Homosexuality (English Wikipedia)

Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 15173519. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.

acrl.org

rbm.acrl.org

Taylor, Marvin J. "Queer Things from Old Closets: Libraries Gay and Lesbian Studies – Queer Theory" (PDF). Association of College and Research Libraries. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

adjd.gov.ae

"UAE Penal Code" (PDF). ADJD.gov.ae. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.

adl.org

"State Hate Crime Laws" (PDF), Anti-Defamation League, June 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007

aidsportal.org

"MSM in Africa: highly stigmatized, vulnerable and in need of urgent HIV prevention". Aidsportal.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

amnesty.org

"Love is a human right". Amnesty International. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

apa.org

"Definitions Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity in APA Documents" (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2015. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2020. Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. ... [It is] one's enduring sexual attraction to male partners, female partners, or both. Sexual orientation may be heterosexual, samesex (gay or lesbian), or bisexual. ... A person may be attracted to men, women, both, neither, or to people who are genderqueer, androgynous, or have other gender identities. Individuals may identify as lesbian, gay, heterosexual, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or asexual, among others. ... Categories of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one's own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex (heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be widely used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum .... Some people identify as pansexual or queer in terms of their sexual orientation, which means they define their sexual orientation outside of the gender binary of 'male' and 'female' only.
"Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
"Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts". American Psychological Association. 2009. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
"Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation" (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2009. pp. 63, 86. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
In a joint statement with other major American medical organizations, the APA says that "different people realize at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual". "Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel". American Academy of Pediatrics, American Counseling Association, American Association of School Administrators, American Federation of Teachers, American Psychological Association, American School Health Association, The Interfaith Alliance, National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of Social Workers, National Education Association. 1999. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
American Psychological Association: Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
"Answers to Your Questions: For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality" (PDF). American Psychological Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
"Statement of the American Psychological Association" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
"Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts". apa.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
American Psychological Association Lesbian & Gay Parenting Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Balsam, Kimberly F.; Esther D. Rothblum (June 2005). "Victimization Over the Life Span: A Comparison of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Siblings" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.477. PMID 15982145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2007.
"Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30, 2004, Honolulu, HI". American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2004.
"A brief history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender social movements". www.apa.org. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
American Psychological Association: Lesbian & Gay Parenting Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine

arcadia.edu

scholarworks.arcadia.edu

Kameel Ahmady (11 December 2018). "Migration and Gender for Iranian LGBT". The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development. 4 (1). ISSN 2429-2133.

archive.org

LeVay, Simon (2017). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-029737-4. OL 26246092M – via Open Library.
Statt, David A. (2004). A Student's Dictionary of Psychology. Psychology Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-1841693422.
Younger, John G. (2005). Sex in the ancient world from A to Z (1st published. ed.). London: Routledge. p. 38. ISBN 0-415-24252-5.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin. 2000. ISBN 0-618-70172-9.
Hubbard, Thomas K. (2003). "Introduction". Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: a Sourcebook of Basic Documents. University of California Press. p. 1. ISBN 0520234308. The term "homosexuality" is itself problematic when applied to ancient cultures, inasmuch as neither Greek nor Latin possesses any one word covering the same semantic range as the modern concept. The term is adopted in this volume not out of any conviction that a fundamental identity exists between ancient and modern practices or self-conceptions, but as a convenient shorthand linking together a range of different phenomena involving same-gender love and/or sexual activity. To be sure, classical antiquity featured a variety of discrete practices in this regard, each of which enjoyed differing levels of acceptance depending on the time and place.
(Foucault 1986) Foucault, Michel (1986), The History of Sexuality, Pantheon Books, ISBN 0-394-41775-5
Halperin, David M. (1990). One Hundred Years of Homosexuality: And Other Essays on Greek Love. New York: Routledge. pp. 41–42. ISBN 0-415-90097-2.
Murray, Stephen; Roscoe, Will (1998). Boy Wives and Female Husbands: Studies of African Homosexualities. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-23829-0.
Shastri, Hari Prasad, Tr. The Ramayana Of Valmiki Vol. 2. Digital Library of India Item 2015.39881. Retrieved 19 April 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
(Boswell 1980) Boswell, John (1980), Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-06711-7
Bailey, Derrick Sherwin (1975). Homosexuality and the Western Christian tradition. Archon Books. ISBN 978-0-208-01492-4.
El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2005). Before Homosexuality in the Arab-Islamic World, 1500–1800. The University of Chicago Press. p. 2. ISBN 0-226-72988-5.
Maggio, Rosalie (1991), The Dictionary of Bias-Free Usage: A Guide to Nondiscriminatory Language, Oryx Press, p. 208, ISBN 0-89774-653-8
Hope, Debra A, ed. (2009). Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Vol. 54. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09556-1. ISBN 978-0-387-09555-4.
Wilson, Glen; Rahman, Qazi (2008). Born Gay? The Psychobiology of Sex Orientation. Internet Archive. London : Peter Owen. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7206-1309-4. OL 32175341M.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

archive.today

Gove, Michael (24 December 2002). "I'd like to say this, but it might land me in prison". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.

