13/4182. S2CID 134725615. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Willis, Kathy J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (27 September 2021). "Anthropogenic transitions from forested to human-dominated landscapes in southern Macaronesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (40). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11822215C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2022215118. PMC 8501805. PMID 34580208.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Romeiras, Maria M.; Cundy, Andrew B.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (22 March 2021). "Effects of Holocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosystem of a small, dry island (Brava, Cabo Verde)". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (6): 1392–1405. Bibcode:2021JBiog..48.1392C. doi:10.1111/jbi.14084. hdl:10400.5/21368. S2CID 233708086. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Fonville, Thierry; Whittaker, Robert J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (15 June 2019). "Late Holocene environmental change and the anthropization of the highlands of Santo Antão Island, Cabo Verde". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 524: 101–117. Bibcode:2019PPP...524..101C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.033. S2CID 120143295. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Steadman, D. W.; Martin, P. S. (2003). "The late Quaternary extinction and future resurrection of birds on Pacific islands". Earth-Science Reviews. 61 (1–2): 133–147. Bibcode:2003ESRv...61..133S. doi:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00116-2.
- Steadman, D. W. (1995). "Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology". Science. 267 (5201): 1123–1131. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1123S. doi:10.1126/science.267.5201.1123. PMID 17789194. S2CID 9137843.
- Steadman, David W. (1 March 1989). "Extinction of birds in Eastern polynesia: A review of the record, and comparisons with other Pacific Island groups". Journal of Archaeological Science. 16 (2): 177–205. Bibcode:1989JArSc..16..177S. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90065-4. ISSN 0305-4403. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Steadman, David W.; Pregill, Gregory K.; Burley, David V. (19 March 2002). "Rapid prehistoric extinction of iguanas and birds in Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (6): 3673–3677. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3673S. doi:10.1073/pnas.072079299. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122582. PMID 11904427.
- Kumar, Lalit; Tehrany, Mahyat Shafapour (13 July 2017). "Climate change impacts on the threatened terrestrial vertebrates of the Pacific Islands". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5030. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5030K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05034-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5509733. PMID 28706225.
- White, Arthur W.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Hawkins, Stuart; Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (16 August 2010). "Megafaunal meiolaniid horned turtles survived until early human settlement in Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (35): 15512–15516. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715512W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005780107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2932593. PMID 20713711.
- Stevenson, Janelle (September 2004). "A late-Holocene record of human impact from the southwest coast of New Caledonia". The Holocene. 14 (6): 888–898. Bibcode:2004Holoc..14..888S. doi:10.1191/0959-683604hl755rp. S2CID 44797352. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Sage Journals.
- Steadman, David W.; Kirch, P. V. (1 December 1990). "Prehistoric extinction of birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (24): 9605–9609. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.9605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9605. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 55221. PMID 11607131.
- Kirch, P V (28 May 1996). "Late Holocene human-induced modifications to a central Polynesian island ecosystem". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (11): 5296–5300. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.5296K. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5296. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 39239. PMID 8643569.
- Steadman, David W.; Olson, Storrs L. (1 September 1985). "Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man-caused extinctions on an "uninhabited" island". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (18): 6191–6195. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.6191S. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.18.6191. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 391018. PMID 16593606.
- Flaspohler, David J.; Giardina, Christian P.; Asner, Gregory P.; Hart, Patrick; Price, Jonathan; Lyons, Cassie Ka’apu; Castaneda, Xeronimo (February 2010). "Long-term effects of fragmentation and fragment properties on bird species richness in Hawaiian forests". Biological Conservation. 143 (2): 280–288. Bibcode:2010BCons.143..280F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.10.009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Benning, Tracy L.; LaPointe, Dennis; Atkinson, Carter T.; Vitousek, Peter M. (29 October 2002). "Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: Modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (22): 14246–14249. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914246B. doi:10.1073/pnas.162372399. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 137869. PMID 12374870.
- Hansford, James P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Weston, Eleanor M.; Turvey, Samuel T. (July 2021). "Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation". Quaternary Science Reviews. 263: 106996. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26306996H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106996. S2CID 236313083. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
- Perez, Ventura R.; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Nowak-Kemp, Malgosia; Burney, David A.; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Vasey, Natalia (2005-12-01). "Evidence of early butchery of giant lemurs in Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (6): 722–742. Bibcode:2005JHumE..49..722P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.004. PMID 16225904.
- Li, Hanying; Sinha, Ashish; André, Aurèle Anquetil; Spötl, Christoph; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Meunier, Arnaud; Kathayat, Gayatri; Duan, Pengzhen; Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G.; Ning, Youfeng; Biswas, Jayant; Hu, Peng; Li, Xianglei; Sha, Lijuan; Zhao, Jingyao; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai (16 October 2020). "A multimillennial climatic context for the megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar and Mascarene Islands". Science Advances. 6 (42): 1–13. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2459L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2459. PMC 7567594. PMID 33067226. S2CID 222811671.
- Godfrey, Laurie R.; Scroxton, Nick; Crowley, Brooke E.; Burns, Stephen J.; Sutherland, Michael R.; Pérez, Ventura R.; Faina, Peterson; McGee, David; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa (May 2019). "A new interpretation of Madagascar's megafaunal decline: The "Subsistence Shift Hypothesis"". Journal of Human Evolution. 130: 126–140. Bibcode:2019JHumE.130..126G. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.002. PMID 31010539. S2CID 128362254.
- Hixon, Sean W.; Domic, Alejandra I.; Douglass, Kristina G.; Roberts, Patrick; Eccles, Laurie; Buckley, Michael; Ivory, Sarah; Noe, Sarah; Kennett, Douglas J. (22 November 2022). "Cutmarked bone of drought-tolerant extinct megafauna deposited with traces of fire, human foraging, and introduced animals in SW Madagascar". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18504. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218504H. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22980-w. PMC 9681754. PMID 36414654.
- Allentoft, Morten Erik; Heller, Rasmus; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Hale, Marie L.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Jacomb, Christopher; Holdaway, Richard N.; Bunce, Michael (17 March 2014). "Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (13): 4922–4927. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4922A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314972111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3977255. PMID 24639531.
- Holdaway, Richard N.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Jacomb, Christopher; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Beavan, Nancy R.; Bunce, Michael (7 November 2014). "An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5436. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5436H. doi:10.1038/ncomms6436. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25378020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- Lafferty, Kevin D.; Hopkins, Skylar R. (13 February 2018). "Unique parasite aDNA in moa coprolites from New Zealand suggests mass parasite extinctions followed human-induced megafauna extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (7): 1411–1413. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1411L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1722598115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5816219. PMID 29440435.
- Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.84557166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID 35803428. S2CID 250387801. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- Marques, Alexandra; Martins, Inês S.; Kastner, Thomas; Plutzar, Christoph; Theurl, Michaela C.; Eisenmenger, Nina; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Wood, Richard; Stadler, Konstanin; Bruckner, Martin; Canelas, Joana; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Tukker, Arnold; Erb, Karlheinz; Pereira, Henrique M. (4 March 2019). "Increasing impacts of land use on biodiversity and carbon sequestration driven by population and economic growth". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (4): 628–637. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..628M. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0824-3. PMC 6443044. PMID 30833755.
- Noss R, Dobson A, Baldwin R, Beier P, Davis C, Dellasala D, Francis J, Locke H, Nowak K, Lopez R, Reining C, Trombulak S, Tabor G (2012). "Bolder thinking for conservation". Conservation Biology. 26 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:2012ConBi..26....1N. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01738.x. PMID 22280321. S2CID 44550790.
- O'Sullivan, Jane N. (June 2020). "The social and environmental influences of population growth rate and demographic pressure deserve greater attention in ecological economics". Ecological Economics. 172: 106648. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.17206648O. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106648. S2CID 216368140. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- McKee, Jeffrey K.; Sciulli, Paul W.; Fooce, C. David; Waite, Thomas A. (January 2004). "Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth". Biological Conservation. 115 (1): 161–164. Bibcode:2004BCons.115..161M. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00099-5. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert (21 April 2017). "The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection". Science. 356 (6335): 260–264. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..260C. doi:10.1126/science.aal2011. PMID 28428391. S2CID 12770178. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- Dodson, Jenna C.; Dérer, Patrícia; Cafaro, Philip; Götmark, Frank (15 December 2020). "Population growth and climate change: Addressing the overlooked threat multiplier". Science of the Total Environment. 748: 141346. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.74841346D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141346. PMID 33113687. S2CID 225035992. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- Kopnina, Helen; Washington, Haydn (6 April 2016). "Discussing why population growth is still ignored or denied". Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment. 14 (2): 133–143. Bibcode:2016CJPRE..14..133K. doi:10.1080/10042857.2016.1149296. hdl:1887/44662. S2CID 155499197.
- Baillie, Jonathan; Ya-Ping, Zhang (September 14, 2018). "Space for nature". Science. 361 (6407): 1051. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1051B. doi:10.1126/science.aau1397. PMID 30213888.
- Allan, James R.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Atkinson, Scott C.; Waldron, Anthony; et al. (2 June 2022). "The minimum land area requiring conservation attention to safeguard biodiversity". Science. 376 (6597): 1094–1101. Bibcode:2022Sci...376.1094A. doi:10.1126/science.abl9127. hdl:11573/1640006. PMID 35653463. S2CID 233423065.
- Rounsevell M, Harfoot M, Harrison P, Newbold T, Gregory R, Mace G (June 12, 2020). "A biodiversity target based on species extinctions". Science. 368 (6496): 1193–1195. Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1193R. doi:10.1126/science.aba6592. PMID 32527821. S2CID 219585428. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020 – via UCL Discovery.
- "Fewer than 20 extinctions a year: does the world need a single target for biodiversity?". Editorial. Nature. 583 (7814): 7–8. June 30, 2020. Bibcode:2020Natur.583....7.. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01936-y. PMID 32606472.
arp.harvard.edu
- Ruddiman, W. F. (2003). "The anthropogenic greenhouse gas era began thousands of years ago" (PDF). Climatic Change. 61 (3): 261–293. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.651.2119. doi:10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa. S2CID 2501894. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-03.
hawaiiconservation.org
- "Controlling Ungulate Populations in native ecosystems in Hawaii" (PDF). Hawaii Conservation Alliance. 22 November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-08.
huffingtonpost.com
- Visser, Nick (December 27, 2016). "Cheetahs Are Far Closer To Extinction Than We Realized". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
igbp.net
- Crutzen, Paul J.; Stoermer, Eugene F. (May 2000). "The 'Anthropocene'" (PDF). Global Change NewsLetter (41). IGBP: 17. ISSN 0284-5865. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
independent.co.uk
- Cockburn, Harry (March 29, 2019). "Population explosion fuelling rapid reduction of wildlife on African savannah, study shows". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
Encroachment by people into one of Africa's most celebrated ecosystems is "squeezing the wildlife in its core", by damaging habitation and disrupting the migration routes of animals, a major international study has concluded.
- Sankaran, Vishwam (January 17, 2022). "Study confirms sixth mass extinction is currently underway, caused by humans". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
- Johnston, Ian (August 26, 2017). "Industrial farming is driving the sixth mass extinction of life on Earth, says leading academic". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
ipbes.net
- IPBES (2019). "Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: IPBES Secretariat. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- "Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'". Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (Press release). May 6, 2019. Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
- "Escaping the 'Era of Pandemics': Experts Warn Worse Crises to Come Options Offered to Reduce Risk". Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
iucn.org
- "Extinction continues apace". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
iucnredlist.org
- Jiang, Z.; Harris, R.B. (2016). "Elaphurus davidianus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T7121A22159785. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
- BirdLife International (2016). "Corvus hawaiiensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22706052A94048187. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706052A94048187.en.
- Mendelson, J.R.; Angulo, A. (2009). "Ecnomiohyla rabborum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2009: e.T158613A5241303. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009-2.RLTS.T158613A5241303.en. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
iugs.org
- The Anthropocene: IUGS-ICS Statement. March 20, 2024. https://www.iugs.org/_files/ugd/f1fc07_ebe2e2b94c35491c8efe570cd2c5a1bf.pdf
jcu.edu.au
researchonline.jcu.edu.au
- Weisler, Marshall I.; Lambrides, Ariana B. J.; Quintus, Seth; Clark, Jeffrey; Worthy, Trevor H. (2016). "Colonisation and late period faunal assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa". Journal of Pacific Archeology. 7 (2): 1–19. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
jstor.org
- Maurer, Brian A. (January 1996). "Relating Human Population Growth to the Loss of Biodiversity". Biodiversity Letters. 3 (1): 1–5. doi:10.2307/2999702. JSTOR 2999702. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Thompson, Ken; Jones, Allan (February 1999). "Human Population Density and Prediction of Local Plant Extinction in Britain". Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 185–189. Bibcode:1999ConBi..13..185T. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97353.x. JSTOR 2641578. S2CID 84308784. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- Redford, K. H. (1992). "The empty forest" (PDF). BioScience. 42 (6): 412–422. doi:10.2307/1311860. JSTOR 1311860. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
- Goodfriend, Glenn A.; Cameron, Robert A. D.; Cook, L. M. (May 1994). "Fossil Evidence of Recent Human Impact on the Land Snail Fauna of Madeira". Journal of Biogeography. 21 (3): 309–320. Bibcode:1994JBiog..21..309G. doi:10.2307/2845532. JSTOR 2845532. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Mcglone, M.S. (1989). "The Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand in Relation to Environmental and Biotic Changes". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 12: 115–129. ISSN 0110-6465. Retrieved 3 July 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Brashares, Justin S.; Arcese, Peter; Sam, Moses K. (2001). "Human demography and reserve size predict wildlife extinction in West Africa". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 268 (1484): 2473–2478. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1815. JSTOR 3067753. PMC 1088902. PMID 11747566.
livescience.com
- Douglas Main (2013-11-22). "7 Iconic Animals Humans Are Driving to Extinction". livescience.com. Archived from the original on 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
mysterium.com
- "National Survey Reveals Biodiversity Crisis – Scientific Experts Believe We are in Midst of Fastest Mass Extinction in Earth's History". American Museum of Natural History Press Release. 1998. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
nasa.gov
climate.nasa.gov
- Lynch, Patrick (15 December 2011). "Secrets from the past point to rapid climate change in the future". NASA's Earth Science News Team. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
earthobservatory.nasa.gov
- "Deforestation in Malaysian Borneo". NASA. 2009. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
nationalgeographic.com
- Wilcox, Christie (October 17, 2018). "Human-caused extinctions have set mammals back millions of years". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
nationalgeographic.org
education.nationalgeographic.org
- National Geographic Society (June 7, 2019). "Anthropocene". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
coined and made popular by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000.
nature.com
- Gemma, Conroy (December 19, 2023). "Humans might have driven 1,500 bird species to extinction — twice previous estimates". Nature. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- Murali, Gopal; Iwamura, Takuya Iwamura; Meiri, Shai; Roll, Uri (January 18, 2023). "Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates". Nature. 615 (7952): 461–467. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..461M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z. PMID 36653454. S2CID 255974196. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- Tollefson, Jeff (2011-03-25). "The 8,000-year-old climate puzzle". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2011.184. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
- Cheng, Zhongjing; Weng, Chengyu; Steinke, Stephan; Mohtadi, Mahyar (29 October 2018). "Anthropogenic modification of vegetated landscapes in southern China from 6,000 years ago". Nature Geoscience. 11 (12): 939–943. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..939C. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0250-1. S2CID 133729236. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- Holdaway, Richard N.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Jacomb, Christopher; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Beavan, Nancy R.; Bunce, Michael (7 November 2014). "An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5436. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5436H. doi:10.1038/ncomms6436. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25378020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
newscientist.com
- "World's most endangered marine mammal is now down to 10 animals". New Scientist. March 15, 2019. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
newsweek.com
- "Seventh Mass Extinction? Severe and Deadly Event 260 Million Years Ago Discovered by Scientists". Newsweek. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- Osborne, Hannah (April 17, 2020). "Great White Sharks Among Marine Megafauna That Could Go Extinct in Next 100 Years, Study Warns". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
newyorker.com
- Kolbert, Elizabeth (2014-12-22). "The Big Kill". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
nih.gov
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (8 June 2018). "The misunderstood sixth mass extinction". Science. 360 (6393): 1080–1081. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1080C. doi:10.1126/science.aau0191. OCLC 7673137938. PMID 29880679. S2CID 46984172.
- Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752-1–1246752-10. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
- Pimm, Stuart L.; Russell, Gareth J.; Gittleman, John L.; Brooks, Thomas M. (1995). "The Future of Biodiversity". Science. 269 (5222): 347–350. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..347P. doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347. PMID 17841251. S2CID 35154695.
- De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). "Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction" (PDF). Conservation Biology (in Spanish). 29 (2): 452–462. Bibcode:2015ConBi..29..452D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. S2CID 19121609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (19 June 2015). "Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606. PMID 26601195.
All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among the rich), and economic inequity.
- Raven, Peter H.; Chase, Jonathan M.; Pires, J. Chris (2011). "Introduction to special issue on biodiversity". American Journal of Botany. 98 (3): 333–335. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100055. PMID 21613129.
- Rosenberg KV, Dokter AM, Blancher PJ, Sauer JR, Smith AC, Smith PA, Stanton JC, Panjabi A, Helft L, Parr M, Marra PP (2019). "Decline of the North American avifauna". Science. 366 (6461): 120–124. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..120R. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1313. PMID 31604313. S2CID 203719982.
- Barnosky, Anthony D.; Matzke, Nicholas; Tomiya, Susumu; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Swartz, Brian; Quental, Tiago B.; Marshall, Charles; McGuire, Jenny L.; Lindsey, Emily L.; Maguire, Kaitlin C.; Mersey, Ben; Ferrer, Elizabeth A. (3 March 2011). "Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?". Nature. 471 (7336): 51–57. Bibcode:2011Natur.471...51B. doi:10.1038/nature09678. PMID 21368823. S2CID 4424650.
- Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews. 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMC 9786292. PMID 35014169. S2CID 245889833.
Our review lays out arguments clearly demonstrating that there is a biodiversity crisis, quite probably the start of the Sixth Mass Extinction.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487.
The planet has entered the sixth mass extinction.
- Cooke, Rob; Sayol, Ferran; Andermann, Tobias; Blackburn, Tim M.; Steinbauer, Manuel J.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Faurby, Søren (2023-12-19). "Undiscovered bird extinctions obscure the true magnitude of human-driven extinction waves". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 8116. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.8116C. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43445-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10730700. PMID 38114469.
- Darimont, Chris T.; Fox, Caroline H.; Bryan, Heather M.; Reimchen, Thomas E. (21 August 2015). "The unique ecology of human predators". Science. 349 (6250): 858–860. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..858D. doi:10.1126/science.aac4249. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26293961. S2CID 4985359.
- Fricke, Evan C.; Hsieh, Chia; Middleton, Owen; Gorczynski, Daniel; Cappello, Caroline D.; Sanisidro, Oscar; Rowan, John; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Beaudrot, Lydia (August 25, 2022). "Collapse of terrestrial mammal food webs since the Late Pleistocene". Science. 377 (6609): 1008–1011. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1008F. doi:10.1126/science.abn4012. PMID 36007038. S2CID 251843290.
Food webs underwent steep regional declines in complexity through loss of food web links after the arrival and expansion of human populations. We estimate that defaunation has caused a 53% decline in food web links globally.
- Dasgupta, Partha S.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (19 April 2013). "Pervasive Externalities at the Population, Consumption, and Environment Nexus". Science. 340 (6130): 324–328. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..324D. doi:10.1126/science.1224664. PMID 23599486. S2CID 9503728. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6089C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295.
Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly
- Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020). "Scientists' warning on affluence". Nature Communications. 11 (3107): 3107. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3107W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. PMC 7305220. PMID 32561753.
The affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts and are central to any future prospect of retreating to safer environmental conditions . . . It is clear that prevailing capitalist, growth-driven economic systems have not only increased affluence since World War II, but have led to enormous increases in inequality, financial instability, resource consumption and environmental pressures on vital earth support systems.
- Machovina, B.; Feeley, K. J.; Ripple, W. J. (2015). "Biodiversity conservation: The key is reducing meat consumption". Science of the Total Environment. 536: 419–431. Bibcode:2015ScTEn.536..419M. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.022. PMID 26231772.
- Wake, David B.; Vredenburg, Vance T. (2008-08-12). "Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (Suppl 1): 11466–11473. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511466W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801921105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556420. PMID 18695221.
The possibility that a sixth mass extinction spasm is upon us has received much attention. Substantial evidence suggests that an extinction event is underway.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth's history
- Vignieri, S. (25 July 2014). "Vanishing fauna (Special issue)". Science. 345 (6195): 392–412. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..392V. doi:10.1126/science.345.6195.392. PMID 25061199.
- Hull, Pincelli M.; Darroch, Simon A. F.; Erwin, Douglas H. (17 December 2015). "Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems". Nature. 528 (7582): 345–351. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..345H. doi:10.1038/nature16160. PMID 26672552. S2CID 4464936.
- Régnier, Claire; Achaz, Guillaume; Lambert, Amaury; Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (23 June 2015). "Mass extinction in poorly known taxa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (25): 7761–7766. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.7761R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502350112. PMC 4485135. PMID 26056308.
- Murali, Gopal; Iwamura, Takuya Iwamura; Meiri, Shai; Roll, Uri (January 18, 2023). "Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates". Nature. 615 (7952): 461–467. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..461M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z. PMID 36653454. S2CID 255974196. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2023). "Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (39): e2306987120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12006987C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2306987120. PMC 10523489. PMID 37722053.
- Andermann, Tobias; Faurby, Søren; Turvey, Samuel T.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Silvestro, Daniele (September 2020). "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity". Science Advances. 6 (36). eabb2313. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2313A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2313. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7473673. PMID 32917612. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter H. (June 1, 2020). "Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction". PNAS. 117 (24): 13596–13602. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713596C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1922686117. PMC 7306750. PMID 32482862.
- Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (December 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (16 December 2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487. S2CID 254803380.
- Pimm, Stuart; Raven, Peter; Peterson, Alan; Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (18 July 2006). "Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future bird extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10941–10946. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604181103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1544153. PMID 16829570. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
- Finn, Catherine; Grattarola, Florencia; Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel (2023). "More losers than winners: investigating Anthropocene defaunation through the diversity of population trends". Biological Reviews. 98 (5): 1732–1748. doi:10.1111/brv.12974. PMID 37189305. S2CID 258717720.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2022). "Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 377 (1857). doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0378. PMC 9237743. PMID 35757873.
- Jackson, J. B. C. (Aug 2008). "Colloquium paper: ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (Suppl 1): 11458–11465. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511458J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802812105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556419. PMID 18695220.
- Waters, Colin N.; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Summerhayes, Colin; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Poirier, Clément; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Cearreta, Alejandro; Edgeworth, Matt; Ellis, Erle C. (2016-01-08). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene". Science. 351 (6269). aad2622. doi:10.1126/science.aad2622. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26744408. S2CID 206642594.
- Cruzten, P. J. (2002). "Geology of mankind: The Anthropocene". Nature. 415 (6867): 23. Bibcode:2002Natur.415...23C. doi:10.1038/415023a. PMID 11780095. S2CID 9743349.
- Steffen, Will; Persson, Åsa; Deutsch, Lisa; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Richardson, Katherine; Crumley, Carole; Crutzen, Paul; Folke, Carl; Gordon, Line; Molina, Mario; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Svedin, Uno (2011). "The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship". Ambio. 40 (7): 739–761. Bibcode:2011Ambio..40..739S. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x. PMC 3357752. PMID 22338713.
- Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
- Sandom, Christopher; Faurby, Søren; Sandel, Brody; Svenning, Jens-Christian (4 June 2014). "Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1787): 20133254. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3254. PMC 4071532. PMID 24898370.
- Smith, Felisa A.; Elliott Smith, Rosemary E.; Lyons, S. Kathleen; Payne, Jonathan L. (April 20, 2018). "Body size downgrading of mammals over the late Quaternary". Science. 360 (6386): 310–313. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..310S. doi:10.1126/science.aao5987. PMID 29674591.
- Bergman, Juraj; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø; Lundgren, Erick J.; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Monsarrat, Sophie; Pearce, Elena A.; Schierup, Mikkel H.; Svenning, Jens-Christian (24 November 2023). "Worldwide Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene population declines in extant megafauna are associated with Homo sapiens expansion rather than climate change". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7679. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7679B. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43426-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10667484. PMID 37996436.
- Gaston, K.J.; Blackburn, T.N.G.; Klein Goldewijk, K. (2003). "Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1521): 1293–1300. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2303. PMC 1691371. PMID 12816643.
- Teyssèdre, A.; Couvet, D. (2007). "Expected impact of agriculture expansion on the global avifauna". C. R. Biologies. 30 (3): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.01.003. PMID 17434119. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- Firestone RB, West A, Kennett JP, et al. (October 2007). "Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (41): 16016–16021. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10416016F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706977104. PMC 1994902. PMID 17901202.
- Bunch TE, Hermes RE, Moore AM, Kennettd DJ, Weaver JC, Wittke JH, DeCarli PS, Bischoff JL, Hillman GC, Howard GA, Kimbel DR, Kletetschka G, Lipo CP, Sakai S, Revay Z, West A, Firestone RB, Kennett JP (June 2012). "Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (28): E1903–12. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1903B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204453109. PMC 3396500. PMID 22711809.
- Estrada, Alejandro; Garber, Paul A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Roos, Christian; Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo; Di Fiore, Anthony; Anne-Isola Nekaris, K.; Nijman, Vincent; Heymann, Eckhard W.; Lambert, Joanna E.; Rovero, Francesco; Barelli, Claudia; Setchell, Joanna M.; Gillespie, Thomas R.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Arregoitia, Luis Verde; de Guinea, Miguel; Gouveia, Sidney; Dobrovolski, Ricardo; Shanee, Sam; et al. (January 18, 2017). "Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter". Science Advances. 3 (1): e1600946. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0946E. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600946. PMC 5242557. PMID 28116351.
- Duranta, Sarah M.; Mitchell, Nicholas; Groom, Rosemary; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Ipavec, Audrey; Jacobson, Andrew P.; Woodroffe, Rosie; Böhm, Monika; Hunter, Luke T. B.; Becker, Matthew S.; Broekhuis, Femke; Bashir, Sultana; Andresen, Leah; Aschenborn, Ortwin; Beddiaf, Mohammed; Belbachir, Farid; Belbachir-Bazi, Amel; Berbash, Ali; Brandao de Matos Machado, Iracelma; Breitenmoser, Christine; et al. (2016). "The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (3): 1–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1611122114. PMC 5255576. PMID 28028225.
- Albrecht, Jörg; Bartoń, Kamil A.; Selva, Nuria; Sommer, Robert S.; Swenson, Jon E.; Bischof, Richard (4 September 2017). "Humans and climate change drove the Holocene decline of the brown bear". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 10399. Bibcode:2017NatSR...710399A. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10772-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5583342. PMID 28871202.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- Ripple, William J.; Abernethy, Katharine; Betts, Matthew G.; Chapron, Guillaume; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Galetti, Mauro; Levi, Taal; Lindsey, Peter A.; Macdonald, David W.; Machovina, Brian; Newsome, Thomas M.; Peres, Carlos A.; Wallach, Arian D.; Wolf, Christopher; Young, Hillary (2016). "Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 1–16. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360498R. doi:10.1098/rsos.160498. PMC 5098989. PMID 27853564.
- Benítez-López, A.; Alkemade, R.; Schipper, A. M.; Ingram, D. J.; Verweij, P. A.; Eikelboom, J. A. J.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. (April 14, 2017). "The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations". Science. 356 (6334): 180–183. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..180B. doi:10.1126/science.aaj1891. hdl:1874/349694. PMID 28408600. S2CID 19603093.
- Cox, Neil; Young, Bruce E.; et al. (2022). "A global reptile assessment highlights shared conservation needs of tetrapods". Nature. 605 (7909): 285–290. Bibcode:2022Natur.605..285C. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04664-7. PMC 9095493. PMID 35477765.
- Fisher, Diana O.; Blomberg, Simon P. (2011). "Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1708): 1090–1097. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1579. PMC 3049027. PMID 20880890.
- Cooke, Rob; Gearty, William; et al. (2022). "Anthropogenic disruptions to longstanding patterns of trophic-size structure in vertebrates". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (6): 684–692. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..684C. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01726-x. PMID 35449460. S2CID 248323833. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- Venter, Oscar; Atkinson, Scott C.; Possingham, Hugh P.; O’Bryan, Christopher J.; Marco, Moreno Di; Watson, James E. M.; Allan, James R. (12 March 2019). "Hotspots of human impact on threatened terrestrial vertebrates". PLOS Biology. 17 (3): e3000158. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000158. PMC 6413901. PMID 30860989.
- Song, Haijun; Kemp, David B.; Tian, Li; Chu, Daoliang; Song, Huyue; Dai, Xu (4 August 2021). "Thresholds of temperature change for mass extinctions". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4694. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4694S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25019-2. PMC 8338942. PMID 34349121.
- Payne, Jonathan L.; Bush, Andrew M.; Heim, Noel A.; Knope, Matthew L.; McCauley, Douglas J. (2016). "Ecological selectivity of the emerging mass extinction in the oceans". Science. 353 (6305): 1284–1286. Bibcode:2016Sci...353.1284P. doi:10.1126/science.aaf2416. PMID 27629258.
- Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; et al. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..567P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. hdl:10871/124531. PMID 33505035. S2CID 231723355.
- Sherman, C. Samantha; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; et al. (2023). "Half a century of rising extinction risk of coral reef sharks and rays". Nature Communications. 14 (15): 15. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14...15S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35091-x. PMC 9845228. PMID 36650137.
- Scheele, Ben C.; et al. (March 29, 2019). "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity" (PDF). Science. 363 (6434): 1459–1463. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1459S. doi:10.1126/science.aav0379. hdl:1885/160196. PMID 30923224. S2CID 85565860. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- Blehert, D. S.; Hicks, A. C.; Behr, M.; Meteyer, C. U.; Berlowski-Zier, B. M.; Buckles, E. L.; Coleman, J. T. H.; Darling, S. R.; Gargas, A.; Niver, R.; Okoniewski, J. C.; Rudd, R. J.; Stone, W. B. (9 January 2009). "Bat White-Nose Syndrome: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen?". Science. 323 (5911): 227. doi:10.1126/science.1163874. PMID 18974316. S2CID 23869393.
- Cepero, Almudena; Ravoet, Jorgen; Gómez-Moracho, Tamara; Bernal, José Luis; Del Nozal, Maria J.; Bartolomé, Carolina; Maside, Xulio; Meana, Aránzazu; González-Porto, Amelia V.; de Graaf, Dirk C.; Martín-Hernández, Raquel; Higes, Mariano (15 September 2014). "Holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in Spain: a case study". BMC Research Notes. 7: 649. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-649. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 4180541. PMID 25223634.
- Pushkina, D.; Raia, P. (2008). "Human influence on distribution and extinctions of the late Pleistocene Eurasian megafauna". Journal of Human Evolution. 54 (6): 769–782. Bibcode:2008JHumE..54..769P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.09.024. PMID 18199470.
- Mann, Daniel H.; Groves, Pamela; Reanier, Richard E.; Gaglioti, Benjamin V.; Kunz, Michael L.; Shapiro, Beth (2015). "Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (46): 14301–14306. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214301M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516573112. PMC 4655518. PMID 26578776.
- Lambert, C.; Penaud, A.; Vidal, M.; Gandini, C.; Labeyrie, L.; Chavaud, L.; Ehrhold, A. (15 December 2020). "Striking forest revival at the end of the Roman Period in north-western Europe". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21984. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021984L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77253-1. PMC 7738505. PMID 33319781.
- Pitulko, V. V.; Nikolsky, P. A.; Girya, E. Y.; Basilyan, A. E.; Tumskoy, V. E.; Koulakov, S. A.; Astakhov, S. N.; Pavlova, E. Y.; Anisimov, M. A. (2004). "The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum". Science. 303 (5654): 52–56. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...52P. doi:10.1126/science.1085219. PMID 14704419. S2CID 206507352. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Murchie, Tyler J.; Monteath, Alistair J.; Mahony, Matthew E.; Long, George S.; Cocker, Scott; Sadoway, Tara; Karpinski, Emil; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (8 December 2021). "Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7120. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.7120M. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6. PMC 8654998. PMID 34880234.
- Seersholm, Frederik V.; Werndly, Daniel J.; Grealy, Alicia; Johnson, Taryn; Keenan Early, Erin M.; Lundelius Jr., Ernest L.; Winsborough, Barbara; Farr, Grayal Earle; Toomey, Rickard; Hansen, Anders J.; Shapiro, Beth; Waters, Michael R.; McDonald, Gregory; Linderholm, Anna; Stafford Jr., Thomas W.; Bunce, Michael (2 June 2020). "Rapid range shifts and megafaunal extinctions associated with late Pleistocene climate change". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2770. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2770S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16502-3. PMC 7265304. PMID 32488006.
- Louys, Julien; Braje, Todd J.; Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Cosgrove, Richard; Fitzpatrick, Scott M.; Fujita, Masaki; Hawkins, Stuart; Ingicco, Stuart; Kawamura, Ai; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; McDowell, Matthew C.; Meijer, Hanneke J. M.; Piper, Philip J.; Roberts, Patrick; Simmons, Alan H.; Van den Bergh, Gerrit; Van der Geer, Alexandra; Kealy, Shimona; O'Connor, Sue (3 May 2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): 1–8. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
- Turney, Chris S. M.; Flannery, Timothy F.; Roberts, Richard G.; Reid, Craig; Fifield, L. Keith; Higham, Tom F. G.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Kemp, Noel; Colhoun, Eric A. (2008-08-21). "Late-surviving megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, implicate human involvement in their extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34): 12150–12153. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512150T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801360105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2527880. PMID 18719103.
- Miller, Gifford; Magee, John; Smith, Mike; Spooner, Nigel; Baynes, Alexander; Lehman, Scott; Fogel, Marilyn; Johnston, Harvey; Williams, Doug (2016-01-29). "Human predation contributed to the extinction of the Australian megafaunal bird Genyornis newtoni [sim]47 ka". Nature Communications. 7: 10496. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710496M. doi:10.1038/ncomms10496. PMC 4740177. PMID 26823193.
- Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Johnson, Christopher N.; Llewelyn, John; Weisbecker, Vera; Strona, Giovanni; Saltré, Frédérik (30 March 2021). "Relative demographic susceptibility does not explain the extinction chronology of Sahul's megafauna". eLife. 10. Cambridge, UK: eLife Sciences Publications. doi:10.7554/eLife.63870. PMC 8043753. PMID 33783356.
- Steadman, D.W.; Martin, P.S.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Jull, A.J.T.; McDonald, H.G.; Woods, C.A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G.W.L. (2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
- Rando, Juan Carlos; Pieper, Harald; Alcover, Josep Antoni (7 April 2014). "Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1780): 1–5. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3126. PMC 4027395. PMID 24523273.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Willis, Kathy J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (27 September 2021). "Anthropogenic transitions from forested to human-dominated landscapes in southern Macaronesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (40). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11822215C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2022215118. PMC 8501805. PMID 34580208.
- Steadman, D. W. (1995). "Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology". Science. 267 (5201): 1123–1131. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1123S. doi:10.1126/science.267.5201.1123. PMID 17789194. S2CID 9137843.
- Steadman, David W.; Pregill, Gregory K.; Burley, David V. (19 March 2002). "Rapid prehistoric extinction of iguanas and birds in Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (6): 3673–3677. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3673S. doi:10.1073/pnas.072079299. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122582. PMID 11904427.
- Kumar, Lalit; Tehrany, Mahyat Shafapour (13 July 2017). "Climate change impacts on the threatened terrestrial vertebrates of the Pacific Islands". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5030. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5030K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05034-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5509733. PMID 28706225.
- White, Arthur W.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Hawkins, Stuart; Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (16 August 2010). "Megafaunal meiolaniid horned turtles survived until early human settlement in Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (35): 15512–15516. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715512W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005780107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2932593. PMID 20713711.
- Steadman, David W.; Kirch, P. V. (1 December 1990). "Prehistoric extinction of birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (24): 9605–9609. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.9605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9605. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 55221. PMID 11607131.
- Kirch, P V (28 May 1996). "Late Holocene human-induced modifications to a central Polynesian island ecosystem". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (11): 5296–5300. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.5296K. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5296. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 39239. PMID 8643569.
- Steadman, David W.; Olson, Storrs L. (1 September 1985). "Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man-caused extinctions on an "uninhabited" island". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (18): 6191–6195. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.6191S. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.18.6191. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 391018. PMID 16593606.
- Benning, Tracy L.; LaPointe, Dennis; Atkinson, Carter T.; Vitousek, Peter M. (29 October 2002). "Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: Modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (22): 14246–14249. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914246B. doi:10.1073/pnas.162372399. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 137869. PMID 12374870.
- Perez, Ventura R.; Godfrey, Laurie R.; Nowak-Kemp, Malgosia; Burney, David A.; Ratsimbazafy, Jonah; Vasey, Natalia (2005-12-01). "Evidence of early butchery of giant lemurs in Madagascar". Journal of Human Evolution. 49 (6): 722–742. Bibcode:2005JHumE..49..722P. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.004. PMID 16225904.
- Li, Hanying; Sinha, Ashish; André, Aurèle Anquetil; Spötl, Christoph; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Meunier, Arnaud; Kathayat, Gayatri; Duan, Pengzhen; Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G.; Ning, Youfeng; Biswas, Jayant; Hu, Peng; Li, Xianglei; Sha, Lijuan; Zhao, Jingyao; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai (16 October 2020). "A multimillennial climatic context for the megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar and Mascarene Islands". Science Advances. 6 (42): 1–13. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2459L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2459. PMC 7567594. PMID 33067226. S2CID 222811671.
- Godfrey, Laurie R.; Scroxton, Nick; Crowley, Brooke E.; Burns, Stephen J.; Sutherland, Michael R.; Pérez, Ventura R.; Faina, Peterson; McGee, David; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa (May 2019). "A new interpretation of Madagascar's megafaunal decline: The "Subsistence Shift Hypothesis"". Journal of Human Evolution. 130: 126–140. Bibcode:2019JHumE.130..126G. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.002. PMID 31010539. S2CID 128362254.