asherfergusson.com

"LGBTQ+ Travel Safety – 150 Best & Worst Countries Ranked (2021)". Asher & Lyric. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
"LGBTQ+ Travel Safety – 150 Best & Worst Countries Ranked (2021)". Asher & Lyric. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.

ashg.org

"Epigenetic Algorithm Accurately Predicts Male Sexual Orientation | ASHG". ashg.org. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Denise Winterman (18 March 2008). "How 'gay' became children's insult of choice". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
Steven Eke (28 July 2005). "Iran 'must stop youth executions'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
"Bishop loses gay employment case". BBC News Online. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2008.

books.google.com

Eric B. Shiraev; David A. Levy (2016). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, Sixth Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 216. ISBN 978-1134871315. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. Sexual orientation refers to romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific sex or gender. ... Heterosexuality, along with bisexuality and homosexuality are at least three main categories of the continuum of sexual orientation. ... Homosexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction between persons of the same sex or gender.
James R. Lehman; Kristine Diaz; Henry Ng; Elizabeth M. Petty; Meena Thatikunta; Kristen Eckstrand, eds. (2019). The Equal Curriculum: The Student and Educator Guide to LGBTQ Health. Springer Nature. p. 5. ISBN 978-3030240257. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. Homosexual, literally meaning "same sex", is used as an adjective to describe same-sex or same-gender attraction. ... The term introduces ambiguity because is often applied as an identity label to a person or group based on their behaviors, not because of self-identified sexual orientation or sexual desires. ... in addition to having potentially negative connotations, homosexual is unclear as to what group of people it describes...
Balthazart, Jacques (2012). The Biology of Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199838820. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
(Bagemihl 1999) Bagemihl, Bruce (1999), Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-19239-8, archived from the original on 13 February 2021, retrieved 16 June 2015
eds, Marc Wolinsky (1993). Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 49–55. ISBN 0691033072. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
eds, Marc Wolinsky ... (1993). Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 40–48. ISBN 0691033072. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Murray, Stephen O. (2000). Homosexualities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 394. ISBN 9780226551944. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Norton, Rictor (2016). Myth of the Modern Homosexual. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474286923. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019. The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
Ruse, Michael (2005). Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 399. ISBN 0-19-926479-1. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Song Geng (2004). The fragile scholar: power and masculinity in Chinese culture. Hong Kong University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-962-209-620-2. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
Kurtz, Lester R. (1999). Encyclopedia of violence, peace, & conflict. Academic Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-12-227010-X. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994]. Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-92074-7. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Roscoe, Will; Murray, Stephen O. (1997). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York: New York University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-8147-7467-9. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Mary Zeiss Stange; Carol K. Oyster; Jane E. Sloan (2011). Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World. Sage Pubns. p. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4129-7685-5. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
*Bailey, et al. (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2019. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Retrieved 18 February 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. ... The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- Adamczyk, Amy (2017). Cross-National Public Opinion about Homosexuality: Examining Attitudes across the Globe. University of California Press. pp. 3–7. ISBN 9780520963597. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- Cabezón 1992, p. vii. Cabezón, José Ignacio (1992). Buddhism, sexuality, and gender. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0758-5.

boston.com

LeBlanc, Steve (10 March 2006). "Catholic Charities to halt adoptions over issue involving gays". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2009.

britannica.com

"Pali canon | Definition, Contents, & Facts". Britannica. Retrieved 1 March 2023.

buddhanet.net

De Silva, A. L. "Homosexuality and Theravada Buddhism". BuddhaNet. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.

ca.gov

courts.ca.gov

"Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365... – APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed" (PDF). p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2010.

cbc.ca

"Trudeau: 'There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation'". CBC Archives. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
"Christian group likens Tory candidate review to witch hunt". CBC News. 28 November 2007. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008.

cbsnews.com

"Gallup survey claims 3.4 percent in U.S. are LGBT". CBS News. Associated Press. 18 October 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
"'Honor killings' target Turkey's LGBT community". CBS News. 12 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2013.

cdc.gov

"Sexual Orientation and Health Among U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2013." Archived 4 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine CDC. 15 July 2014. 15 July 2014. p.3.
Operario D, Burton J (April 2000). "HIV-related tuberculosis in a transgender network—Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City area, 1998–2000". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 49 (15): 317–20. PMID 10858008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.

census.gov

"Key Demographic and Economic Characteristics of Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Couples Differed". Census.gov. United States Census Bureau. 2022. Retrieved 29 March 2024.