- Hixon, Sean W.; Douglass, Kristina G.; Crowley, Brooke E.; Rakotozafy, Lucien Marie Aimé; Clark, Geoffrey; Anderson, Atholl; Haberle, Simon; Ranaivoarisoa, Jean Freddy; Buckley, Michael; Fidiarisoa, Salomon; Mbola, Balzac; Kennett, Douglas J. (21 July 2021). "Late Holocene spread of pastoralism coincides with endemic megafaunal extinction on Madagascar". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 288 (1955): 1–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1204. PMC 8292765. PMID 34284627.
- Hixon, Sean W.; Domic, Alejandra I.; Douglass, Kristina G.; Roberts, Patrick; Eccles, Laurie; Buckley, Michael; Ivory, Sarah; Noe, Sarah; Kennett, Douglas J. (22 November 2022). "Cutmarked bone of drought-tolerant extinct megafauna deposited with traces of fire, human foraging, and introduced animals in SW Madagascar". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18504. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218504H. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22980-w. PMC 9681754. PMID 36414654.
- Allentoft, Morten Erik; Heller, Rasmus; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Hale, Marie L.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Jacomb, Christopher; Holdaway, Richard N.; Bunce, Michael (17 March 2014). "Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (13): 4922–4927. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4922A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314972111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3977255. PMID 24639531.
- Holdaway, Richard N.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Jacomb, Christopher; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Beavan, Nancy R.; Bunce, Michael (7 November 2014). "An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5436. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5436H. doi:10.1038/ncomms6436. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25378020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- Lafferty, Kevin D.; Hopkins, Skylar R. (13 February 2018). "Unique parasite aDNA in moa coprolites from New Zealand suggests mass parasite extinctions followed human-induced megafauna extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (7): 1411–1413. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1411L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1722598115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5816219. PMID 29440435.
- Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.84557166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID 35803428. S2CID 250387801. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- Brashares, Justin S.; Arcese, Peter; Sam, Moses K. (2001). "Human demography and reserve size predict wildlife extinction in West Africa". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 268 (1484): 2473–2478. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1815. JSTOR 3067753. PMC 1088902. PMID 11747566.
- Marques, Alexandra; Martins, Inês S.; Kastner, Thomas; Plutzar, Christoph; Theurl, Michaela C.; Eisenmenger, Nina; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Wood, Richard; Stadler, Konstanin; Bruckner, Martin; Canelas, Joana; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Tukker, Arnold; Erb, Karlheinz; Pereira, Henrique M. (4 March 2019). "Increasing impacts of land use on biodiversity and carbon sequestration driven by population and economic growth". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (4): 628–637. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..628M. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0824-3. PMC 6443044. PMID 30833755.
- Noss R, Dobson A, Baldwin R, Beier P, Davis C, Dellasala D, Francis J, Locke H, Nowak K, Lopez R, Reining C, Trombulak S, Tabor G (2012). "Bolder thinking for conservation". Conservation Biology. 26 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:2012ConBi..26....1N. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01738.x. PMID 22280321. S2CID 44550790.
- Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert (21 April 2017). "The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection". Science. 356 (6335): 260–264. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..260C. doi:10.1126/science.aal2011. PMID 28428391. S2CID 12770178. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- Dodson, Jenna C.; Dérer, Patrícia; Cafaro, Philip; Götmark, Frank (15 December 2020). "Population growth and climate change: Addressing the overlooked threat multiplier". Science of the Total Environment. 748: 141346. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.74841346D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141346. PMID 33113687. S2CID 225035992. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- Baillie, Jonathan; Ya-Ping, Zhang (September 14, 2018). "Space for nature". Science. 361 (6407): 1051. Bibcode:2018Sci...361.1051B. doi:10.1126/science.aau1397. PMID 30213888.
- Allan, James R.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Atkinson, Scott C.; Waldron, Anthony; et al. (2 June 2022). "The minimum land area requiring conservation attention to safeguard biodiversity". Science. 376 (6597): 1094–1101. Bibcode:2022Sci...376.1094A. doi:10.1126/science.abl9127. hdl:11573/1640006. PMID 35653463. S2CID 233423065.
- Rounsevell M, Harfoot M, Harrison P, Newbold T, Gregory R, Mace G (June 12, 2020). "A biodiversity target based on species extinctions". Science. 368 (6496): 1193–1195. Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1193R. doi:10.1126/science.aba6592. PMID 32527821. S2CID 219585428. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020 – via UCL Discovery.
- "Fewer than 20 extinctions a year: does the world need a single target for biodiversity?". Editorial. Nature. 583 (7814): 7–8. June 30, 2020. Bibcode:2020Natur.583....7.. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-01936-y. PMID 32606472.
ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Barnosky, Anthony D.; García, Andrés; Pringle, Robert M.; Palmer, Todd M. (19 June 2015). "Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction". Science Advances. 1 (5): e1400253. Bibcode:2015SciA....1E0253C. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1400253. PMC 4640606. PMID 26601195.
All of these are related to human population size and growth, which increases consumption (especially among the rich), and economic inequity.
- Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews. 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMC 9786292. PMID 35014169. S2CID 245889833.
Our review lays out arguments clearly demonstrating that there is a biodiversity crisis, quite probably the start of the Sixth Mass Extinction.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487.
The planet has entered the sixth mass extinction.
- Cooke, Rob; Sayol, Ferran; Andermann, Tobias; Blackburn, Tim M.; Steinbauer, Manuel J.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Faurby, Søren (2023-12-19). "Undiscovered bird extinctions obscure the true magnitude of human-driven extinction waves". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 8116. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.8116C. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43445-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10730700. PMID 38114469.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dirzo, Rodolfo (23 May 2017). "Biological annihilation via the ongoing sixth mass extinction signaled by vertebrate population losses and declines". PNAS. 114 (30): E6089–E6096. Bibcode:2017PNAS..114E6089C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1704949114. PMC 5544311. PMID 28696295.
Much less frequently mentioned are, however, the ultimate drivers of those immediate causes of biotic destruction, namely, human overpopulation and continued population growth, and overconsumption, especially by the rich. These drivers, all of which trace to the fiction that perpetual growth can occur on a finite planet, are themselves increasing rapidly
- Wiedmann, Thomas; Lenzen, Manfred; Keyßer, Lorenz T.; Steinberger, Julia K. (2020). "Scientists' warning on affluence". Nature Communications. 11 (3107): 3107. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3107W. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y. PMC 7305220. PMID 32561753.
The affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts and are central to any future prospect of retreating to safer environmental conditions . . . It is clear that prevailing capitalist, growth-driven economic systems have not only increased affluence since World War II, but have led to enormous increases in inequality, financial instability, resource consumption and environmental pressures on vital earth support systems.
- Wake, David B.; Vredenburg, Vance T. (2008-08-12). "Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (Suppl 1): 11466–11473. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511466W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801921105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556420. PMID 18695221.
The possibility that a sixth mass extinction spasm is upon us has received much attention. Substantial evidence suggests that an extinction event is underway.
- Régnier, Claire; Achaz, Guillaume; Lambert, Amaury; Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (23 June 2015). "Mass extinction in poorly known taxa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (25): 7761–7766. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.7761R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502350112. PMC 4485135. PMID 26056308.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2023). "Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 120 (39): e2306987120. Bibcode:2023PNAS..12006987C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2306987120. PMC 10523489. PMID 37722053.
- Andermann, Tobias; Faurby, Søren; Turvey, Samuel T.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Silvestro, Daniele (September 2020). "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity". Science Advances. 6 (36). eabb2313. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2313A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2313. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7473673. PMID 32917612. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Raven, Peter H. (June 1, 2020). "Vertebrates on the brink as indicators of biological annihilation and the sixth mass extinction". PNAS. 117 (24): 13596–13602. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11713596C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1922686117. PMC 7306750. PMID 32482862.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (16 December 2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487. S2CID 254803380.
- Pimm, Stuart; Raven, Peter; Peterson, Alan; Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (18 July 2006). "Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future bird extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10941–10946. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604181103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1544153. PMID 16829570. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (2022). "Circling the drain: the extinction crisis and the future of humanity". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 377 (1857). doi:10.1098/rstb.2021.0378. PMC 9237743. PMID 35757873.
- Jackson, J. B. C. (Aug 2008). "Colloquium paper: ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (Suppl 1): 11458–11465. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511458J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802812105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556419. PMID 18695220.
- Steffen, Will; Persson, Åsa; Deutsch, Lisa; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Williams, Mark; Richardson, Katherine; Crumley, Carole; Crutzen, Paul; Folke, Carl; Gordon, Line; Molina, Mario; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Rockström, Johan; Scheffer, Marten; Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim; Svedin, Uno (2011). "The Anthropocene: From Global Change to Planetary Stewardship". Ambio. 40 (7): 739–761. Bibcode:2011Ambio..40..739S. doi:10.1007/s13280-011-0185-x. PMC 3357752. PMID 22338713.
- Bar-On, Yinon M.; Phillips, Rob; Milo, Ron (2018). "The biomass distribution on Earth". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (25): 6506–6511. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.6506B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711842115. PMC 6016768. PMID 29784790.
- Sandom, Christopher; Faurby, Søren; Sandel, Brody; Svenning, Jens-Christian (4 June 2014). "Global late Quaternary megafauna extinctions linked to humans, not climate change". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1787): 20133254. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3254. PMC 4071532. PMID 24898370.
- Bergman, Juraj; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø; Lundgren, Erick J.; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Monsarrat, Sophie; Pearce, Elena A.; Schierup, Mikkel H.; Svenning, Jens-Christian (24 November 2023). "Worldwide Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene population declines in extant megafauna are associated with Homo sapiens expansion rather than climate change". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7679. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7679B. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43426-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10667484. PMID 37996436.
- Gaston, K.J.; Blackburn, T.N.G.; Klein Goldewijk, K. (2003). "Habitat conversion and global avian biodiversity loss". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 270 (1521): 1293–1300. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2303. PMC 1691371. PMID 12816643.
- Firestone RB, West A, Kennett JP, et al. (October 2007). "Evidence for an extraterrestrial impact 12,900 years ago that contributed to the megafaunal extinctions and the Younger Dryas cooling". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (41): 16016–16021. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10416016F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706977104. PMC 1994902. PMID 17901202.
- Bunch TE, Hermes RE, Moore AM, Kennettd DJ, Weaver JC, Wittke JH, DeCarli PS, Bischoff JL, Hillman GC, Howard GA, Kimbel DR, Kletetschka G, Lipo CP, Sakai S, Revay Z, West A, Firestone RB, Kennett JP (June 2012). "Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (28): E1903–12. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1903B. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204453109. PMC 3396500. PMID 22711809.
- Estrada, Alejandro; Garber, Paul A.; Rylands, Anthony B.; Roos, Christian; Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo; Di Fiore, Anthony; Anne-Isola Nekaris, K.; Nijman, Vincent; Heymann, Eckhard W.; Lambert, Joanna E.; Rovero, Francesco; Barelli, Claudia; Setchell, Joanna M.; Gillespie, Thomas R.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Arregoitia, Luis Verde; de Guinea, Miguel; Gouveia, Sidney; Dobrovolski, Ricardo; Shanee, Sam; et al. (January 18, 2017). "Impending extinction crisis of the world's primates: Why primates matter". Science Advances. 3 (1): e1600946. Bibcode:2017SciA....3E0946E. doi:10.1126/sciadv.1600946. PMC 5242557. PMID 28116351.
- Duranta, Sarah M.; Mitchell, Nicholas; Groom, Rosemary; Pettorelli, Nathalie; Ipavec, Audrey; Jacobson, Andrew P.; Woodroffe, Rosie; Böhm, Monika; Hunter, Luke T. B.; Becker, Matthew S.; Broekhuis, Femke; Bashir, Sultana; Andresen, Leah; Aschenborn, Ortwin; Beddiaf, Mohammed; Belbachir, Farid; Belbachir-Bazi, Amel; Berbash, Ali; Brandao de Matos Machado, Iracelma; Breitenmoser, Christine; et al. (2016). "The global decline of cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and what it means for conservation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (3): 1–6. doi:10.1073/pnas.1611122114. PMC 5255576. PMID 28028225.
- Albrecht, Jörg; Bartoń, Kamil A.; Selva, Nuria; Sommer, Robert S.; Swenson, Jon E.; Bischof, Richard (4 September 2017). "Humans and climate change drove the Holocene decline of the brown bear". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 10399. Bibcode:2017NatSR...710399A. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10772-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5583342. PMID 28871202.
- Ripple, William J.; Abernethy, Katharine; Betts, Matthew G.; Chapron, Guillaume; Dirzo, Rodolfo; Galetti, Mauro; Levi, Taal; Lindsey, Peter A.; Macdonald, David W.; Machovina, Brian; Newsome, Thomas M.; Peres, Carlos A.; Wallach, Arian D.; Wolf, Christopher; Young, Hillary (2016). "Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals". Royal Society Open Science. 3 (10): 1–16. Bibcode:2016RSOS....360498R. doi:10.1098/rsos.160498. PMC 5098989. PMID 27853564.
- Cox, Neil; Young, Bruce E.; et al. (2022). "A global reptile assessment highlights shared conservation needs of tetrapods". Nature. 605 (7909): 285–290. Bibcode:2022Natur.605..285C. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04664-7. PMC 9095493. PMID 35477765.
- Fisher, Diana O.; Blomberg, Simon P. (2011). "Correlates of rediscovery and the detectability of extinction in mammals". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 278 (1708): 1090–1097. doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1579. PMC 3049027. PMID 20880890.
- Venter, Oscar; Atkinson, Scott C.; Possingham, Hugh P.; O’Bryan, Christopher J.; Marco, Moreno Di; Watson, James E. M.; Allan, James R. (12 March 2019). "Hotspots of human impact on threatened terrestrial vertebrates". PLOS Biology. 17 (3): e3000158. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000158. PMC 6413901. PMID 30860989.
- Song, Haijun; Kemp, David B.; Tian, Li; Chu, Daoliang; Song, Huyue; Dai, Xu (4 August 2021). "Thresholds of temperature change for mass extinctions". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 4694. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.4694S. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25019-2. PMC 8338942. PMID 34349121.
- Sherman, C. Samantha; Simpfendorfer, Colin A.; et al. (2023). "Half a century of rising extinction risk of coral reef sharks and rays". Nature Communications. 14 (15): 15. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14...15S. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35091-x. PMC 9845228. PMID 36650137.
- Cepero, Almudena; Ravoet, Jorgen; Gómez-Moracho, Tamara; Bernal, José Luis; Del Nozal, Maria J.; Bartolomé, Carolina; Maside, Xulio; Meana, Aránzazu; González-Porto, Amelia V.; de Graaf, Dirk C.; Martín-Hernández, Raquel; Higes, Mariano (15 September 2014). "Holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in Spain: a case study". BMC Research Notes. 7: 649. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-649. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 4180541. PMID 25223634.
- Mann, Daniel H.; Groves, Pamela; Reanier, Richard E.; Gaglioti, Benjamin V.; Kunz, Michael L.; Shapiro, Beth (2015). "Life and extinction of megafauna in the ice-age Arctic". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (46): 14301–14306. Bibcode:2015PNAS..11214301M. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516573112. PMC 4655518. PMID 26578776.
- Lambert, C.; Penaud, A.; Vidal, M.; Gandini, C.; Labeyrie, L.; Chavaud, L.; Ehrhold, A. (15 December 2020). "Striking forest revival at the end of the Roman Period in north-western Europe". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 21984. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021984L. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77253-1. PMC 7738505. PMID 33319781.
- Murchie, Tyler J.; Monteath, Alistair J.; Mahony, Matthew E.; Long, George S.; Cocker, Scott; Sadoway, Tara; Karpinski, Emil; Zazula, Grant; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; Froese, Duane; Poinar, Hendrik N. (8 December 2021). "Collapse of the mammoth-steppe in central Yukon as revealed by ancient environmental DNA". Nature Communications. 12 (1): 7120. Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.7120M. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27439-6. PMC 8654998. PMID 34880234.
- Seersholm, Frederik V.; Werndly, Daniel J.; Grealy, Alicia; Johnson, Taryn; Keenan Early, Erin M.; Lundelius Jr., Ernest L.; Winsborough, Barbara; Farr, Grayal Earle; Toomey, Rickard; Hansen, Anders J.; Shapiro, Beth; Waters, Michael R.; McDonald, Gregory; Linderholm, Anna; Stafford Jr., Thomas W.; Bunce, Michael (2 June 2020). "Rapid range shifts and megafaunal extinctions associated with late Pleistocene climate change". Nature Communications. 11 (1): 2770. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.2770S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16502-3. PMC 7265304. PMID 32488006.
- Louys, Julien; Braje, Todd J.; Chang, Chun-Hsiang; Cosgrove, Richard; Fitzpatrick, Scott M.; Fujita, Masaki; Hawkins, Stuart; Ingicco, Stuart; Kawamura, Ai; MacPhee, Ross D. E.; McDowell, Matthew C.; Meijer, Hanneke J. M.; Piper, Philip J.; Roberts, Patrick; Simmons, Alan H.; Van den Bergh, Gerrit; Van der Geer, Alexandra; Kealy, Shimona; O'Connor, Sue (3 May 2021). "No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (20): 1–8. Bibcode:2021PNAS..11823005L. doi:10.1073/pnas.2023005118. PMC 8157961. PMID 33941645.
- Turney, Chris S. M.; Flannery, Timothy F.; Roberts, Richard G.; Reid, Craig; Fifield, L. Keith; Higham, Tom F. G.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Kemp, Noel; Colhoun, Eric A. (2008-08-21). "Late-surviving megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, implicate human involvement in their extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34): 12150–12153. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512150T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801360105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2527880. PMID 18719103.
- Miller, Gifford; Magee, John; Smith, Mike; Spooner, Nigel; Baynes, Alexander; Lehman, Scott; Fogel, Marilyn; Johnston, Harvey; Williams, Doug (2016-01-29). "Human predation contributed to the extinction of the Australian megafaunal bird Genyornis newtoni [sim]47 ka". Nature Communications. 7: 10496. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710496M. doi:10.1038/ncomms10496. PMC 4740177. PMID 26823193.
- Bradshaw, Corey J. A.; Johnson, Christopher N.; Llewelyn, John; Weisbecker, Vera; Strona, Giovanni; Saltré, Frédérik (30 March 2021). "Relative demographic susceptibility does not explain the extinction chronology of Sahul's megafauna". eLife. 10. Cambridge, UK: eLife Sciences Publications. doi:10.7554/eLife.63870. PMC 8043753. PMID 33783356.
- Steadman, D.W.; Martin, P.S.; MacPhee, R.D.E.; Jull, A.J.T.; McDonald, H.G.; Woods, C.A.; Iturralde-Vinent, M.; Hodgins, G.W.L. (2005). "Asynchronous extinction of late Quaternary sloths on continents and islands". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (33): 11763–11768. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10211763S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0502777102. PMC 1187974. PMID 16085711.
- Rando, Juan Carlos; Pieper, Harald; Alcover, Josep Antoni (7 April 2014). "Radiocarbon evidence for the presence of mice on Madeira Island (North Atlantic) one millennium ago". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 281 (1780): 1–5. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.3126. PMC 4027395. PMID 24523273.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Willis, Kathy J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (27 September 2021). "Anthropogenic transitions from forested to human-dominated landscapes in southern Macaronesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 118 (40). Bibcode:2021PNAS..11822215C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2022215118. PMC 8501805. PMID 34580208.
- Steadman, David W.; Pregill, Gregory K.; Burley, David V. (19 March 2002). "Rapid prehistoric extinction of iguanas and birds in Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (6): 3673–3677. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3673S. doi:10.1073/pnas.072079299. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122582. PMID 11904427.
- Kumar, Lalit; Tehrany, Mahyat Shafapour (13 July 2017). "Climate change impacts on the threatened terrestrial vertebrates of the Pacific Islands". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5030. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5030K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05034-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5509733. PMID 28706225.
- White, Arthur W.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Hawkins, Stuart; Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (16 August 2010). "Megafaunal meiolaniid horned turtles survived until early human settlement in Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (35): 15512–15516. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715512W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005780107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2932593. PMID 20713711.
- Steadman, David W.; Kirch, P. V. (1 December 1990). "Prehistoric extinction of birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (24): 9605–9609. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.9605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9605. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 55221. PMID 11607131.
- Kirch, P V (28 May 1996). "Late Holocene human-induced modifications to a central Polynesian island ecosystem". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (11): 5296–5300. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.5296K. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5296. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 39239. PMID 8643569.
- Steadman, David W.; Olson, Storrs L. (1 September 1985). "Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man-caused extinctions on an "uninhabited" island". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (18): 6191–6195. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.6191S. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.18.6191. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 391018. PMID 16593606.
- Benning, Tracy L.; LaPointe, Dennis; Atkinson, Carter T.; Vitousek, Peter M. (29 October 2002). "Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: Modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (22): 14246–14249. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914246B. doi:10.1073/pnas.162372399. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 137869. PMID 12374870.
- Li, Hanying; Sinha, Ashish; André, Aurèle Anquetil; Spötl, Christoph; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Meunier, Arnaud; Kathayat, Gayatri; Duan, Pengzhen; Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G.; Ning, Youfeng; Biswas, Jayant; Hu, Peng; Li, Xianglei; Sha, Lijuan; Zhao, Jingyao; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai (16 October 2020). "A multimillennial climatic context for the megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar and Mascarene Islands". Science Advances. 6 (42): 1–13. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2459L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2459. PMC 7567594. PMID 33067226. S2CID 222811671.
- Hixon, Sean W.; Douglass, Kristina G.; Crowley, Brooke E.; Rakotozafy, Lucien Marie Aimé; Clark, Geoffrey; Anderson, Atholl; Haberle, Simon; Ranaivoarisoa, Jean Freddy; Buckley, Michael; Fidiarisoa, Salomon; Mbola, Balzac; Kennett, Douglas J. (21 July 2021). "Late Holocene spread of pastoralism coincides with endemic megafaunal extinction on Madagascar". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 288 (1955): 1–10. doi:10.1098/rspb.2021.1204. PMC 8292765. PMID 34284627.
- Hixon, Sean W.; Domic, Alejandra I.; Douglass, Kristina G.; Roberts, Patrick; Eccles, Laurie; Buckley, Michael; Ivory, Sarah; Noe, Sarah; Kennett, Douglas J. (22 November 2022). "Cutmarked bone of drought-tolerant extinct megafauna deposited with traces of fire, human foraging, and introduced animals in SW Madagascar". Scientific Reports. 12 (1): 18504. Bibcode:2022NatSR..1218504H. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22980-w. PMC 9681754. PMID 36414654.
- Allentoft, Morten Erik; Heller, Rasmus; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Hale, Marie L.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Jacomb, Christopher; Holdaway, Richard N.; Bunce, Michael (17 March 2014). "Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (13): 4922–4927. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4922A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314972111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3977255. PMID 24639531.
- Lafferty, Kevin D.; Hopkins, Skylar R. (13 February 2018). "Unique parasite aDNA in moa coprolites from New Zealand suggests mass parasite extinctions followed human-induced megafauna extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (7): 1411–1413. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1411L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1722598115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5816219. PMID 29440435.
- Brashares, Justin S.; Arcese, Peter; Sam, Moses K. (2001). "Human demography and reserve size predict wildlife extinction in West Africa". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 268 (1484): 2473–2478. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1815. JSTOR 3067753. PMC 1088902. PMID 11747566.
- Marques, Alexandra; Martins, Inês S.; Kastner, Thomas; Plutzar, Christoph; Theurl, Michaela C.; Eisenmenger, Nina; Huijbregts, Mark A. J.; Wood, Richard; Stadler, Konstanin; Bruckner, Martin; Canelas, Joana; Hilbers, Jelle P.; Tukker, Arnold; Erb, Karlheinz; Pereira, Henrique M. (4 March 2019). "Increasing impacts of land use on biodiversity and carbon sequestration driven by population and economic growth". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (4): 628–637. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3..628M. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0824-3. PMC 6443044. PMID 30833755.
npr.org
- Torres, Luisa (September 23, 2019). "When We Love Our Food So Much That It Goes Extinct". NPR. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
nytimes.com
nytimes.com
- Plumer, Brad (May 6, 2019). "Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2022-01-03. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
"Human actions threaten more species with global extinction now than ever before," the report concludes, estimating that "around 1 million species already face extinction, many within decades, unless action is taken."
- Einhorn, Catrin (October 12, 2022). "Researchers Report a Staggering Decline in Wildlife. Here's How to Understand It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- Rosenthal, Elisabeth (31 January 2007). "Once a Dream Fuel, Palm Oil May Be an Eco-Nightmare". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
- "African Elephant Population Dropped 30 Percent in 7 Years". The New York Times. September 1, 2016. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
- Einhorn, Catrin (January 27, 2021). "Shark Populations Are Crashing, With a 'Very Small Window' to Avert Disaster". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- Einhorn, Catrin (December 19, 2022). "Nearly Every Country Signs On to a Sweeping Deal to Protect Nature". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
The United States is just one of two countries in the world that are not party to the Convention on Biological Diversity, largely because Republicans, who are typically opposed to joining treaties, have blocked United States membership. That means the American delegation was required to participate from the sidelines. (The only other country that has not joined the treaty is the Holy See.)
green.blogs.nytimes.com
- Li, Sophia (2012-09-20). "Has Plant Life Reached Its Limits?". Green Blog. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
- Li, S. (2012). "Has Plant Life Reached Its Limits?". New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- Foster, Joanna M. (1 May 2012). "A Grim Portrait of Palm Oil Emissions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
oceanconservancy.org
- "Plastics in the Ocean". Ocean Conservancy. 2017-03-07. Archived from the original on 2021-02-20. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
orbooks.com
- Dawson, Ashley (2016). Extinction: A Radical History. OR Books. pp. 41, 100–101. ISBN 978-1-944869-01-4. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
oregonstate.edu
scientistswarning.forestry.oregonstate.edu
- Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" (PDF). BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
- Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.84557166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID 35803428. S2CID 250387801. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
ornl.gov
esd.ornl.gov
- Adams, Jonathan M. (1997). "Global land environments since the last interglacial". Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
oup.com
academic.oup.com
- Briggs, John C (October 2017). "Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063. ISSN 0024-4066. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
- Briggs, John C. (12 May 2017). "Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- Teixeira, Dinarte; Groh, Klaus; Yanes, Yurena; Pokryszko, Beata M.; Silva, Isamberto; Cameron, Robert A. D. (7 May 2022). "Late Quaternary land snail faunas of the Desertas Islands (Madeira): high diversity and endemism followed by recent impoverishment and extinction". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 88 (2). doi:10.1093/mollus/eyac010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
global.oup.com
- Harvey, David (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0199283279. Archived from the original on 2021-11-28. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
ourworldindata.org
- Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2021-04-15). "Habitat Loss". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
phys.org
- "Research shows catastrophic invertebrate extinction in Hawai'i and globally". Phys.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
pnas.org
- Pimm, Stuart; Raven, Peter; Peterson, Alan; Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (18 July 2006). "Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future bird extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10941–10946. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604181103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1544153. PMID 16829570. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
popularmechanics.com
- Newcomb, Tim (January 18, 2023). "Supercomputer Says 27% of Life on Earth Will Be Dead by the End of This Century". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
psu.edu
citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
- Ruddiman, W. F. (2003). "The anthropogenic greenhouse gas era began thousands of years ago" (PDF). Climatic Change. 61 (3): 261–293. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.651.2119. doi:10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa. S2CID 2501894. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-03.
- Vitousek, P. M.; Mooney, H. A.; Lubchenco, J.; Melillo, J. M. (1997). "Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems". Science. 277 (5325): 494–499. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.6529. doi:10.1126/science.277.5325.494. S2CID 8610995.
publishing.service.gov.uk
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk
- Dasgupta, Partha (2021). "The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages" (PDF). UK government. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
Biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history. Current extinction rates, for example, are around 100 to 1,000 times higher than the baseline rate, and they are increasing.
researchgate.net
- Marine Extinctions: Patterns and Processes – an overview. 2013. CIESM Monograph 45 [1]
- Ochoa-Ochoa, L.; Whittaker, R. J.; Ladle, R. J. (2013). "The demise of the golden toad and the creation of a climate change icon species". Conservation and Society. 11 (3): 291–319. doi:10.4103/0972-4923.121034.
- Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert (21 April 2017). "The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection". Science. 356 (6335): 260–264. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..260C. doi:10.1126/science.aal2011. PMID 28428391. S2CID 12770178. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
reuters.com
- "Measuring extinction, species by species". Reuters. 2008-11-06. Archived from the original on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
royalholloway.ac.uk
pure.royalholloway.ac.uk
- Elias, S. A.; Schreve, D. C. (2013). "Late Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions" (PDF). Vertebrate Records. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 700–711.[dead link]
sagepub.com
journals.sagepub.com
- Stevenson, Janelle (September 2004). "A late-Holocene record of human impact from the southwest coast of New Caledonia". The Holocene. 14 (6): 888–898. Bibcode:2004Holoc..14..888S. doi:10.1191/0959-683604hl755rp. S2CID 44797352. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Sage Journals.
- Prebble, Matthew; Anderson, Atholl; Kennett, Douglas J (18 September 2012). "Forest clearance and agricultural expansion on Rapa, Austral Archipelago, French Polynesia". The Holocene. 23 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1177/0959683612455551. ISSN 0959-6836. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Sage Journals.
salon.com
- Rozsa, Matthew (September 19, 2023). "Experts warn of a "biological holocaust" as human-caused extinction "mutilates" the tree of life". Salon.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
science.org
- Dasgupta, Partha S.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (19 April 2013). "Pervasive Externalities at the Population, Consumption, and Environment Nexus". Science. 340 (6130): 324–328. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..324D. doi:10.1126/science.1224664. PMID 23599486. S2CID 9503728. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Stokstad, Erik (5 May 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature". Science. AAAS. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use—principally agriculture—that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change, pollution, and invasive species, which are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)
- Pennisi, Elizabeth (October 18, 2016). "People are hunting primates, bats, and other mammals to extinction". Science. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
- Morell, Virginia (August 11, 2015). "Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns". Science. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- Morell, Virginia (February 1, 2017). "World's most endangered marine mammal down to 30 individuals". Science. Retrieved February 3, 2017.
- Pitulko, V. V.; Nikolsky, P. A.; Girya, E. Y.; Basilyan, A. E.; Tumskoy, V. E.; Koulakov, S. A.; Astakhov, S. N.; Pavlova, E. Y.; Anisimov, M. A. (2004). "The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum". Science. 303 (5654): 52–56. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...52P. doi:10.1126/science.1085219. PMID 14704419. S2CID 206507352. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
sciencedaily.com
- University of Colorado at Boulder (January 29, 2016). "Ancient extinction of giant Australian bird points to humans". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
sciencedirect.com
- Chen, Xuefei; D'Olivo, Juan Pablo; Wei, Gangjian; McCulloch, Malcolm (15 August 2019). "Anthropogenic ocean warming and acidification recorded by Sr/Ca, Li/Mg, δ11B and B/Ca in Porites coral from the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 528: 50–59. Bibcode:2019PPP...528...50C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.033. S2CID 155148474. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Gil-García, María José; Ruiz-Zapata, Blanca; Ortiz, José E.; Torres, Trinidad; Ros, Milagros; Ramallo, Sebastián; López-Cilla, Ignacio; Galán, Luis A.; Sánchez-Palencia, Yolanda; Manteca, Ignacio; Rodríguez-Estrella, Tomás; Blázquez, Ana; Gómez-Borrego, Ángeles (1 March 2022). "Paleoenvironmental variability and anthropic influence during the last 7300 years in the western Mediterranean based on the pollen record of Cartagena Bay, SE Spain". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 589: 110839. Bibcode:2022PPP...58910839G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110839. hdl:20.500.12466/3874. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- Góis-Marques, C. A.; Rubiales, J. M.; De Nascimento, L.; Menezes de Sequeira, M.; Fernández-Palacios, J. M.; Madeira, J. (February 2020). "Oceanic Island forests buried by Holocene (Meghalayan) explosive eruptions: palaeobiodiversity in pre-anthropic volcanic charcoal from Faial Island (Azores, Portugal) and its palaeoecological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 273: 104116. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.27304116G. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104116. hdl:10400.13/4177. S2CID 210280909. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Richter, Nora; Russell, James M.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda; DeGroff, Wylie; Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Gonçalves, Vítor; De Boer, Erik J.; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Hernández, Armand; Benavente, Mario; Ritter, Catarina; Sáez, Alberto; Bao, Roberto; Trigo, Ricardo M.; Prego, Ricardo; Giralt, Santiago (1 June 2022). "Long-term hydroclimate variability in the sub-tropical North Atlantic and anthropogenic impacts on lake ecosystems: A case study from Flores Island, the Azores". Quaternary Science Reviews. 285: 107525. Bibcode:2022QSRv..28507525R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107525. hdl:10261/269568. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Mitchell, Ria L.; de Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Madeira, José; Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel (February 2019). "Eurya stigmosa (Theaceae), a new and extinct record for the Calabrian stage of Madeira Island (Portugal): 40Ar/39Ar dating, palaeoecological and oceanic island palaeobiogeographical implications". Quaternary Science Reviews. 206: 129–140. Bibcode:2019QSRv..206..129G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.008. hdl:10400.13/4182. S2CID 134725615. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Fonville, Thierry; Whittaker, Robert J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (15 June 2019). "Late Holocene environmental change and the anthropization of the highlands of Santo Antão Island, Cabo Verde". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 524: 101–117. Bibcode:2019PPP...524..101C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.033. S2CID 120143295. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- O'Sullivan, Jane N. (June 2020). "The social and environmental influences of population growth rate and demographic pressure deserve greater attention in ecological economics". Ecological Economics. 172: 106648. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.17206648O. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106648. S2CID 216368140. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- McKee, Jeffrey K.; Sciulli, Paul W.; Fooce, C. David; Waite, Thomas A. (January 2004). "Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth". Biological Conservation. 115 (1): 161–164. Bibcode:2004BCons.115..161M. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00099-5. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Dodson, Jenna C.; Dérer, Patrícia; Cafaro, Philip; Götmark, Frank (15 December 2020). "Population growth and climate change: Addressing the overlooked threat multiplier". Science of the Total Environment. 748: 141346. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.74841346D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141346. PMID 33113687. S2CID 225035992. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
scientificamerican.com
blogs.scientificamerican.com
- Platt, John R. (October 25, 2011). "Poachers Drive Javan Rhino to Extinction in Vietnam [Updated]". Scientific American. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
scientificamerican.com
- Dickie, Gloria (September 15, 2020). "Global Biodiversity Is in Free Fall". Scientific American. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
semanticscholar.org
api.semanticscholar.org
- Wagler, Ron (2011). "The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators". The American Biology Teacher. 73 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5. S2CID 86352610. Archived from the original on 2022-02-05.
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (8 June 2018). "The misunderstood sixth mass extinction". Science. 360 (6393): 1080–1081. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1080C. doi:10.1126/science.aau0191. OCLC 7673137938. PMID 29880679. S2CID 46984172.
- Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752-1–1246752-10. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
- Pimm, Stuart L.; Russell, Gareth J.; Gittleman, John L.; Brooks, Thomas M. (1995). "The Future of Biodiversity". Science. 269 (5222): 347–350. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..347P. doi:10.1126/science.269.5222.347. PMID 17841251. S2CID 35154695.
- De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). "Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction" (PDF). Conservation Biology (in Spanish). 29 (2): 452–462. Bibcode:2015ConBi..29..452D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. S2CID 19121609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- Rosenberg KV, Dokter AM, Blancher PJ, Sauer JR, Smith AC, Smith PA, Stanton JC, Panjabi A, Helft L, Parr M, Marra PP (2019). "Decline of the North American avifauna". Science. 366 (6461): 120–124. Bibcode:2019Sci...366..120R. doi:10.1126/science.aaw1313. PMID 31604313. S2CID 203719982.
- Barnosky, Anthony D.; Matzke, Nicholas; Tomiya, Susumu; Wogan, Guinevere O. U.; Swartz, Brian; Quental, Tiago B.; Marshall, Charles; McGuire, Jenny L.; Lindsey, Emily L.; Maguire, Kaitlin C.; Mersey, Ben; Ferrer, Elizabeth A. (3 March 2011). "Has the Earth's sixth mass extinction already arrived?". Nature. 471 (7336): 51–57. Bibcode:2011Natur.471...51B. doi:10.1038/nature09678. PMID 21368823. S2CID 4424650.
- Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, Benoît (2022). "The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?". Biological Reviews. 97 (2): 640–663. doi:10.1111/brv.12816. PMC 9786292. PMID 35014169. S2CID 245889833.
Our review lays out arguments clearly demonstrating that there is a biodiversity crisis, quite probably the start of the Sixth Mass Extinction.
- Rampino, Michael R.; Shen, Shu-Zhong (5 September 2019). "The end-Guadalupian (259.8 Ma) biodiversity crisis: the sixth major mass extinction?". Historical Biology. 33 (5): 716–722. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1658096. S2CID 202858078. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- Faurby, Søren; Svenning, Jens-Christian (2015). "Historic and prehistoric human-driven extinctions have reshaped global mammal diversity patterns". Diversity and Distributions. 21 (10): 1155–1166. Bibcode:2015DivDi..21.1155F. doi:10.1111/ddi.12369. hdl:10261/123512. S2CID 196689979.
- Darimont, Chris T.; Fox, Caroline H.; Bryan, Heather M.; Reimchen, Thomas E. (21 August 2015). "The unique ecology of human predators". Science. 349 (6250): 858–860. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..858D. doi:10.1126/science.aac4249. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26293961. S2CID 4985359.
- Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022). "Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 272. 109646. Bibcode:2022BCons.27209646C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 250185617. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
- Fricke, Evan C.; Hsieh, Chia; Middleton, Owen; Gorczynski, Daniel; Cappello, Caroline D.; Sanisidro, Oscar; Rowan, John; Svenning, Jens-Christian; Beaudrot, Lydia (August 25, 2022). "Collapse of terrestrial mammal food webs since the Late Pleistocene". Science. 377 (6609): 1008–1011. Bibcode:2022Sci...377.1008F. doi:10.1126/science.abn4012. PMID 36007038. S2CID 251843290.
Food webs underwent steep regional declines in complexity through loss of food web links after the arrival and expansion of human populations. We estimate that defaunation has caused a 53% decline in food web links globally.