chronicle.com

David P. Barash (19 November 2012). "The Evolutionary Mystery of Homosexuality". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.

churchofjesuschrist.org

"The Family: A Proclamation to the World". Lds.org. 23 September 1995. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

cnn.com

Wilson, Jacque (2 July 2008). "24-hour help for gay youth". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015.

cpa.ca

"Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
"Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association" (PDF). 2 June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.

degruyterbrill.com

Honeycutt, Kevin S. (1 June 2022). "Bertrand de Jouvenel's Philosophy of Individual Liberty". Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines. 28 (1): 167–182. doi:10.1515/jeeh-2022-0016. ISSN 2153-1552.

deseretnews.com

Moore, Carrie (15 May 2008). "LDS Church expresses disappointment in California gay marriage decision". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

doi.org

Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (21): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562.
Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 15173519. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Bogaert, Anthony F.; Skorska, Malvina N. (1 March 2020). "A short review of biological research on the development of sexual orientation". Hormones and Behavior. 119: 104659. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104659. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 31911036.
Swift-Gallant, Ashlyn; Aung, Toe; Rosenfield, Kevin; Dawood, Khytam; Puts, David (2023). "Organizational Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Human Sexual Orientation". Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology. 9 (4): 344–370. doi:10.1007/s40750-023-00226-x. ISSN 2198-7335.
Feray Jean-Claude; Herzer Manfred (1990). "Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century: Karl Maria Kertbeny". Journal of Homosexuality. 19 (1): 23–47. doi:10.1300/j082v19n01_02. PMID 2187922.
Dalzell, Tom, ed. (25 July 2008). The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge. p. 1104. doi:10.4324/9780203895139. ISBN 978-0-203-89513-9.
Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 45 (2). SAGE Publications on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. doi:10.1177/0146107915577097. ISSN 1945-7596. S2CID 170127256.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). "Sexual Inversion among the Azande". American Anthropologist. 72 (6): 1428–1434. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170. S2CID 162319598.
Raveenthiran, Venkatachalam (November 2011). "Knowledge of ancient Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 bc". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 46 (11): 2204–2208. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007. ISSN 0022-3468. PMID 22075360.
Srinivasan, Shiva Prakash; Chandrasekaran, Sruti (2020). "Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 24 (3): 235–236. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 7539026. PMID 33083261.
Morales, Manuel Sanz; Mariscal, Gabriel Laguna (2003). "The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias". The Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 292–295. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.292. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556498. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
Hubbard, Thomas K. (31 March 2020), "Historical Views of Homosexuality: Roman Empire", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1243, ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7, retrieved 29 April 2025
Published in two parts:
- Bentham, Jeremy; Crompton, Louis (4 August 1978). "Offences Against One's Self: Paederesty (Part 1)". Journal of Homosexuality. 3 (4). Informa UK Limited: 389–406. doi:10.1300/j082v03n04_07. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 353189.
- Honeycutt, Kevin S. (1 June 2022). "Bertrand de Jouvenel's Philosophy of Individual Liberty". Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines. 28 (1): 167–182. doi:10.1515/jeeh-2022-0016. ISSN 2153-1552.
- *Bailey, et al. (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2019. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
  - Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Retrieved 18 February 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. ... The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
  - Duffy, S.M/; C.E. Rusbult (1985). "Satisfaction and commitment in homosexual and heterosexual relationships". Journal of Homosexuality. 12 (2): 1–23. doi:10.1300/J082v12n02_01. PMID 3835198. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  - Charlotte, Baccman; Per Folkesson; Torsten Norlander (1999). "Expectations of romantic relationships: A comparison between homosexual and heterosexual men with regard to Baxter's criteria". Social Behavior and Personality. 27 (4): 363–374. doi:10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.363. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  - Caceres, C.; Konda, K.; Pecheny, M.; Chatterjee, A.; Lyerla, R. (2006). "Estimating the number of men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (Suppl. III): iii3 – iii9. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.019489. PMC 2576725. PMID 16735290.
  - Billy JO, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH (1993). "The sexual behavior of men in the United States". Family Planning Perspectives. 25 (2): 52–60. doi:10.2307/2136206. JSTOR 2136206. PMID 8491287.
  - Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH (January 1989). "Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men". Science. 243 (4889): 338–48. Bibcode:1989Sci...243..338F. doi:10.1126/science.2911744. PMID 2911744.
  - Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D (June 1995). "The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (3): 235–48. doi:10.1007/BF01541598. PMID 7611844. S2CID 12929812.
  - Hope, Debra A, ed. (2009). Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Vol. 54. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09556-1. ISBN 978-0-387-09555-4.
  - Black, Dan; Gates, Gary; Sanders, Seth; Taylor, Lowell (2000). "Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence from Available Systematic Data Sources". Demography. 37 (2): 139–154. doi:10.2307/2648117. JSTOR 2648117. PMID 10836173.
  - Lamberg, L. (1998). "Gay Is Okay With APA—Forum Honors Landmark 1973 Events". JAMA. 280 (6): 497–499. doi:10.1001/jama.280.6.497. PMID 9707127. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  - Tasos, Emmanouil (19 September 2022). "To What Extent are Prenatal Androgens Involved in the Development of Male Homosexuality in Humans?" (PDF). Journal of Homosexuality. 69 (11): 1928–1963. doi:10.1080/00918369.2021.1933792. ISSN 0091-8369.
  - Ngun, TC; Vilain, E (2014). "The Biological Basis of Human Sexual Orientation". Epigenetic Shaping of Sociosexual Interactions - from Plants to Humans. Adv Genet. Vol. 86. pp. 167–84. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800222-3.00008-5. ISBN 978-0-12-800222-3. PMID 25172350.
  - Balter, Michael (9 October 2015). "BEHAVIORAL GENETICS. Can epigenetics explain homosexuality puzzle?". Science. 350 (6257): 148. doi:10.1126/science.350.6257.148. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 26450189.
  - Zietsch, B; Morley, K; Shekar, S; Verweij, K; Keller, M; Macgregor, S; Wright, M; Bailey, J; Martin, N (2008). "Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals". Evolution and Human Behavior. 29 (6). Elsevier BV: 424–433. Bibcode:2008EHumB..29..424Z. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.002. ISSN 1090-5138.
  - Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.
  - Herek GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective" (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
  - Operario D, Burton J, Underhill K, Sevelius J (January 2008). "Men who have sex with transgender women: challenges to category-based HIV prevention". AIDS Behav. 12 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9303-y. PMID 17705095. S2CID 31831055.
  - Young RM, Meyer IH (July 2005). "The trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse". Am J Public Health. 95 (7): 1144–9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.046714. PMC 1449332. PMID 15961753.
  - Meyer, Ilan H. (September 2003). "Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence". Psychological Bulletin. 129 (5): 674–97. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674. PMC 2072932. PMID 12956539.
  - Balsam, Kimberly F.; Esther D. Rothblum (June 2005). "Victimization Over the Life Span: A Comparison of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Siblings" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.477. PMID 15982145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2007.
  - Ahmady, Kameel (10 December 2018). "LGBT in Iran, Citizens with no rights? A Comprehensive Study on LGBT in Iran: Anaiysing current law, discussing legal rights of LGBT's and way forward". Political Sociology of Iran (in Persian). 1 (3): 253–291. doi:10.30510/psi.2022.352097.3746. ISSN 2676-6663.
  - Tausch, Arno (2025), Tausch, Arno (ed.), "The Potential for Violence Against Homosexuals and Strategies of Advancing Tolerant Gender Social Norms and Democracy", Homonegativity and Religiously Motivated Political Extremism: A Study Based on World Values Survey Data from 88 Countries and Territories, SpringerBriefs in Political Science, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 93–107, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66202-7_6, ISBN 978-3-031-66202-7, retrieved 20 April 2025
  - Bailey, N. W.; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–446. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24..439B. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  - Gómez, José M.; et al. (3 October 2023). "The evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals". Nature. 14 (5719): 5719. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.5719G. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41290-x. PMC 10547684. PMID 37788987.