- Dasgupta, Partha S.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (19 April 2013). "Pervasive Externalities at the Population, Consumption, and Environment Nexus". Science. 340 (6130): 324–328. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..324D. doi:10.1126/science.1224664. PMID 23599486. S2CID 9503728. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth's history
- Williams, Mark; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Haff, P. K.; Schwägerl, Christian; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Ellis, Erle C. (2015). "The Anthropocene Biosphere". The Anthropocene Review. 2 (3): 196–219. Bibcode:2015AntRv...2..196W. doi:10.1177/2053019615591020. S2CID 7771527.
- Doughty, C. E.; Wolf, A.; Field, C. B. (2010). "Biophysical feedbacks between the Pleistocene megafauna extinction and climate: The first human-induced global warming?". Geophysical Research Letters. 37 (15): n/a. Bibcode:2010GeoRL..3715703D. doi:10.1029/2010GL043985. S2CID 54849882.
- Grayson, Donald K.; Meltzer, David J. (December 2012). "Clovis Hunting and Large Mammal Extinction: A Critical Review of the Evidence". Journal of World Prehistory. 16 (4): 313–359. doi:10.1023/A:1022912030020. S2CID 162794300.
- Hull, Pincelli M.; Darroch, Simon A. F.; Erwin, Douglas H. (17 December 2015). "Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems". Nature. 528 (7582): 345–351. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..345H. doi:10.1038/nature16160. PMID 26672552. S2CID 4464936.
- Isbell, Forest; Balvanera, Patricia; et al. (2022). "Expert perspectives on global biodiversity loss and its drivers and impacts on people". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 21 (2): 94–103. doi:10.1002/fee.2536. hdl:10852/101242. S2CID 250659953.
- Murali, Gopal; Iwamura, Takuya Iwamura; Meiri, Shai; Roll, Uri (January 18, 2023). "Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates". Nature. 615 (7952): 461–467. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..461M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z. PMID 36653454. S2CID 255974196. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (December 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- Strona, Giovanni; Bradshaw, Corey J. A. (16 December 2022). "Coextinctions dominate future vertebrate losses from climate and land use change". Science Advances. 8 (50): eabn4345. Bibcode:2022SciA....8N4345S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abn4345. PMC 9757742. PMID 36525487. S2CID 254803380.
- Finn, Catherine; Grattarola, Florencia; Pincheira-Donoso, Daniel (2023). "More losers than winners: investigating Anthropocene defaunation through the diversity of population trends". Biological Reviews. 98 (5): 1732–1748. doi:10.1111/brv.12974. PMID 37189305. S2CID 258717720.
- Wooldridge, S. A. (9 June 2008). "Mass extinctions past and present: a unifying hypothesis" (PDF). Biogeosciences Discussions. 5 (3): 2401–2423. Bibcode:2008BGD.....5.2401W. doi:10.5194/bgd-5-2401-2008. S2CID 2346412. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- Ruddiman, W. F. (2003). "The anthropogenic greenhouse gas era began thousands of years ago" (PDF). Climatic Change. 61 (3): 261–293. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.651.2119. doi:10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa. S2CID 2501894. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-03.
- Syvitski, Jaia; Waters, Colin N.; Day, John; Milliman, John D.; Summerhayes, Colin; Steffen, Will; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Cearreta, Alejandro; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Hajdas, Irka; Head, Martin J.; Leinfelder, Reinhold; McNeill, J. R.; Poirier, Clément; Rose, Neil L.; Shotyk, William; Wagreich, Michael; Williams, Mark (2020). "Extraordinary human energy consumption and resultant geological impacts beginning around 1950 CE initiated the proposed Anthropocene Epoch". Communications Earth & Environment. 1 (1). 32. Bibcode:2020ComEE...1...32S. doi:10.1038/s43247-020-00029-y. hdl:20.500.11850/462514. S2CID 222415797.
- Waters, Colin N.; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Summerhayes, Colin; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Poirier, Clément; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Cearreta, Alejandro; Edgeworth, Matt; Ellis, Erle C. (2016-01-08). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene". Science. 351 (6269). aad2622. doi:10.1126/science.aad2622. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26744408. S2CID 206642594.
- Cruzten, P. J. (2002). "Geology of mankind: The Anthropocene". Nature. 415 (6867): 23. Bibcode:2002Natur.415...23C. doi:10.1038/415023a. PMID 11780095. S2CID 9743349.
- Dembitzer, Jacob; Barkai, Ran; Ben-Dor, Miki; Meiri, Shai (2022). "Levantine overkill: 1.5 million years of hunting down the body size distribution". Quaternary Science Reviews. 276: 107316. Bibcode:2022QSRv..27607316D. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107316. S2CID 245236379.
- Vitousek, P. M.; Mooney, H. A.; Lubchenco, J.; Melillo, J. M. (1997). "Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems". Science. 277 (5325): 494–499. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.318.6529. doi:10.1126/science.277.5325.494. S2CID 8610995.
- Rees, William E. (2020). "Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase" (PDF). Ecological Economics. 169: 106519. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.16906519R. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519. S2CID 209502532. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-25.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- Sánchez-Bayo, Francisco; Wyckhuys, Kris A.G. (April 2019). "Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers". Biological Conservation. 232: 8–27. Bibcode:2019BCons.232....8S. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020. S2CID 91685233.
- Benítez-López, A.; Alkemade, R.; Schipper, A. M.; Ingram, D. J.; Verweij, P. A.; Eikelboom, J. A. J.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. (April 14, 2017). "The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations". Science. 356 (6334): 180–183. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..180B. doi:10.1126/science.aaj1891. hdl:1874/349694. PMID 28408600. S2CID 19603093.
- Cooke, Rob; Gearty, William; et al. (2022). "Anthropogenic disruptions to longstanding patterns of trophic-size structure in vertebrates". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (6): 684–692. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..684C. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01726-x. PMID 35449460. S2CID 248323833. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- Hooke, R. LeB.; Martin-Duque, J. F.; Pedraza, J. (2012). "Land transformation by humans: A review" (PDF). GSA Today. 22 (12): 4–10. Bibcode:2012GSAT...12l...4H. doi:10.1130/GSAT151A.1. S2CID 120172847. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
- Walter Jetz; Powers, Ryan P. (4 March 2019). "Global habitat loss and extinction risk of terrestrial vertebrates under future land-use-change scenarios". Nature Climate Change. 9 (4): 323–329. Bibcode:2019NatCC...9..323P. doi:10.1038/s41558-019-0406-z. S2CID 92315899.
- Thompson, Ken; Jones, Allan (February 1999). "Human Population Density and Prediction of Local Plant Extinction in Britain". Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 185–189. Bibcode:1999ConBi..13..185T. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97353.x. JSTOR 2641578. S2CID 84308784. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- Chen, Xuefei; D'Olivo, Juan Pablo; Wei, Gangjian; McCulloch, Malcolm (15 August 2019). "Anthropogenic ocean warming and acidification recorded by Sr/Ca, Li/Mg, δ11B and B/Ca in Porites coral from the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 528: 50–59. Bibcode:2019PPP...528...50C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.033. S2CID 155148474. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- Caro, Tim; Rowe, Zeke; et al. (2022). "An inconvenient misconception: Climate change is not the principal driver of biodiversity loss". Conservation Letters. 15 (3): e12868. Bibcode:2022ConL...15E2868C. doi:10.1111/conl.12868. S2CID 246172852.
- Pacoureau, Nathan; Rigby, Cassandra L.; et al. (2021). "Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays". Nature. 589 (7843): 567–571. Bibcode:2021Natur.589..567P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9. hdl:10871/124531. PMID 33505035. S2CID 231723355.
- Scheele, Ben C.; et al. (March 29, 2019). "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity" (PDF). Science. 363 (6434): 1459–1463. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1459S. doi:10.1126/science.aav0379. hdl:1885/160196. PMID 30923224. S2CID 85565860. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- Blehert, D. S.; Hicks, A. C.; Behr, M.; Meteyer, C. U.; Berlowski-Zier, B. M.; Buckles, E. L.; Coleman, J. T. H.; Darling, S. R.; Gargas, A.; Niver, R.; Okoniewski, J. C.; Rudd, R. J.; Stone, W. B. (9 January 2009). "Bat White-Nose Syndrome: An Emerging Fungal Pathogen?". Science. 323 (5911): 227. doi:10.1126/science.1163874. PMID 18974316. S2CID 23869393.
- Cheng, Zhongjing; Weng, Chengyu; Steinke, Stephan; Mohtadi, Mahyar (29 October 2018). "Anthropogenic modification of vegetated landscapes in southern China from 6,000 years ago". Nature Geoscience. 11 (12): 939–943. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..939C. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0250-1. S2CID 133729236. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- Pitulko, V. V.; Nikolsky, P. A.; Girya, E. Y.; Basilyan, A. E.; Tumskoy, V. E.; Koulakov, S. A.; Astakhov, S. N.; Pavlova, E. Y.; Anisimov, M. A. (2004). "The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum". Science. 303 (5654): 52–56. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...52P. doi:10.1126/science.1085219. PMID 14704419. S2CID 206507352. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Pym, Felix C.; Franco-Gaviria, Felipe; Espinoza, Ismael G.; Urrego, Dunia H. (26 April 2023). "The timing and ecological consequences of Pleistocene megafaunal decline in the eastern Andes of Colombia". Quaternary Research. 114: 1–17. Bibcode:2023QuRes.114....1P. doi:10.1017/qua.2022.66. hdl:10871/133219. S2CID 258362772. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
- Rozas-Davila, Angela; Rodbell, Donald T.; Bush, Mark B. (24 January 2023). "Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in the grasslands of Junín-Peru". Journal of Biogeography. 50 (4): 755–766. Bibcode:2023JBiog..50..755R. doi:10.1111/jbi.14566. S2CID 256255790. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Connor, Simon E.; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F. N.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Van der Knaap, Willem O.; Ammann, Brigitta; Björck, Svante (23 January 2012). "The ecological impact of oceanic island colonization – a palaeoecological perspective from the Azores". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (6): 1007–1023. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39.1007C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x. hdl:11343/55221. S2CID 86191735. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, C. A.; Rubiales, J. M.; De Nascimento, L.; Menezes de Sequeira, M.; Fernández-Palacios, J. M.; Madeira, J. (February 2020). "Oceanic Island forests buried by Holocene (Meghalayan) explosive eruptions: palaeobiodiversity in pre-anthropic volcanic charcoal from Faial Island (Azores, Portugal) and its palaeoecological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 273: 104116. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.27304116G. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104116. hdl:10400.13/4177. S2CID 210280909. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Mitchell, Ria L.; de Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Madeira, José; Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel (February 2019). "Eurya stigmosa (Theaceae), a new and extinct record for the Calabrian stage of Madeira Island (Portugal): 40Ar/39Ar dating, palaeoecological and oceanic island palaeobiogeographical implications". Quaternary Science Reviews. 206: 129–140. Bibcode:2019QSRv..206..129G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.008. hdl:10400.13/4182. S2CID 134725615. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Romeiras, Maria M.; Cundy, Andrew B.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (22 March 2021). "Effects of Holocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosystem of a small, dry island (Brava, Cabo Verde)". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (6): 1392–1405. Bibcode:2021JBiog..48.1392C. doi:10.1111/jbi.14084. hdl:10400.5/21368. S2CID 233708086. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Fonville, Thierry; Whittaker, Robert J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (15 June 2019). "Late Holocene environmental change and the anthropization of the highlands of Santo Antão Island, Cabo Verde". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 524: 101–117. Bibcode:2019PPP...524..101C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.033. S2CID 120143295. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Steadman, D. W. (1995). "Prehistoric extinctions of Pacific island birds: biodiversity meets zooarchaeology". Science. 267 (5201): 1123–1131. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1123S. doi:10.1126/science.267.5201.1123. PMID 17789194. S2CID 9137843.
- Stevenson, Janelle (September 2004). "A late-Holocene record of human impact from the southwest coast of New Caledonia". The Holocene. 14 (6): 888–898. Bibcode:2004Holoc..14..888S. doi:10.1191/0959-683604hl755rp. S2CID 44797352. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Sage Journals.
- Pregill, Gregory K.; Steadman, David W. (1 March 2004). "South Pacific Iguanas: Human Impacts and a New Species". Journal of Herpetology. 38 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1670/73-03A. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 85627049. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- Hansford, James P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Weston, Eleanor M.; Turvey, Samuel T. (July 2021). "Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation". Quaternary Science Reviews. 263: 106996. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26306996H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106996. S2CID 236313083. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
- Li, Hanying; Sinha, Ashish; André, Aurèle Anquetil; Spötl, Christoph; Vonhof, Hubert B.; Meunier, Arnaud; Kathayat, Gayatri; Duan, Pengzhen; Voarintsoa, Ny Riavo G.; Ning, Youfeng; Biswas, Jayant; Hu, Peng; Li, Xianglei; Sha, Lijuan; Zhao, Jingyao; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai (16 October 2020). "A multimillennial climatic context for the megafaunal extinctions in Madagascar and Mascarene Islands". Science Advances. 6 (42): 1–13. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2459L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2459. PMC 7567594. PMID 33067226. S2CID 222811671.
- Godfrey, Laurie R.; Scroxton, Nick; Crowley, Brooke E.; Burns, Stephen J.; Sutherland, Michael R.; Pérez, Ventura R.; Faina, Peterson; McGee, David; Ranivoharimanana, Lovasoa (May 2019). "A new interpretation of Madagascar's megafaunal decline: The "Subsistence Shift Hypothesis"". Journal of Human Evolution. 130: 126–140. Bibcode:2019JHumE.130..126G. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.03.002. PMID 31010539. S2CID 128362254.
- Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.84557166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID 35803428. S2CID 250387801. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- Büscher B, Fletcher R, Brockington D, Sandbrook C, Adams W, Campbell L, Corson C, Dressler W, Duffy R, Gray N, Holmes G, Kelly A, Lunstrum E, Ramutsindela M, Shanker K (2017). "Half-Earth or Whole Earth? Radical ideas for conservation, and their implications". Oryx. 51 (3): 407–410. doi:10.1017/S0030605316001228. S2CID 56573294.
- Kopina H, Washington H, Gray J, Taylor B (2018). "The "future of conservation" debate: defending ecocentrism and the Nature Needs Half movement". Biological Conservation. 217: 140–148. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.016. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 89930104.
- Noss R, Dobson A, Baldwin R, Beier P, Davis C, Dellasala D, Francis J, Locke H, Nowak K, Lopez R, Reining C, Trombulak S, Tabor G (2012). "Bolder thinking for conservation". Conservation Biology. 26 (1): 1–4. Bibcode:2012ConBi..26....1N. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01738.x. PMID 22280321. S2CID 44550790.
- O'Sullivan, Jane N. (June 2020). "The social and environmental influences of population growth rate and demographic pressure deserve greater attention in ecological economics". Ecological Economics. 172: 106648. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.17206648O. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106648. S2CID 216368140. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- Crist, Eileen; Mora, Camilo; Engelman, Robert (21 April 2017). "The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection". Science. 356 (6335): 260–264. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..260C. doi:10.1126/science.aal2011. PMID 28428391. S2CID 12770178. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
- Dodson, Jenna C.; Dérer, Patrícia; Cafaro, Philip; Götmark, Frank (15 December 2020). "Population growth and climate change: Addressing the overlooked threat multiplier". Science of the Total Environment. 748: 141346. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.74841346D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141346. PMID 33113687. S2CID 225035992. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- Kopnina, Helen; Washington, Haydn (6 April 2016). "Discussing why population growth is still ignored or denied". Chinese Journal of Population Resources and Environment. 14 (2): 133–143. Bibcode:2016CJPRE..14..133K. doi:10.1080/10042857.2016.1149296. hdl:1887/44662. S2CID 155499197.
- Allan, James R.; Possingham, Hugh P.; Atkinson, Scott C.; Waldron, Anthony; et al. (2 June 2022). "The minimum land area requiring conservation attention to safeguard biodiversity". Science. 376 (6597): 1094–1101. Bibcode:2022Sci...376.1094A. doi:10.1126/science.abl9127. hdl:11573/1640006. PMID 35653463. S2CID 233423065.
- Rounsevell M, Harfoot M, Harrison P, Newbold T, Gregory R, Mace G (June 12, 2020). "A biodiversity target based on species extinctions". Science. 368 (6496): 1193–1195. Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1193R. doi:10.1126/science.aba6592. PMID 32527821. S2CID 219585428. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020 – via UCL Discovery.
skeptic.com
- Boslough, Mark (March 2023). "Apocalypse!". Skeptic Magazine. 28 (1): 51–59. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
soltechdesigns.com
sustainable.soltechdesigns.com
- Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022). "Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 272. 109646. Bibcode:2022BCons.27209646C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 250185617. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
squarespace.com
static.squarespace.com
- Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752-1–1246752-10. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
stratigraphy.org
quaternary.stratigraphy.org
- "Working Group on the 'Anthropocene'". Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
tandfonline.com
- Rampino, Michael R.; Shen, Shu-Zhong (5 September 2019). "The end-Guadalupian (259.8 Ma) biodiversity crisis: the sixth major mass extinction?". Historical Biology. 33 (5): 716–722. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1658096. S2CID 202858078. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
telegraph.co.uk
- Fletcher, Martin (January 31, 2015). "Pangolins: why this cute prehistoric mammal is facing extinction". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 2022-01-11. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
theatlantic.com
- Brannen, Peter (13 June 2017). "Earth Is Not in the Midst of a Sixth Mass Extinction". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
Many of those making facile comparisons between the current situation and past mass extinctions don't have a clue about the difference in the nature of the data, much less how truly awful the mass extinctions recorded in the marine fossil record actually were.
- Yong, Ed (October 15, 2018). "It Will Take Millions of Years for Mammals to Recover From Us". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
theconversation.com
- Mooers, Arne (January 16, 2020). "Bird species are facing extinction hundreds of times faster than previously thought". The Conversation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
thegreatstory.org
- "North American Extinctions v. World". www.thegreatstory.org. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
theguardian.com
- Watts, Jonathan (August 31, 2021). "Up to half of world's wild tree species could be at risk of extinction". The Guardian. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
- Greenfield, Patrick (March 2, 2023). "Overconsumption by the rich must be tackled, says acting UN biodiversity chief". The Guardian. Retrieved March 2, 2023.
- Carrington, Damian (February 3, 2021). "Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- Smithers, Rebecca (5 October 2017). "Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- Carrington, Damian (April 15, 2021). "Just 3% of world's ecosystems remain intact, study suggests". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- Watts, Jonathan (May 6, 2019). "Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
- Carrington, Damian (February 2, 2021). "Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- Weston, Phoebe (November 8, 2023). "Number of species at risk of extinction doubles to 2 million, says study". The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2023.