epistle.us

Bruce L. Gerig. "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt". The Epistle. Retrieved 29 December 2024.

etymonline.com

Douglas Harper (2001). "Lesbian". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
Douglas Harper (2001). "Sapphic". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2009.

eurekalert.org

"Relationship Satisfaction and Commitment". Eurekalert.org. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
"Black gay men, lesbians, have fewer mental disorders than whites, says Mailman School of PH study". Eurekalert.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

expatica.com

community.expatica.com

"Half of young Dutch people reject homosexuality". Expatica/COC. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.

fbi.gov

"Victims", FBI, archived from the original on 8 July 2016, retrieved 26 July 2013

fda.gov

Cber / Fda. "FDA Policy on Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

findarticles.com

Ritter, Bob (January–February 2008). "Collision of religious and gay rights in the workplace". Humanist. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.

findlaw.com

realestate.findlaw.com

Renter's Rights Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination, archived from the original on 10 December 2007, retrieved 7 September 2007

forbes.com

"FORBES LGBTQ+ Danger Index 2019". Forbes. 21 October 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.

ft.dk

"Morocco Situation of LGBT Persons" (PDF). Danish Immigration Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.

gallup.com

Gates, Gary J.; Newport, Frank (18 October 2012). "Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT". Gallup. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

news.gallup.com

Newport, Frank (22 May 2018). "In U.S., Estimate of LGBT Population Rises to 4.5%". Gallup. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

galva108.org

Mitra Varuna Archived 2013-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association

gayguide.travel

spartacus.gayguide.travel

"SPARTACUS Gay Travel Index 2019". 25 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.