- Greenfield, Patrick (September 19, 2023). "'Mutilating the tree of life': Wildlife loss accelerating, scientists warn". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- Carrington, Damian (10 July 2017). "Earth's sixth mass extinction event under way, scientists warn". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- Greenfield, Patrick (September 9, 2020). "Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- Greenfield, Patrick (16 December 2022). "More than 1 in 10 species could be lost by end of century, study warns". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
- Greenfield, Patrick (October 12, 2022). "Animal populations experience average decline of almost 70% since 1970, report reveals". The Guardian. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- Carrington, Damian (August 29, 2016). "The Anthropocene epoch: scientists declare dawn of human-influenced age". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
- Carrington, Damian (May 21, 2018). "Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- Carrington, Damian (May 23, 2019). "Humans causing shrinking of nature as larger animals die off". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
- Greenfield, Patrick (December 6, 2022). "'We are at war with nature': UN environment chief warns of biodiversity apocalypse". The Guardian. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
'We've just welcomed the 8 billionth member of the human race on this planet. That's a wonderful birth of a baby, of course. But we need to understand that the more people there are, the more we put the Earth under heavy pressure. As far as biodiversity is concerned, we are at war with nature. We need to make peace with nature. Because nature is what sustains everything on Earth … the science is unequivocal.' – Inger Andersen
- Weston, Phoebe (October 24, 2022). "Business groups block action that could help tackle biodiversity crisis, report finds". The Guardian. Retrieved October 25, 2022.
- Carrington, Damian (18 October 2017). "Warning of 'ecological Armageddon' after dramatic plunge in insect numbers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- Weston, Phoebe (January 10, 2023). "Madagascar's unique wildlife faces imminent wave of extinction, say scientists". The Guardian. Retrieved January 12, 2023.
- Carrington, Damian (December 8, 2016). "Giraffes facing extinction after devastating decline, experts warn". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
- Milman, Oliver (February 6, 2019). "The killing of large species is pushing them towards extinction, study finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- Green, Graeme (April 27, 2022). "One in five reptiles faces extinction in what would be a 'devastating' blow". The Guardian. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
- Carrington, Damian (February 24, 2023). "Ecosystem collapse 'inevitable' unless wildlife losses reversed". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
The researchers concluded: 'A biodiversity crash may be the harbinger of a more devastating ecosystem collapse.'
- Cox, Lisa (12 March 2019). "'Almost certain extinction': 1,200 species under severe threat across world". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
- Devlin, Hannah (July 19, 2018). "Rising global meat consumption 'will devastate environment'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
- Slezak, Michael (14 June 2016). "Revealed: first mammal species wiped out by human-induced climate change". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- Milman, Oliver (April 19, 2017). "Giraffes must be listed as endangered, conservationists formally tell US". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- Claudia Geib (July 16, 2020). "North Atlantic right whales now officially 'one step from extinction'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- Vaughan, Adam (September 14, 2016). "Humanity driving 'unprecedented' marine extinction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
- Hance, Jeremy (27 October 2016). "Frog goes extinct, media yawns". The Guardian.
- Benjamin, A.; Holpuch, A.; Spencer, R. (2013). "Buzzfeeds: The effects of colony collapse disorder and other bee news". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- Weston, Phoebe (January 13, 2021). "Top scientists warn of 'ghastly future of mass extinction' and climate disruption". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- Watts, Jonathan (November 3, 2018). "Stop biodiversity loss or we could face our own extinction, warns UN". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
- Greenfield, Patrick (January 13, 2020). "UN draft plan sets 2030 target to avert Earth's sixth mass extinction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- Carrington, Damian (October 29, 2020). "Protecting nature is vital to escape 'era of pandemics' – report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
thehill.com
- Elbein, Saul (December 11, 2021). "Wetlands point to extinction problems beyond climate change". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
- Melillo, Gianna (July 19, 2022). "Threat of global extinction may be greater than previously thought, study finds". The Hill. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
- Mcelwee, Pamela (November 2, 2020). "COVID-19 and the biodiversity crisis". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- Curry, Tierra (December 24, 2022). "COP15 biodiversity summit: Paving the road to extinction with good intentions". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
theintercept.com
- Ketcham, Christopher (December 3, 2022). "Addressing Climate Change Will Not "Save the Planet"". The Intercept. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
When it comes to effects on wildlife, climate change is more like a mule, slow and plodding. Yes, a warmed atmosphere is projected to be a significant factor in the extinction crisis in future decades, but what's destroying species today is habitat fragmentation and loss, overhunting and overexploitation, agricultural expansion, pollution, and industrial development. It isn't climate change that caused a 69 percent loss in total wildlife populations between 1970 and 2018, according to a World Wildlife Fund study published this year. The cause is too many people demanding too much from ecosystems, or human overshoot of the biophysical carrying capacity of the Earth.
thestar.com.my
- Inus, Kristy (April 18, 2019). "Sumatran rhinos extinct in the wild". The Star Online. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
ucl.ac.uk
discovery.ucl.ac.uk
- Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (December 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- Benítez-López, A.; Alkemade, R.; Schipper, A. M.; Ingram, D. J.; Verweij, P. A.; Eikelboom, J. A. J.; Huijbregts, M. A. J. (April 14, 2017). "The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations". Science. 356 (6334): 180–183. Bibcode:2017Sci...356..180B. doi:10.1126/science.aaj1891. hdl:1874/349694. PMID 28408600. S2CID 19603093.
- Cooke, Rob; Gearty, William; et al. (2022). "Anthropogenic disruptions to longstanding patterns of trophic-size structure in vertebrates". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (6): 684–692. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..684C. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01726-x. PMID 35449460. S2CID 248323833. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- Scheele, Ben C.; et al. (March 29, 2019). "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity" (PDF). Science. 363 (6434): 1459–1463. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1459S. doi:10.1126/science.aav0379. hdl:1885/160196. PMID 30923224. S2CID 85565860. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- Rounsevell M, Harfoot M, Harrison P, Newbold T, Gregory R, Mace G (June 12, 2020). "A biodiversity target based on species extinctions". Science. 368 (6496): 1193–1195. Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1193R. doi:10.1126/science.aba6592. PMID 32527821. S2CID 219585428. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020 – via UCL Discovery.
ucm.es
eprints.ucm.es
- Hooke, R. LeB.; Martin-Duque, J. F.; Pedraza, J. (2012). "Land transformation by humans: A review" (PDF). GSA Today. 22 (12): 4–10. Bibcode:2012GSAT...12l...4H. doi:10.1130/GSAT151A.1. S2CID 120172847. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
ucpress.edu
online.ucpress.edu
- Wagler, Ron (2011). "The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators". The American Biology Teacher. 73 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5. S2CID 86352610. Archived from the original on 2022-02-05.
ufpb.br
dse.ufpb.br
- Redford, K. H. (1992). "The empty forest" (PDF). BioScience. 42 (6): 412–422. doi:10.2307/1311860. JSTOR 1311860. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
un.org
news.un.org
- "World is 'on notice' as major UN report shows one million species face extinction". UN News. May 6, 2019. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
undp.org
hdr.undp.org
- "The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene" (PDF). UNDP. December 15, 2020. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
unep.org
- UNEP; CITES; IUCN; TRAFFIC (2013). Elephants in the Dust – The African Elephant Crisis (PDF) (A Rapid Response Assessment). United Nations Environment Programme. Printed by Birkeland Trykkeri AS, Norway. ISBN 978-82-7701-111-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-10.
unige.ch
archive-ouverte.unige.ch
- Kluser, S.; Peduzzi, P. (2007). "Global pollinator decline: a literature review".
unm.edu
biology.unm.edu
- Lyons, S.K.; Smith, F.A.; Brown, J.H. (2004). "Of mice, mastodons and men: human-mediated extinctions on four continents" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology Research. 6: 339–358. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
uow.edu.au
- Richard G. Roberts (8 June 2001). "New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent-Wide Extinction About 46,000 Years Ago" (PDF). Science. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
upi.com
- Druker, Simon (April 21, 2022). "Study: Humans interrupting 66-million-year-old relationship among animals". UPI. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
usatoday.com
- Vergano, Dan (October 28, 2011). "Lions, tigers, big cats may face extinction in 20 years". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
uv.mx
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth's history
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
uzh.ch
zora.uzh.ch
- De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). "Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction" (PDF). Conservation Biology (in Spanish). 29 (2): 452–462. Bibcode:2015ConBi..29..452D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. S2CID 19121609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
waikato.ac.nz
researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz
- Anderson, Atholl; Sand, Christophe; Petchey, Fiona; Worthy, Trevor H. "Faunal extinction and human habitation in New Caledonia: Initial results and implications of new research at the Pindai Caves". Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 1 (1): 89–109. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
washingtonpost.com
- "A northern white rhino has died. There are now five left in the entire world". The Washington Post. 15 December 2014.
web.archive.org
- Wagler, Ron (2011). "The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators". The American Biology Teacher. 73 (2): 78–83. doi:10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5. S2CID 86352610. Archived from the original on 2022-02-05.
- Walsh, Alistair (January 11, 2022). "What to expect from the world's sixth mass extinction". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on October 8, 2022. Retrieved February 5, 2022.
- Hollingsworth, Julia (June 11, 2019). "Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years". CNN. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
The research – published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal – found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human intervention.
- Pimm SL, Jenkins CN, Abell R, Brooks TM, Gittleman JL, Joppa LN, Raven PH, Roberts CM, Sexton JO (30 May 2014). "The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection" (PDF). Science. 344 (6187): 1246752-1–1246752-10. doi:10.1126/science.1246752. PMID 24876501. S2CID 206552746. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 July 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
- De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). "Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction" (PDF). Conservation Biology (in Spanish). 29 (2): 452–462. Bibcode:2015ConBi..29..452D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. S2CID 19121609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- World Wildlife Fund (September 10, 2020). "Bending the curve of biodiversity loss". Living Planet Report 2020. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022.
- Briggs, John C (October 2017). "Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063. ISSN 0024-4066. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
- Rampino, Michael R.; Shen, Shu-Zhong (5 September 2019). "The end-Guadalupian (259.8 Ma) biodiversity crisis: the sixth major mass extinction?". Historical Biology. 33 (5): 716–722. doi:10.1080/08912963.2019.1658096. S2CID 202858078. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- "Seventh Mass Extinction? Severe and Deadly Event 260 Million Years Ago Discovered by Scientists". Newsweek. 9 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
- Gemma, Conroy (December 19, 2023). "Humans might have driven 1,500 bird species to extinction — twice previous estimates". Nature. Archived from the original on January 16, 2024. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
- IPBES (2019). "Summary for policymakers of the global assessment report on biodiversity and ecosystem services of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)" (PDF). Bonn, Germany: IPBES Secretariat. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-06. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022). "Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 272. 109646. Bibcode:2022BCons.27209646C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 250185617. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
- Dasgupta, Partha S.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (19 April 2013). "Pervasive Externalities at the Population, Consumption, and Environment Nexus". Science. 340 (6130): 324–328. Bibcode:2013Sci...340..324D. doi:10.1126/science.1224664. PMID 23599486. S2CID 9503728. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Cincotta, Richard P.; Engelman, Robert (Spring 2000). "Biodiversity and population growth". Issues in Science and Technology. 16 (3): 80. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Maurer, Brian A. (January 1996). "Relating Human Population Growth to the Loss of Biodiversity". Biodiversity Letters. 3 (1): 1–5. doi:10.2307/2999702. JSTOR 2999702. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Cockburn, Harry (March 29, 2019). "Population explosion fuelling rapid reduction of wildlife on African savannah, study shows". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 22, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
Encroachment by people into one of Africa's most celebrated ecosystems is "squeezing the wildlife in its core", by damaging habitation and disrupting the migration routes of animals, a major international study has concluded.
- Stokstad, Erik (5 May 2019). "Landmark analysis documents the alarming global decline of nature". Science. AAAS. Archived from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
For the first time at a global scale, the report has ranked the causes of damage. Topping the list, changes in land use—principally agriculture—that have destroyed habitat. Second, hunting and other kinds of exploitation. These are followed by climate change, pollution, and invasive species, which are being spread by trade and other activities. Climate change will likely overtake the other threats in the next decades, the authors note. Driving these threats are the growing human population, which has doubled since 1970 to 7.6 billion, and consumption. (Per capita of use of materials is up 15% over the past 5 decades.)
- Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017). "World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice" (PDF). BioScience. 67 (12): 1026–1028. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
- McGrath, Matt (6 May 2019). "Humans 'threaten 1m species with extinction'". BBC. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
Pushing all this forward, though, are increased demands for food from a growing global population and specifically our growing appetite for meat and fish.
- Carrington, Damian (February 3, 2021). "Plant-based diets crucial to saving global wildlife, says report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 18, 2021. Retrieved August 5, 2021.
- Smithers, Rebecca (5 October 2017). "Vast animal-feed crops to satisfy our meat needs are destroying planet". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 March 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
- Boscardin, Livia (12 July 2016). "Greenwashing the Animal-Industrial Complex: Sustainable Intensification and Happy Meat". 3rd ISA Forum of Sociology, Vienna, Austria. ISAConf.confex.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
- Elbein, Saul (December 11, 2021). "Wetlands point to extinction problems beyond climate change". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2016-12-16.
In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth's history
- Li, Sophia (2012-09-20). "Has Plant Life Reached Its Limits?". Green Blog. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
- Li, S. (2012). "Has Plant Life Reached Its Limits?". New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 October 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- Woodward, Aylin (April 8, 2019). "So many animals are going extinct that it could take Earth 10 million years to recover". Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 8, 2019. Retrieved April 9, 2019.
Lowery doesn't think we've strayed into Sixth Extinction territory yet. But he and Fraass agree that squabbling over what constitutes that distinction is beside the point. "We have to work to save biodiversity before it's gone. That's the important takeaway here," Lowery said. There is consensus on one aspect of the extinction trend, however: Homo sapiens are to blame. According to a 2014 study, current extinction rates are 1,000 times higher than they would be if humans weren't around.
- Brannen, Peter (13 June 2017). "Earth Is Not in the Midst of a Sixth Mass Extinction". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
Many of those making facile comparisons between the current situation and past mass extinctions don't have a clue about the difference in the nature of the data, much less how truly awful the mass extinctions recorded in the marine fossil record actually were.
- Briggs, John C. (12 May 2017). "Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2021.
- "National Survey Reveals Biodiversity Crisis – Scientific Experts Believe We are in Midst of Fastest Mass Extinction in Earth's History". American Museum of Natural History Press Release. 1998. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- "Research shows catastrophic invertebrate extinction in Hawai'i and globally". Phys.org. 2015. Archived from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 10 February 2018.
- Carrington, Damian (April 15, 2021). "Just 3% of world's ecosystems remain intact, study suggests". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 24, 2021. Retrieved April 16, 2021.
- "Media Release: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species Extinction Rates 'Accelerating'". Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (Press release). May 6, 2019. Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
- "World is 'on notice' as major UN report shows one million species face extinction". UN News. May 6, 2019. Archived from the original on March 2, 2020. Retrieved January 8, 2020.
- Watts, Jonathan (May 6, 2019). "Human society under urgent threat from loss of Earth's natural life". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2019.
- Dasgupta, Partha (2021). "The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review Headline Messages" (PDF). UK government. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved December 15, 2021.
Biodiversity is declining faster than at any time in human history. Current extinction rates, for example, are around 100 to 1,000 times higher than the baseline rate, and they are increasing.
- Carrington, Damian (February 2, 2021). "Economics of biodiversity review: what are the recommendations?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
- Melillo, Gianna (July 19, 2022). "Threat of global extinction may be greater than previously thought, study finds". The Hill. Archived from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
- Briggs, Helen (July 8, 2022). "Unsustainable logging, fishing and hunting 'driving extinction'". BBC. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
- Newcomb, Tim (January 18, 2023). "Supercomputer Says 27% of Life on Earth Will Be Dead by the End of This Century". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on January 18, 2023. Retrieved January 19, 2023.
- Murali, Gopal; Iwamura, Takuya Iwamura; Meiri, Shai; Roll, Uri (January 18, 2023). "Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates". Nature. 615 (7952): 461–467. Bibcode:2023Natur.615..461M. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z. PMID 36653454. S2CID 255974196. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
- Rozsa, Matthew (September 19, 2023). "Experts warn of a "biological holocaust" as human-caused extinction "mutilates" the tree of life". Salon.com. Archived from the original on September 19, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- Greenfield, Patrick (September 19, 2023). "'Mutilating the tree of life': Wildlife loss accelerating, scientists warn". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 25, 2023. Retrieved September 19, 2023.
- Andermann, Tobias; Faurby, Søren; Turvey, Samuel T.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Silvestro, Daniele (September 2020). "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity". Science Advances. 6 (36). eabb2313. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2313A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2313. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7473673. PMID 32917612. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- Carrington, Damian (10 July 2017). "Earth's sixth mass extinction event under way, scientists warn". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 January 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2017.
- Greenfield, Patrick (September 9, 2020). "Humans exploiting and destroying nature on unprecedented scale – report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 21, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- Briggs, Helen (September 10, 2020). "Wildlife in 'catastrophic decline' due to human destruction, scientists warn". BBC. Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- Lewis, Sophie (September 9, 2020). "Animal populations worldwide have declined by almost 70% in just 50 years, new report says". CBS News. Archived from the original on September 10, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (December 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- Sankaran, Vishwam (January 17, 2022). "Study confirms sixth mass extinction is currently underway, caused by humans". The Independent. Archived from the original on January 17, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2022.
- "Biodiversity: Almost half of animals in decline, research shows". BBC. May 23, 2023. Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
- Paddison, Laura (May 22, 2023). "Global loss of wildlife is 'significantly more alarming' than previously thought, according to a new study". CNN. Archived from the original on May 25, 2023. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
- "The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene" (PDF). UNDP. December 15, 2020. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
- Einhorn, Catrin (October 12, 2022). "Researchers Report a Staggering Decline in Wildlife. Here's How to Understand It". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
- Wooldridge, S. A. (9 June 2008). "Mass extinctions past and present: a unifying hypothesis" (PDF). Biogeosciences Discussions. 5 (3): 2401–2423. Bibcode:2008BGD.....5.2401W. doi:10.5194/bgd-5-2401-2008. S2CID 2346412. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
- Crutzen, Paul J.; Stoermer, Eugene F. (May 2000). "The 'Anthropocene'" (PDF). Global Change NewsLetter (41). IGBP: 17. ISSN 0284-5865. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
- National Geographic Society (June 7, 2019). "Anthropocene". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2021.
coined and made popular by biologist Eugene Stormer and chemist Paul Crutzen in 2000.
- Ruddiman, W. F. (2003). "The anthropogenic greenhouse gas era began thousands of years ago" (PDF). Climatic Change. 61 (3): 261–293. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.651.2119. doi:10.1023/b:clim.0000004577.17928.fa. S2CID 2501894. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-03.
- "Working Group on the 'Anthropocene'". Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy. Archived from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- Carrington, Damian (August 29, 2016). "The Anthropocene epoch: scientists declare dawn of human-influenced age". The Guardian. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2016.
- Carrington, Damian (May 21, 2018). "Humans just 0.01% of all life but have destroyed 83% of wild mammals – study". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved May 25, 2018.
- Carrington, Damian (May 23, 2019). "Humans causing shrinking of nature as larger animals die off". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
- Teyssèdre, A.; Couvet, D. (2007). "Expected impact of agriculture expansion on the global avifauna". C. R. Biologies. 30 (3): 247–254. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.01.003. PMID 17434119. Archived from the original on 2023-10-30. Retrieved 2023-10-05.
- "Measuring extinction, species by species". Reuters. 2008-11-06. Archived from the original on 2013-05-02. Retrieved 2010-05-20.
- Lynch, Patrick (15 December 2011). "Secrets from the past point to rapid climate change in the future". NASA's Earth Science News Team. Archived from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 2 April 2016.
- Tollefson, Jeff (2011-03-25). "The 8,000-year-old climate puzzle". Nature News. doi:10.1038/news.2011.184. Archived from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2016-04-08.
- Adams, Jonathan M. (1997). "Global land environments since the last interglacial". Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN, USA. Archived from the original on 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- Lyons, S.K.; Smith, F.A.; Brown, J.H. (2004). "Of mice, mastodons and men: human-mediated extinctions on four continents" (PDF). Evolutionary Ecology Research. 6: 339–358. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- Boslough, Mark (March 2023). "Apocalypse!". Skeptic Magazine. 28 (1): 51–59. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
- Foster, John Bellamy (2022). Capitalism in the Anthropocene: Ecological Ruin or Ecological Revolution. Monthly Review Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-1583679746. Archived from the original on 2022-11-09. Retrieved 2022-11-07.
The advent of the Anthropocene coincided with a planetary rift, as the human economy under capitalism heedlessly crossed, or began to cross, Earth System boundaries, fouling its own nest and threatening the destruction of the planet as a safe home for humanity.
- Dawson, Ashley (2016). Extinction: A Radical History. OR Books. pp. 41, 100–101. ISBN 978-1-944869-01-4. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
- Harvey, David (2005). A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0199283279. Archived from the original on 2021-11-28. Retrieved 2018-08-06.
- Rees, William E. (2020). "Ecological economics for humanity's plague phase" (PDF). Ecological Economics. 169: 106519. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.16906519R. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106519. S2CID 209502532. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-05-25.
- "Tracking and combatting our current mass extinction". Ars Technica. 2014-07-25. Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
- Vergano, Dan (October 28, 2011). "Lions, tigers, big cats may face extinction in 20 years". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2016-04-14. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
- Visser, Nick (December 27, 2016). "Cheetahs Are Far Closer To Extinction Than We Realized". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on December 28, 2016. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
- Dirzo, Rodolfo; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014). "Defaunation in the Anthropocene" (PDF). Science. 345 (6195): 401–406. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..401D. doi:10.1126/science.1251817. PMID 25061202. S2CID 206555761. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- Carrington, Damian (18 October 2017). "Warning of 'ecological Armageddon' after dramatic plunge in insect numbers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- Briggs, Helen (October 30, 2019). "'Alarming' loss of insects and spiders recorded". BBC. Archived from the original on November 3, 2019. Retrieved November 2, 2019.
- Lewis, Sophie (January 12, 2021). "Scientists warn the world's insects are undergoing "death by a thousand cuts"". CBS News. Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. Retrieved January 12, 2021.
- "Atlas of Population and Environment". AAAS. 2000. Archived from the original on 2011-03-09. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
- Douglas Main (2013-11-22). "7 Iconic Animals Humans Are Driving to Extinction". livescience.com. Archived from the original on 2023-01-06. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- Platt, John R. (October 25, 2011). "Poachers Drive Javan Rhino to Extinction in Vietnam [Updated]". Scientific American. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
- Inus, Kristy (April 18, 2019). "Sumatran rhinos extinct in the wild". The Star Online. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
- Carrington, Damian (December 8, 2016). "Giraffes facing extinction after devastating decline, experts warn". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved December 8, 2016.
- Sutter, John D. (December 12, 2016). "Imagine a world without giraffes". CNN. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
- Pennisi, Elizabeth (October 18, 2016). "People are hunting primates, bats, and other mammals to extinction". Science. Archived from the original on October 20, 2021. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
- Milman, Oliver (February 6, 2019). "The killing of large species is pushing them towards extinction, study finds". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
- Wilcox, Christie (October 17, 2018). "Human-caused extinctions have set mammals back millions of years". National Geographic. Archived from the original on May 7, 2021. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
- Yong, Ed (October 15, 2018). "It Will Take Millions of Years for Mammals to Recover From Us". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.
- "History of the Convention". Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- "60 percent of global wildlife species wiped out". Al Jazeera. 28 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2017.
- Carrington, Damian (February 24, 2023). "Ecosystem collapse 'inevitable' unless wildlife losses reversed". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 25, 2023. Retrieved February 25, 2023.
The researchers concluded: 'A biodiversity crash may be the harbinger of a more devastating ecosystem collapse.'
- "Extinction continues apace". International Union for Conservation of Nature. 3 November 2009. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
- Druker, Simon (April 21, 2022). "Study: Humans interrupting 66-million-year-old relationship among animals". UPI. Archived from the original on April 24, 2022. Retrieved April 24, 2022.
- Cooke, Rob; Gearty, William; et al. (2022). "Anthropogenic disruptions to longstanding patterns of trophic-size structure in vertebrates". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 6 (6): 684–692. Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..684C. doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01726-x. PMID 35449460. S2CID 248323833. Archived from the original on 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-11-23.
- Mooers, Arne (January 16, 2020). "Bird species are facing extinction hundreds of times faster than previously thought". The Conversation. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
- Torres, Luisa (September 23, 2019). "When We Love Our Food So Much That It Goes Extinct". NPR. Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
- Hooke, R. LeB.; Martin-Duque, J. F.; Pedraza, J. (2012). "Land transformation by humans: A review" (PDF). GSA Today. 22 (12): 4–10. Bibcode:2012GSAT...12l...4H. doi:10.1130/GSAT151A.1. S2CID 120172847. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
- Reints, Renae (March 6, 2019). "1,700 Species Will Likely Go Extinct Due to Human Land Use, Study Says". Fortune. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
- "Migratory river fish populations down 76% since 1970: study". Agence France-Presse. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
- Foster, Joanna M. (1 May 2012). "A Grim Portrait of Palm Oil Emissions". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
- Rosenthal, Elisabeth (31 January 2007). "Once a Dream Fuel, Palm Oil May Be an Eco-Nightmare". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
- Morell, Virginia (August 11, 2015). "Meat-eaters may speed worldwide species extinction, study warns". Science. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- Johnston, Ian (August 26, 2017). "Industrial farming is driving the sixth mass extinction of life on Earth, says leading academic". The Independent. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
- Devlin, Hannah (July 19, 2018). "Rising global meat consumption 'will devastate environment'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 9, 2019. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
- Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, Tom; Castel, Vincent; Rosales, Mauricio; de Haan, Cees (2006). Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-92-5-105571-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-10. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
- Woodyatt, Amy (May 26, 2020). "Human activity threatens billions of years of evolutionary history, researchers warn". CNN. Archived from the original on May 26, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- Briggs, Helen (May 26, 2020). "'Billions of years of evolutionary history' under threat". BBC. Archived from the original on January 30, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
The researchers calculated the amount of evolutionary history – branches on the tree of life – that are currently threatened with extinction, using extinction risk data for more than 25,000 species. They found a combined 50 billion years of evolutionary heritage, at least, were under threat from human impacts such as urban development, deforestation and road building.
- Thompson, Ken; Jones, Allan (February 1999). "Human Population Density and Prediction of Local Plant Extinction in Britain". Conservation Biology. 13 (1): 185–189. Bibcode:1999ConBi..13..185T. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97353.x. JSTOR 2641578. S2CID 84308784. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 6 January 2023.
- Chen, Xuefei; D'Olivo, Juan Pablo; Wei, Gangjian; McCulloch, Malcolm (15 August 2019). "Anthropogenic ocean warming and acidification recorded by Sr/Ca, Li/Mg, δ11B and B/Ca in Porites coral from the Kimberley region of northwestern Australia". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 528: 50–59. Bibcode:2019PPP...528...50C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.033. S2CID 155148474. Archived from the original on 6 December 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
- "Plastics in the Ocean". Ocean Conservancy. 2017-03-07. Archived from the original on 2021-02-20. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
- Ketcham, Christopher (December 3, 2022). "Addressing Climate Change Will Not "Save the Planet"". The Intercept. Archived from the original on February 18, 2024. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
When it comes to effects on wildlife, climate change is more like a mule, slow and plodding. Yes, a warmed atmosphere is projected to be a significant factor in the extinction crisis in future decades, but what's destroying species today is habitat fragmentation and loss, overhunting and overexploitation, agricultural expansion, pollution, and industrial development. It isn't climate change that caused a 69 percent loss in total wildlife populations between 1970 and 2018, according to a World Wildlife Fund study published this year. The cause is too many people demanding too much from ecosystems, or human overshoot of the biophysical carrying capacity of the Earth.
- Redford, K. H. (1992). "The empty forest" (PDF). BioScience. 42 (6): 412–422. doi:10.2307/1311860. JSTOR 1311860. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
- Milman, Oliver (April 19, 2017). "Giraffes must be listed as endangered, conservationists formally tell US". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 30, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2018.
- UNEP; CITES; IUCN; TRAFFIC (2013). Elephants in the Dust – The African Elephant Crisis (PDF) (A Rapid Response Assessment). United Nations Environment Programme. Printed by Birkeland Trykkeri AS, Norway. ISBN 978-82-7701-111-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-10.
- "African Elephant Population Dropped 30 Percent in 7 Years". The New York Times. September 1, 2016. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2017.
- Marche, Stephen (November 7, 2016). "This Is the Most Important Issue That's Not Being Talked About in This Election". Esquire. Archived from the original on March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
- McKenzie, David; Formanek, Ingrid (September 1, 2016). "Our living dinosaurs". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-02-13. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
- McKenzie, David (December 31, 2016). "We are failing the elephants". CNN. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 2022-11-10.
- Claudia Geib (July 16, 2020). "North Atlantic right whales now officially 'one step from extinction'". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 8, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- Briggs, Helen (December 4, 2018). "World's strangest sharks and rays 'on brink of extinction'". BBC. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
- Osborne, Hannah (April 17, 2020). "Great White Sharks Among Marine Megafauna That Could Go Extinct in Next 100 Years, Study Warns". Newsweek. Archived from the original on February 22, 2021. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
- Yeung, Jessie (January 28, 2021). "Shark and ray populations have dropped 70% and are nearing 'point of no return,' study warns". CNN. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
- Einhorn, Catrin (January 27, 2021). "Shark Populations Are Crashing, With a 'Very Small Window' to Avert Disaster". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2021.
- Vaughan, Adam (September 14, 2016). "Humanity driving 'unprecedented' marine extinction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
- Scheele, Ben C.; et al. (March 29, 2019). "Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity" (PDF). Science. 363 (6434): 1459–1463. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1459S. doi:10.1126/science.aav0379. hdl:1885/160196. PMID 30923224. S2CID 85565860. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- Benjamin, A.; Holpuch, A.; Spencer, R. (2013). "Buzzfeeds: The effects of colony collapse disorder and other bee news". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 21 August 2015.
- "Multiple causes for colony collapse – report". 3 News NZ. 3 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 3 May 2013.
- Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max (2021-04-15). "Habitat Loss". Our World in Data. Archived from the original on 2022-03-10. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
- Gil-García, María José; Ruiz-Zapata, Blanca; Ortiz, José E.; Torres, Trinidad; Ros, Milagros; Ramallo, Sebastián; López-Cilla, Ignacio; Galán, Luis A.; Sánchez-Palencia, Yolanda; Manteca, Ignacio; Rodríguez-Estrella, Tomás; Blázquez, Ana; Gómez-Borrego, Ángeles (1 March 2022). "Paleoenvironmental variability and anthropic influence during the last 7300 years in the western Mediterranean based on the pollen record of Cartagena Bay, SE Spain". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 589: 110839. Bibcode:2022PPP...58910839G. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.110839. hdl:20.500.12466/3874. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- Cheng, Zhongjing; Weng, Chengyu; Steinke, Stephan; Mohtadi, Mahyar (29 October 2018). "Anthropogenic modification of vegetated landscapes in southern China from 6,000 years ago". Nature Geoscience. 11 (12): 939–943. Bibcode:2018NatGe..11..939C. doi:10.1038/s41561-018-0250-1. S2CID 133729236. Archived from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
- Pitulko, V. V.; Nikolsky, P. A.; Girya, E. Y.; Basilyan, A. E.; Tumskoy, V. E.; Koulakov, S. A.; Astakhov, S. N.; Pavlova, E. Y.; Anisimov, M. A. (2004). "The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum". Science. 303 (5654): 52–56. Bibcode:2004Sci...303...52P. doi:10.1126/science.1085219. PMID 14704419. S2CID 206507352. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Rozas-Davila, Angela; Rodbell, Donald T.; Bush, Mark B. (24 January 2023). "Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in the grasslands of Junín-Peru". Journal of Biogeography. 50 (4): 755–766. Bibcode:2023JBiog..50..755R. doi:10.1111/jbi.14566. S2CID 256255790. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Torrence, Robin (6 February 2012). "Volcanic disasters and agricultural intensification: A case study from the Willaumez Peninsula, Papua New Guinea". Quaternary International. 249: 151–161. Bibcode:2012QuInt.249..151T. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.03.041. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- "Australian endangered species list". Australian Geographic. Archived from the original on 2020-02-16. Retrieved 2017-04-04.
- University of Colorado at Boulder (January 29, 2016). "Ancient extinction of giant Australian bird points to humans". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2016-02-01.
- Richard G. Roberts (8 June 2001). "New Ages for the Last Australian Megafauna: Continent-Wide Extinction About 46,000 Years Ago" (PDF). Science. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
- "North American Extinctions v. World". www.thegreatstory.org. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2016-01-31.
- Connor, Simon E.; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F. N.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Van der Knaap, Willem O.; Ammann, Brigitta; Björck, Svante (23 January 2012). "The ecological impact of oceanic island colonization – a palaeoecological perspective from the Azores". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (6): 1007–1023. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39.1007C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x. hdl:11343/55221. S2CID 86191735. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, C. A.; Rubiales, J. M.; De Nascimento, L.; Menezes de Sequeira, M.; Fernández-Palacios, J. M.; Madeira, J. (February 2020). "Oceanic Island forests buried by Holocene (Meghalayan) explosive eruptions: palaeobiodiversity in pre-anthropic volcanic charcoal from Faial Island (Azores, Portugal) and its palaeoecological implications". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 273: 104116. Bibcode:2020RPaPa.27304116G. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2019.104116. hdl:10400.13/4177. S2CID 210280909. Archived from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
- Richter, Nora; Russell, James M.; Amaral-Zettler, Linda; DeGroff, Wylie; Raposeiro, Pedro M.; Gonçalves, Vítor; De Boer, Erik J.; Pla-Rabes, Sergi; Hernández, Armand; Benavente, Mario; Ritter, Catarina; Sáez, Alberto; Bao, Roberto; Trigo, Ricardo M.; Prego, Ricardo; Giralt, Santiago (1 June 2022). "Long-term hydroclimate variability in the sub-tropical North Atlantic and anthropogenic impacts on lake ecosystems: A case study from Flores Island, the Azores". Quaternary Science Reviews. 285: 107525. Bibcode:2022QSRv..28507525R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107525. hdl:10261/269568. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Goodfriend, Glenn A.; Cameron, Robert A. D.; Cook, L. M. (May 1994). "Fossil Evidence of Recent Human Impact on the Land Snail Fauna of Madeira". Journal of Biogeography. 21 (3): 309–320. Bibcode:1994JBiog..21..309G. doi:10.2307/2845532. JSTOR 2845532. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Teixeira, Dinarte; Groh, Klaus; Yanes, Yurena; Pokryszko, Beata M.; Silva, Isamberto; Cameron, Robert A. D. (7 May 2022). "Late Quaternary land snail faunas of the Desertas Islands (Madeira): high diversity and endemism followed by recent impoverishment and extinction". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 88 (2). doi:10.1093/mollus/eyac010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Góis-Marques, Carlos A.; Mitchell, Ria L.; de Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José María; Madeira, José; Menezes de Sequeira, Miguel (February 2019). "Eurya stigmosa (Theaceae), a new and extinct record for the Calabrian stage of Madeira Island (Portugal): 40Ar/39Ar dating, palaeoecological and oceanic island palaeobiogeographical implications". Quaternary Science Reviews. 206: 129–140. Bibcode:2019QSRv..206..129G. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.01.008. hdl:10400.13/4182. S2CID 134725615. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Romeiras, Maria M.; Cundy, Andrew B.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (22 March 2021). "Effects of Holocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosystem of a small, dry island (Brava, Cabo Verde)". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (6): 1392–1405. Bibcode:2021JBiog..48.1392C. doi:10.1111/jbi.14084. hdl:10400.5/21368. S2CID 233708086. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Fonville, Thierry; Whittaker, Robert J.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (15 June 2019). "Late Holocene environmental change and the anthropization of the highlands of Santo Antão Island, Cabo Verde". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 524: 101–117. Bibcode:2019PPP...524..101C. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.03.033. S2CID 120143295. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Anderson, Atholl; Sand, Christophe; Petchey, Fiona; Worthy, Trevor H. "Faunal extinction and human habitation in New Caledonia: Initial results and implications of new research at the Pindai Caves". Journal of Pacific Archaeology. 1 (1): 89–109. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- Weisler, Marshall I.; Lambrides, Ariana B. J.; Quintus, Seth; Clark, Jeffrey; Worthy, Trevor H. (2016). "Colonisation and late period faunal assemblages from Ofu Island, American Samoa". Journal of Pacific Archeology. 7 (2): 1–19. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- Prebble, Matthew; Anderson, Atholl; Kennett, Douglas J (18 September 2012). "Forest clearance and agricultural expansion on Rapa, Austral Archipelago, French Polynesia". The Holocene. 23 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1177/0959683612455551. ISSN 0959-6836. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Sage Journals.
- "Controlling Ungulate Populations in native ecosystems in Hawaii" (PDF). Hawaii Conservation Alliance. 22 November 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-08.
- Athens, J. Stephen; Toggle, H. David; Ward, Jerome V.; Welch, David J. (14 November 2014). "Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawai'i". Archaeology in Oceania. 37 (2): 57–78. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2002.tb00507.x. ISSN 0728-4896. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
- Flaspohler, David J.; Giardina, Christian P.; Asner, Gregory P.; Hart, Patrick; Price, Jonathan; Lyons, Cassie Ka’apu; Castaneda, Xeronimo (February 2010). "Long-term effects of fragmentation and fragment properties on bird species richness in Hawaiian forests". Biological Conservation. 143 (2): 280–288. Bibcode:2010BCons.143..280F. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.10.009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Hansford, James P.; Lister, Adrian M.; Weston, Eleanor M.; Turvey, Samuel T. (July 2021). "Simultaneous extinction of Madagascar's megaherbivores correlates with late Holocene human-caused landscape transformation". Quaternary Science Reviews. 263: 106996. Bibcode:2021QSRv..26306996H. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106996. S2CID 236313083. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
- Kolbert, Elizabeth (2014-12-22). "The Big Kill". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
- Holdaway, Richard N.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Jacomb, Christopher; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Beavan, Nancy R.; Bunce, Michael (7 November 2014). "An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5436. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5436H. doi:10.1038/ncomms6436. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25378020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- Crist, Eileen; Ripple, William J.; Ehrlich, Paul R.; Rees, William E.; Wolf, Christopher (2022). "Scientists' warning on population" (PDF). Science of the Total Environment. 845: 157166. Bibcode:2022ScTEn.84557166C. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157166. PMID 35803428. S2CID 250387801. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-11-12. Retrieved 2022-11-08.