genderandhealth.ca

"Riddle Homophobia Scale". Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.

ghostarchive.org

Beckford, Martin (5 June 2008). "Catholic adoption service stops over gay rights". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.

glaad.org

"GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Glossary of Terms: LGBTQ". GLAAD. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

glad.org

"Expert affidavit of Gregory M. Herek, PhD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Michael Lamb, PhD: Affidavit – United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2009) Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine

glbtq.com

"Karl-Maria Kertbeny: The Coinage and Dissemination of the Term", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 27 September 2012, retrieved 12 June 2012
"Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1840–1902)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012.
Pablo, Ben (2004). "Latin America: Colonial". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
Murray, Stephen (2004). "Mexico". In Claude J. Summers (ed.). glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
Neumann, Caryn E (2004), "Outing", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 9 June 2007

glbtqarchive.com

Endres, Nikolai (2004). "Kertbeny, Károly Mária (1824-1882)" (PDF). glbtq Encyclopedia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.

go.com

abcnews.go.com

DONALDSON JAMES, SUSAN (23 June 2011). "Census 2010: One-Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Children". United States: ABC News. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2013. Still, more than 80 percent of the children being raised by gay couples are not adopted, according to Gates.

gpo.gov

frwebgate.access.gpo.gov

"Executive Order 13087 of May 28, 1998" (PDF), Federal Register, vol. 63, no. 105, 2 June 1998, archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2004, retrieved 7 September 2007

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH (January 1989). "Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men". Science. 243 (4889): 338–48. Bibcode:1989Sci...243..338F. doi:10.1126/science.2911744. PMID 2911744.
Zietsch, B; Morley, K; Shekar, S; Verweij, K; Keller, M; Macgregor, S; Wright, M; Bailey, J; Martin, N (2008). "Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals". Evolution and Human Behavior. 29 (6). Elsevier BV: 424–433. Bibcode:2008EHumB..29..424Z. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.002. ISSN 1090-5138.
Bailey, N. W.; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–446. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24..439B. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
Gómez, José M.; et al. (3 October 2023). "The evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals". Nature. 14 (5719): 5719. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.5719G. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41290-x. PMC 10547684. PMID 37788987.

hawaii.edu

Greenwood, Cseneca; Mario Ruberte (9 April 2004). "African American Community and HIV (Slide 14 mentions TG women)". East Bay AIDS Education and Training Center. Archived from the original (ppt) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.

healthyminds.org

Sexual Orientation Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. American Psychiatric Association.

hindustantimes.com

"LGBT rights were accepted in ancient India, Sec 377 must be repealed: Amish Tripathi". Hindustan Times. 4 September 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2023.

hrc.org

"Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Hinduism". Human Rights Campaign. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
"President Barack Obama Signs Hate Crimes Legislation into Law". HRC. 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

dev.hrc.org

"The Coming Out Continuum", Human Rights Campaign, archived from the original on 2 November 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007

hurriyetdailynews.com

"Father confesses to killing his own son in landmark homosexual murder case". hurriyetdailynews.com. 25 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2013.

ilga.org

"7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts". ILGA. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
"The decision of the World Health Organisation 15 years ago constitutes a historic date and powerful symbol for members of the LGBT community". ILGA. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Aengus Carroll; Lucas Paoli Itaborahy (May 2015). "State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019 (PDF). Geneva: ILGA. p. 359. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2021.

independent.co.uk

"'I don't want a poofter to play me in a film': Sir Stirling Moss is embroiled in homophobia row after 'offensive' comments". The Independent. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
"The five most improved places for gay tolerance". The Independent. London. 17 September 2008. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2009. Israel is the only Middle-Eastern country to support gay rights legislation, and the country attracts gay people from Palestine and Lebanon.

indiatimes.com

timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Mitta, Manoj (27 June 2009). "Ancient India didn't think homosexuality was against nature". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 February 2023.

indiatoday.in

"Know all about Sushruta, the first ever plastic surgeon who was Indian". India Today. July 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2024.

iranwire.com

""The situation of gays in Iran" [The situation of LGBTQ in Iran.]" (in Persian).

jamanetwork.com

jama.jamanetwork.com

Lamberg, L. (1998). "Gay Is Okay With APA—Forum Honors Landmark 1973 Events". JAMA. 280 (6): 497–499. doi:10.1001/jama.280.6.497. PMID 9707127. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.

jiva.org

Malatimanjari (28 April 2019). "The Vedic View on Homosexuality". Jiva Institute of Vedic Studies. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

jstor.org

Morales, Manuel Sanz; Mariscal, Gabriel Laguna (2003). "The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias". The Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 292–295. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.292. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556498. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
Billy JO, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH (1993). "The sexual behavior of men in the United States". Family Planning Perspectives. 25 (2): 52–60. doi:10.2307/2136206. JSTOR 2136206. PMID 8491287.
Black, Dan; Gates, Gary; Sanders, Seth; Taylor, Lowell (2000). "Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence from Available Systematic Data Sources". Demography. 37 (2): 139–154. doi:10.2307/2648117. JSTOR 2648117. PMID 10836173.

justia.com

supreme.justia.com

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998).
Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins, 490 U.S. 228 (1989).

justice.gc.ca

laws-lois.justice.gc.ca

Civil Marriage Act, SC 2005, c. 33

kino.com

"Psychopathia Sexualis". Kino.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2007.

kinseyinstitute.org

"Kinsey's Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale". The Kinsey Institute. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2011.

labmeeting.com

Duffy, S.M/; C.E. Rusbult (1985). "Satisfaction and commitment in homosexual and heterosexual relationships". Journal of Homosexuality. 12 (2): 1–23. doi:10.1300/J082v12n02_01. PMID 3835198. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2009.

lampyridjournal.com

Ahmady, Kameel (11 May 2023). "Investigating the Dynamics of the Iranian LGBT Community from Legal and Religious Perspectives". Lampyrid: The Journal of Bioluminescent Beetle Research. 13: 846–869. ISSN 2041-4900.

law.com

Moldover, Judith (31 October 2007). "Employer's Dilemma: When Religious Expression and Gay Rights Cross". New York Law Journal. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.

lawctopus.com

Mehrotra, Deepanshi (22 October 2017). "The Pre-Colonial History of Homosexuality in India: Why Love Is Not Western (Part I/III)". Lawctopus. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.

lds.org

newsroom.lds.org

Salt Lake City, UT (20 October 2004). "First Presidency Message on Same-Gender Marriage". Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2010.

lexum.com

scc-csc.lexum.com

"Egan v. Canada". Supreme Court of Canada. 25 May 1995. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021.

mollybrown.org

Casey (7 June 2016). "Queer in the Age of the Queen: Gender and Sexuality of the Mid Modern Period in Victorian England and North America". Molly Brown House Museum. Retrieved 8 May 2025.

nationalreview.com

Brownback, Sam (9 July 2004). "Defining Marriage Down – We need to protect marriage". National Review. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.

ndtv.com

"Supreme Court of India scraps ban on homosexuality with its judgment on Section 377". NDTV. 9 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.

news-medical.net

"1,500 animal species practice homosexuality. The Medical News, 23 October 2006". Archived from the original on 10 February 2011.

newstatesman.com

Tatchell, Peter (23 April 2007), "Outing hypocrites is justified", New Statesman, archived from the original on 14 September 2008, retrieved 4 May 2007