- "Attenborough: 'Curb excess capitalism' to save nature". BBC News. 8 October 2020. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
- Weston, Phoebe (January 13, 2021). "Top scientists warn of 'ghastly future of mass extinction' and climate disruption". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 13, 2021. Retrieved February 13, 2021.
- O'Sullivan, Jane N. (June 2020). "The social and environmental influences of population growth rate and demographic pressure deserve greater attention in ecological economics". Ecological Economics. 172: 106648. Bibcode:2020EcoEc.17206648O. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106648. S2CID 216368140. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- McKee, Jeffrey K.; Sciulli, Paul W.; Fooce, C. David; Waite, Thomas A. (January 2004). "Forecasting global biodiversity threats associated with human population growth". Biological Conservation. 115 (1): 161–164. Bibcode:2004BCons.115..161M. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00099-5. Archived from the original on 2 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
- Dodson, Jenna C.; Dérer, Patrícia; Cafaro, Philip; Götmark, Frank (15 December 2020). "Population growth and climate change: Addressing the overlooked threat multiplier". Science of the Total Environment. 748: 141346. Bibcode:2020ScTEn.74841346D. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141346. PMID 33113687. S2CID 225035992. Archived from the original on 6 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- Magramo, Kathleen (June 3, 2022). "More than 40% of Earth's land surface must be conserved to stop the biodiversity crisis, report warns". CNN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved June 8, 2022.
- Watts, Jonathan (November 3, 2018). "Stop biodiversity loss or we could face our own extinction, warns UN". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
- Greenfield, Patrick (January 13, 2020). "UN draft plan sets 2030 target to avert Earth's sixth mass extinction". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- Yeung, Jessie (January 14, 2020). "We have 10 years to save Earth's biodiversity as mass extinction caused by humans takes hold, UN warns". CNN. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2020.
- Dickie, Gloria (September 15, 2020). "Global Biodiversity Is in Free Fall". Scientific American. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
- Larson, Christina; Borenstein, Seth (September 15, 2020). "World isn't meeting biodiversity goals, UN report finds". Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
- Rounsevell M, Harfoot M, Harrison P, Newbold T, Gregory R, Mace G (June 12, 2020). "A biodiversity target based on species extinctions". Science. 368 (6496): 1193–1195. Bibcode:2020Sci...368.1193R. doi:10.1126/science.aba6592. PMID 32527821. S2CID 219585428. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020 – via UCL Discovery.
- Carrington, Damian (October 29, 2020). "Protecting nature is vital to escape 'era of pandemics' – report". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 29, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- Mcelwee, Pamela (November 2, 2020). "COVID-19 and the biodiversity crisis". The Hill. Archived from the original on May 15, 2022. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- "Escaping the 'Era of Pandemics': Experts Warn Worse Crises to Come Options Offered to Reduce Risk". Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. 2020. Archived from the original on January 26, 2024. Retrieved November 28, 2020.
- Einhorn, Catrin (December 19, 2022). "Nearly Every Country Signs On to a Sweeping Deal to Protect Nature". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
The United States is just one of two countries in the world that are not party to the Convention on Biological Diversity, largely because Republicans, who are typically opposed to joining treaties, have blocked United States membership. That means the American delegation was required to participate from the sidelines. (The only other country that has not joined the treaty is the Holy See.)
- Paddison, Laura (December 19, 2022). "More than 190 countries sign landmark agreement to halt the biodiversity crisis". CNN. Archived from the original on December 20, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
- Curry, Tierra (December 24, 2022). "COP15 biodiversity summit: Paving the road to extinction with good intentions". The Hill. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
wiley.com
onlinelibrary.wiley.com
- Rozas-Davila, Angela; Rodbell, Donald T.; Bush, Mark B. (24 January 2023). "Pleistocene megafaunal extinction in the grasslands of Junín-Peru". Journal of Biogeography. 50 (4): 755–766. Bibcode:2023JBiog..50..755R. doi:10.1111/jbi.14566. S2CID 256255790. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
- Connor, Simon E.; Van Leeuwen, Jacqueline F. N.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; Van der Knaap, Willem O.; Ammann, Brigitta; Björck, Svante (23 January 2012). "The ecological impact of oceanic island colonization – a palaeoecological perspective from the Azores". Journal of Biogeography. 39 (6): 1007–1023. Bibcode:2012JBiog..39.1007C. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x. hdl:11343/55221. S2CID 86191735. Archived from the original on 3 December 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2022.
- Castilla-Beltrán, Alvaro; De Nascimento, Lea; Fernández-Palacios, José-María; Whittaker, Robert J.; Romeiras, Maria M.; Cundy, Andrew B.; Edwards, Mary; Nogué, Sandra (22 March 2021). "Effects of Holocene climate change, volcanism and mass migration on the ecosystem of a small, dry island (Brava, Cabo Verde)". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (6): 1392–1405. Bibcode:2021JBiog..48.1392C. doi:10.1111/jbi.14084. hdl:10400.5/21368. S2CID 233708086. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2022.
- Athens, J. Stephen; Toggle, H. David; Ward, Jerome V.; Welch, David J. (14 November 2014). "Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawai'i". Archaeology in Oceania. 37 (2): 57–78. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2002.tb00507.x. ISSN 0728-4896. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
- Holdaway, Simon J.; Emmitt, Joshua; Furey, Louise; Jorgensen, Alex; O'Regan, Gerard; Phillipps, Rebecca; Prebble, Matthew; Wallace, Roderick; Ladefoged, Thegn N. (18 November 2018). "Māori settlement of New Zealand: The Anthropocene as a process". Archaeology in Oceania. 54 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1002/arco.5173. ISSN 0728-4896. Retrieved 3 July 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
bsapubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com
- Raven, Peter H.; Chase, Jonathan M.; Pires, J. Chris (2011). "Introduction to special issue on biodiversity". American Journal of Botany. 98 (3): 333–335. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100055. PMID 21613129.
worldcat.org
- Ceballos, Gerardo; Ehrlich, Paul R. (8 June 2018). "The misunderstood sixth mass extinction". Science. 360 (6393): 1080–1081. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1080C. doi:10.1126/science.aau0191. OCLC 7673137938. PMID 29880679. S2CID 46984172.
- Teyssèdre, Anne (2004). Toward a sixth mass extinction crisis? Chapter 2 in Biodiversity & global change : social issues and scientific challenges. R. Barbault, Bernard Chevassus-au-Louis, Anne Teyssèdre, Association pour la diffusion de la pensée française. Paris: Adpf. pp. 24–49. ISBN 2-914935-28-5. OCLC 57892208.
- De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26). "Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction" (PDF). Conservation Biology (in Spanish). 29 (2): 452–462. Bibcode:2015ConBi..29..452D. doi:10.1111/cobi.12380. ISSN 0888-8892. PMID 25159086. S2CID 19121609. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2019-11-24.
- Briggs, John C (October 2017). "Emergence of a sixth mass extinction?". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 122 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/blx063. ISSN 0024-4066. Archived from the original on 2022-06-18. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
- Svenning, Jens-Christian; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Bergman, Juraj; Buitenwerf, Robert; Le Roux, Elizabeth; Lundgren, Erick; Mungi, Ninad; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø. (2024). "The late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions: Patterns, causes, ecological consequences and implications for ecosystem management in the Anthropocene". Cambridge Prisms: Extinction. 2. doi:10.1017/ext.2024.4. ISSN 2755-0958.
- Cooke, Rob; Sayol, Ferran; Andermann, Tobias; Blackburn, Tim M.; Steinbauer, Manuel J.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Faurby, Søren (2023-12-19). "Undiscovered bird extinctions obscure the true magnitude of human-driven extinction waves". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 8116. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.8116C. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43445-2. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10730700. PMID 38114469.
- Darimont, Chris T.; Fox, Caroline H.; Bryan, Heather M.; Reimchen, Thomas E. (21 August 2015). "The unique ecology of human predators". Science. 349 (6250): 858–860. Bibcode:2015Sci...349..858D. doi:10.1126/science.aac4249. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26293961. S2CID 4985359.
- Cafaro, Philip; Hansson, Pernilla; Götmark, Frank (August 2022). "Overpopulation is a major cause of biodiversity loss and smaller human populations are necessary to preserve what is left" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 272. 109646. Bibcode:2022BCons.27209646C. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109646. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 250185617. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
- Wake, David B.; Vredenburg, Vance T. (2008-08-12). "Are we in the midst of the sixth mass extinction? A view from the world of amphibians". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (Suppl 1): 11466–11473. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511466W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801921105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556420. PMID 18695221.
The possibility that a sixth mass extinction spasm is upon us has received much attention. Substantial evidence suggests that an extinction event is underway.
- Faith, J. Tyler; Rowan, John; Du, Andrew; Barr, W. Andrew (July 2020). "The uncertain case for human-driven extinctions prior to Homo sapiens". Quaternary Research. 96: 88–104. Bibcode:2020QuRes..96...88F. doi:10.1017/qua.2020.51. ISSN 0033-5894.
- Andermann, Tobias; Faurby, Søren; Turvey, Samuel T.; Antonelli, Alexandre; Silvestro, Daniele (September 2020). "The past and future human impact on mammalian diversity". Science Advances. 6 (36). eabb2313. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.2313A. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb2313. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7473673. PMID 32917612. Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Archived 2017-10-16 at the Wayback Machine.
- Leung, Brian; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Greenberg, Dan A.; McGill, Brian; Dornelas, Maria; Freeman, Robin (December 2020). "Clustered versus catastrophic global vertebrate declines" (PDF). Nature. 588 (7837): 267–271. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..267L. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2920-6. hdl:10023/23213. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 33208939. S2CID 227065128. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-04-26.
- Pimm, Stuart; Raven, Peter; Peterson, Alan; Şekercioğlu, Çağan H.; Ehrlich, Paul R. (18 July 2006). "Human impacts on the rates of recent, present, and future bird extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (29): 10941–10946. doi:10.1073/pnas.0604181103. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1544153. PMID 16829570. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
- Jackson, J. B. C. (Aug 2008). "Colloquium paper: ecological extinction and evolution in the brave new ocean". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (Suppl 1): 11458–11465. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511458J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0802812105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2556419. PMID 18695220.
- Crutzen, Paul J.; Stoermer, Eugene F. (May 2000). "The 'Anthropocene'" (PDF). Global Change NewsLetter (41). IGBP: 17. ISSN 0284-5865. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
- Waters, Colin N.; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Summerhayes, Colin; Barnosky, Anthony D.; Poirier, Clément; Gałuszka, Agnieszka; Cearreta, Alejandro; Edgeworth, Matt; Ellis, Erle C. (2016-01-08). "The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene". Science. 351 (6269). aad2622. doi:10.1126/science.aad2622. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26744408. S2CID 206642594.
- Bergman, Juraj; Pedersen, Rasmus Ø; Lundgren, Erick J.; Lemoine, Rhys T.; Monsarrat, Sophie; Pearce, Elena A.; Schierup, Mikkel H.; Svenning, Jens-Christian (24 November 2023). "Worldwide Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene population declines in extant megafauna are associated with Homo sapiens expansion rather than climate change". Nature Communications. 14 (1): 7679. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.7679B. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43426-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 10667484. PMID 37996436.
- Albrecht, Jörg; Bartoń, Kamil A.; Selva, Nuria; Sommer, Robert S.; Swenson, Jon E.; Bischof, Richard (4 September 2017). "Humans and climate change drove the Holocene decline of the brown bear". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 10399. Bibcode:2017NatSR...710399A. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10772-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5583342. PMID 28871202.
- Cepero, Almudena; Ravoet, Jorgen; Gómez-Moracho, Tamara; Bernal, José Luis; Del Nozal, Maria J.; Bartolomé, Carolina; Maside, Xulio; Meana, Aránzazu; González-Porto, Amelia V.; de Graaf, Dirk C.; Martín-Hernández, Raquel; Higes, Mariano (15 September 2014). "Holistic screening of collapsing honey bee colonies in Spain: a case study". BMC Research Notes. 7: 649. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-649. ISSN 1756-0500. PMC 4180541. PMID 25223634.
- Haynes, Gary (2002). The early settlement of North America : the Clovis era. Cambridge. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-521-81900-8. OCLC 49327000.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Turney, Chris S. M.; Flannery, Timothy F.; Roberts, Richard G.; Reid, Craig; Fifield, L. Keith; Higham, Tom F. G.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Kemp, Noel; Colhoun, Eric A. (2008-08-21). "Late-surviving megafauna in Tasmania, Australia, implicate human involvement in their extinction". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (34): 12150–12153. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10512150T. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801360105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2527880. PMID 18719103.
- Steadman, David W. (1 March 1989). "Extinction of birds in Eastern polynesia: A review of the record, and comparisons with other Pacific Island groups". Journal of Archaeological Science. 16 (2): 177–205. Bibcode:1989JArSc..16..177S. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90065-4. ISSN 0305-4403. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
- Steadman, David W.; Pregill, Gregory K.; Burley, David V. (19 March 2002). "Rapid prehistoric extinction of iguanas and birds in Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (6): 3673–3677. Bibcode:2002PNAS...99.3673S. doi:10.1073/pnas.072079299. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 122582. PMID 11904427.
- Kumar, Lalit; Tehrany, Mahyat Shafapour (13 July 2017). "Climate change impacts on the threatened terrestrial vertebrates of the Pacific Islands". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 5030. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.5030K. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05034-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5509733. PMID 28706225.
- Hume, Julian P.; Hutton, Ian; Middleton, Greg; Nguyen, Jacqueline M.T.; Wylie, John (3 May 2021). "A Terrestrial Vertebrate Palaeontological Reconnaissance of Lord Howe Island, Australia". Pacific Science. 75 (1). doi:10.2984/75.1.2. ISSN 0030-8870. Retrieved 3 July 2024 – via BioOne Digital Library.
- White, Arthur W.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Hawkins, Stuart; Bedford, Stuart; Spriggs, Matthew (16 August 2010). "Megafaunal meiolaniid horned turtles survived until early human settlement in Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (35): 15512–15516. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10715512W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1005780107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2932593. PMID 20713711.
- Pregill, Gregory K.; Steadman, David W. (1 March 2004). "South Pacific Iguanas: Human Impacts and a New Species". Journal of Herpetology. 38 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1670/73-03A. ISSN 0022-1511. S2CID 85627049. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
- Steadman, David W.; Kirch, P. V. (1 December 1990). "Prehistoric extinction of birds on Mangaia, Cook Islands, Polynesia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87 (24): 9605–9609. Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.9605S. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.24.9605. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 55221. PMID 11607131.
- Kirch, P V (28 May 1996). "Late Holocene human-induced modifications to a central Polynesian island ecosystem". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93 (11): 5296–5300. Bibcode:1996PNAS...93.5296K. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.11.5296. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 39239. PMID 8643569.
- Prebble, Matthew; Anderson, Atholl; Kennett, Douglas J (18 September 2012). "Forest clearance and agricultural expansion on Rapa, Austral Archipelago, French Polynesia". The Holocene. 23 (2): 179–196. doi:10.1177/0959683612455551. ISSN 0959-6836. Archived from the original on 5 June 2024. Retrieved 4 June 2024 – via Sage Journals.
- Steadman, David W.; Olson, Storrs L. (1 September 1985). "Bird remains from an archaeological site on Henderson Island, South Pacific: Man-caused extinctions on an "uninhabited" island". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 82 (18): 6191–6195. Bibcode:1985PNAS...82.6191S. doi:10.1073/pnas.82.18.6191. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 391018. PMID 16593606.
- Athens, J. Stephen; Toggle, H. David; Ward, Jerome V.; Welch, David J. (14 November 2014). "Avifaunal extinctions, vegetation change, and Polynesian impacts in prehistoric Hawai'i". Archaeology in Oceania. 37 (2): 57–78. doi:10.1002/j.1834-4453.2002.tb00507.x. ISSN 0728-4896. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
- Benning, Tracy L.; LaPointe, Dennis; Atkinson, Carter T.; Vitousek, Peter M. (29 October 2002). "Interactions of climate change with biological invasions and land use in the Hawaiian Islands: Modeling the fate of endemic birds using a geographic information system". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (22): 14246–14249. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914246B. doi:10.1073/pnas.162372399. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 137869. PMID 12374870.
- Reinhardt, Antonia L.; Kasper, Thomas; Lochner, Maximilian; Bliedtner, Marcel; Krahn, Kim J.; Haberzettl, Torsten; Shumilovskikh, Lyudmila; Rahobisoa, Jean-Jacques; Zech, Roland; Favier, Charly; Behling, Hermann; Bremond, Laurent; Daut, Gerhard; Montade, Vincent (4 February 2022). "Rain Forest Fragmentation and Environmental Dynamics on Nosy Be Island (NW Madagascar) at 1300 cal BP Is Attributable to Intensified Human Impact". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9: 1–21. doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.783770. ISSN 2296-701X.
- Holdaway, Simon J.; Emmitt, Joshua; Furey, Louise; Jorgensen, Alex; O'Regan, Gerard; Phillipps, Rebecca; Prebble, Matthew; Wallace, Roderick; Ladefoged, Thegn N. (18 November 2018). "Māori settlement of New Zealand: The Anthropocene as a process". Archaeology in Oceania. 54 (1): 17–34. doi:10.1002/arco.5173. ISSN 0728-4896. Retrieved 3 July 2024 – via Wiley Online Library.
- Mcglone, M.S. (1989). "The Polynesian Settlement of New Zealand in Relation to Environmental and Biotic Changes". New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 12: 115–129. ISSN 0110-6465. Retrieved 3 July 2024 – via JSTOR.
- Kolbert, Elizabeth (2014-12-22). "The Big Kill". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
- Allentoft, Morten Erik; Heller, Rasmus; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Lorenzen, Eline D.; Hale, Marie L.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Jacomb, Christopher; Holdaway, Richard N.; Bunce, Michael (17 March 2014). "Extinct New Zealand megafauna were not in decline before human colonization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (13): 4922–4927. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.4922A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1314972111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3977255. PMID 24639531.
- Holdaway, Richard N.; Allentoft, Morten E.; Jacomb, Christopher; Oskam, Charlotte L.; Beavan, Nancy R.; Bunce, Michael (7 November 2014). "An extremely low-density human population exterminated New Zealand moa". Nature Communications. 5 (1): 5436. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5436H. doi:10.1038/ncomms6436. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 25378020. Archived from the original on 3 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- Lafferty, Kevin D.; Hopkins, Skylar R. (13 February 2018). "Unique parasite aDNA in moa coprolites from New Zealand suggests mass parasite extinctions followed human-induced megafauna extinctions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (7): 1411–1413. Bibcode:2018PNAS..115.1411L. doi:10.1073/pnas.1722598115. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5816219. PMID 29440435.
- Kopina H, Washington H, Gray J, Taylor B (2018). "The "future of conservation" debate: defending ecocentrism and the Nature Needs Half movement". Biological Conservation. 217: 140–148. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.016. ISSN 0006-3207. S2CID 89930104.
worldwildlife.org
- World Wildlife Fund (September 10, 2020). "Bending the curve of biodiversity loss". Living Planet Report 2020. Archived from the original on October 31, 2022.
yahoo.com
news.yahoo.com
- "Migratory river fish populations down 76% since 1970: study". Agence France-Presse. July 28, 2020. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.