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bailey JM, Vasey PL, Diamond LM, Breedlove SM, Vilain E, Epprecht M (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (21): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562.
Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 15173519. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Bogaert, Anthony F.; Skorska, Malvina N. (1 March 2020). "A short review of biological research on the development of sexual orientation". Hormones and Behavior. 119: 104659. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104659. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 31911036.
Feray Jean-Claude; Herzer Manfred (1990). "Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th Century: Karl Maria Kertbeny". Journal of Homosexuality. 19 (1): 23–47. doi:10.1300/j082v19n01_02. PMID 2187922.
Raveenthiran, Venkatachalam (November 2011). "Knowledge of ancient Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 bc". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 46 (11): 2204–2208. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007. ISSN 0022-3468. PMID 22075360.
Srinivasan, Shiva Prakash; Chandrasekaran, Sruti (2020). "Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 24 (3): 235–236. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 7539026. PMID 33083261.
Published in two parts:
- Bentham, Jeremy; Crompton, Louis (4 August 1978). "Offences Against One's Self: Paederesty (Part 1)". Journal of Homosexuality. 3 (4). Informa UK Limited: 389–406. doi:10.1300/j082v03n04_07. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 353189.
- *Bailey, et al. (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2019. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
  - Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Retrieved 18 February 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. ... The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
  - Duffy, S.M/; C.E. Rusbult (1985). "Satisfaction and commitment in homosexual and heterosexual relationships". Journal of Homosexuality. 12 (2): 1–23. doi:10.1300/J082v12n02_01. PMID 3835198. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
  - Caceres, C.; Konda, K.; Pecheny, M.; Chatterjee, A.; Lyerla, R. (2006). "Estimating the number of men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (Suppl. III): iii3 – iii9. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.019489. PMC 2576725. PMID 16735290.
  - Billy JO, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH (1993). "The sexual behavior of men in the United States". Family Planning Perspectives. 25 (2): 52–60. doi:10.2307/2136206. JSTOR 2136206. PMID 8491287.
  - Fay RE, Turner CF, Klassen AD, Gagnon JH (January 1989). "Prevalence and patterns of same-gender sexual contact among men". Science. 243 (4889): 338–48. Bibcode:1989Sci...243..338F. doi:10.1126/science.2911744. PMID 2911744.
  - Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D (June 1995). "The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (3): 235–48. doi:10.1007/BF01541598. PMID 7611844. S2CID 12929812.
  - Black, Dan; Gates, Gary; Sanders, Seth; Taylor, Lowell (2000). "Demographics of the Gay and Lesbian Population in the United States: Evidence from Available Systematic Data Sources". Demography. 37 (2): 139–154. doi:10.2307/2648117. JSTOR 2648117. PMID 10836173.
  - Lamberg, L. (1998). "Gay Is Okay With APA—Forum Honors Landmark 1973 Events". JAMA. 280 (6): 497–499. doi:10.1001/jama.280.6.497. PMID 9707127. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
  - Ngun, TC; Vilain, E (2014). "The Biological Basis of Human Sexual Orientation". Epigenetic Shaping of Sociosexual Interactions - from Plants to Humans. Adv Genet. Vol. 86. pp. 167–84. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800222-3.00008-5. ISBN 978-0-12-800222-3. PMID 25172350.
  - Balter, Michael (9 October 2015). "BEHAVIORAL GENETICS. Can epigenetics explain homosexuality puzzle?". Science. 350 (6257): 148. doi:10.1126/science.350.6257.148. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 26450189.
  - Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, et al. (July 2006). "The effects of marriage, civil union, and domestic partnership laws on the health and well-being of children". Pediatrics. 118 (1): 349–64. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-1279. PMID 16818585.
  - Herek GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective" (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
  - Operario D, Burton J, Underhill K, Sevelius J (January 2008). "Men who have sex with transgender women: challenges to category-based HIV prevention". AIDS Behav. 12 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9303-y. PMID 17705095. S2CID 31831055.
  - Operario D, Burton J (April 2000). "HIV-related tuberculosis in a transgender network—Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City area, 1998–2000". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 49 (15): 317–20. PMID 10858008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  - Young RM, Meyer IH (July 2005). "The trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse". Am J Public Health. 95 (7): 1144–9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.046714. PMC 1449332. PMID 15961753.
  - Meyer, Ilan H. (September 2003). "Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence". Psychological Bulletin. 129 (5): 674–97. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674. PMC 2072932. PMID 12956539.
  - Balsam, Kimberly F.; Esther D. Rothblum (June 2005). "Victimization Over the Life Span: A Comparison of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Siblings" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.477. PMID 15982145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2007.
  - Bailey, N. W.; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–446. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24..439B. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  - Gómez, José M.; et al. (3 October 2023). "The evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals". Nature. 14 (5719): 5719. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.5719G. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41290-x. PMC 10547684. PMID 37788987.
  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
  - Srinivasan, Shiva Prakash; Chandrasekaran, Sruti (2020). "Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 24 (3): 235–236. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 7539026. PMID 33083261.
  - Caceres, C.; Konda, K.; Pecheny, M.; Chatterjee, A.; Lyerla, R. (2006). "Estimating the number of men who have sex with men in low and middle income countries". Sexually Transmitted Infections. 82 (Suppl. III): iii3 – iii9. doi:10.1136/sti.2005.019489. PMC 2576725. PMID 16735290.
  - Young RM, Meyer IH (July 2005). "The trouble with "MSM" and "WSW": erasure of the sexual-minority person in public health discourse". Am J Public Health. 95 (7): 1144–9. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.046714. PMC 1449332. PMID 15961753.
  - Meyer, Ilan H. (September 2003). "Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence". Psychological Bulletin. 129 (5): 674–97. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674. PMC 2072932. PMID 12956539.
  - Gómez, José M.; et al. (3 October 2023). "The evolution of same-sex sexual behaviour in mammals". Nature. 14 (5719): 5719. Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.5719G. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41290-x. PMC 10547684. PMID 37788987.

niwascience.co.nz

Gordon, Dennis (10 April 2007). "'Catalogue of Life' reaches one million species". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2007.

nmha.org

"Mental Health American, Bullying and Gay Youth". "Mental Health America" formerly National Mental Health Association. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.

nytimes.com

Fathi, Nazila (30 September 2007). "Despite Denials, Gays Insist They Exist, if Quietly, in Iran". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
The New York Times: Homosexuality Not an Illness, Chinese Say Archived 22 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Capuzzo, Jill (14 August 2007). "Church Group Complains of Civil Union Pressure". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
Capuzzo, Jill (18 September 2007). "Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2010.

tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com

Grant, Anthony (2 July 2010). "Gay Tel Aviv". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2012.

query.nytimes.com

Smith, Dinitia (7 February 2004). "Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2007.

openlibrary.org

LeVay, Simon (2017). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-029737-4. OL 26246092M – via Open Library.
Wilson, Glen; Rahman, Qazi (2008). Born Gay? The Psychobiology of Sex Orientation. Internet Archive. London : Peter Owen. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-7206-1309-4. OL 32175341M.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)

oxforddictionaries.com

"gay". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2015. (Of a person, especially a man) homosexual.

oxfordre.com

Hubbard, Thomas K. (31 March 2020), "Historical Views of Homosexuality: Roman Empire", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1243, ISBN 978-0-19-022863-7, retrieved 29 April 2025

paho.org

new.paho.org

"'Therapies' to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health". Pan American Health Organization. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.

palarch.nl

archives.palarch.nl

Ahmady, Kameel (2021). "LGBT IN IRAN: THE HOMOPHOBIC LAWS AND SOCIAL SYSTEM IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN". PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology. 18 (18): 1446–1464. ISSN 1567-214X.

pewforum.org

"Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.

phac-aspc.gc.ca

"STI Epi Update: Oral Contraceptive and Condom Use". Public Health Agency of Canada. 23 April 1998. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2007.

pinknews.co.uk

Shoffman, Marc (17 May 2006), "Homophobic stigma – A community cause", PinkNews.co.uk, archived from the original on 19 April 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007

psychiatry.org

"LGBT-Sexual Orientation: What is Sexual Orientation?" Archived 28 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine, the official web pages of APA. Accessed 9 April 2015

psychology.org.au

"Psychological practices that attempt to change sexual orientation: Position statement". Australian Psychological Society. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
Australian Psychological Society: Sexual orientation and homosexuality Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
"Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.

publishersweekly.com

"Gay Lib for the Animals: A New Look At Homosexuality in Nature – 2/1/1999 – Publishers Weekly". Publishersweekly.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.

rcpsych.ac.uk

"Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality". The Royal College of Psychiatrists. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
Royal College of Psychiatrists: Statement from the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Gay and Lesbian Mental Health Special Interest Group Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine

rdcu.be

Swift-Gallant, Ashlyn; Aung, Toe; Rosenfield, Kevin; Dawood, Khytam; Puts, David (2023). "Organizational Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Human Sexual Orientation". Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology. 9 (4): 344–370. doi:10.1007/s40750-023-00226-x. ISSN 2198-7335.

rediff.com

Pattanaik, Devdutt. "Would ancient India have supported Section 377?". Rediff. Retrieved 30 December 2023.

reference.com

dictionary.reference.com

"Lesbian | Define Lesbian at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Spears, Richard A. (2007). "Fag". Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

repubblica.it

bari.repubblica.it

Di Piero Russo (5 August 2011). "Sei il disonore della famiglia" e accoltella il fratello gay". bari.repubblica.it. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.

researchgate.net

*Bailey, et al. (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2019. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Retrieved 18 February 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. ... The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- Tasos, Emmanouil (19 September 2022). "To What Extent are Prenatal Androgens Involved in the Development of Male Homosexuality in Humans?" (PDF). Journal of Homosexuality. 69 (11): 1928–1963. doi:10.1080/00918369.2021.1933792. ISSN 0091-8369.

reuters.com

Shyamantha, Asokan (11 December 2013). "India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
"Brunei says it won't enforce gay death penalty after backlash". Reuters. 6 May 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.

rictornorton.co.uk

Norton, Rictor (2016). Myth of the Modern Homosexual. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474286923. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019. The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine.

russianlawjournal.org

Ahmady, Kameel (3 June 2023). "CULTURAL PATHOLOGY OF MALE CIRCUMCISION IN IRAN: FOCUSING ON CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO THE BODY". Russian Law Journal. 11 (12s). ISSN 2313-7851.

salto-youth.net

Takács, Judit (April 2006). "Social exclusion of young lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in Europe" (PDF).

sbp-journal.com

Charlotte, Baccman; Per Folkesson; Torsten Norlander (1999). "Expectations of romantic relationships: A comparison between homosexual and heterosexual men with regard to Baxter's criteria". Social Behavior and Personality. 27 (4): 363–374. doi:10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.363. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

sciencedaily.com

"Same-sex Behavior Seen in Nearly All Animals, Review Finds". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2018.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Boswell, John (1989). "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories" (PDF). In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. S2CID 34904667. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2019.
Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 45 (2). SAGE Publications on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. doi:10.1177/0146107915577097. ISSN 1945-7596. S2CID 170127256.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1970). "Sexual Inversion among the Azande". American Anthropologist. 72 (6): 1428–1434. doi:10.1525/aa.1970.72.6.02a00170. S2CID 162319598.
Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D (June 1995). "The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (3): 235–48. doi:10.1007/BF01541598. PMID 7611844. S2CID 12929812.
Operario D, Burton J, Underhill K, Sevelius J (January 2008). "Men who have sex with transgender women: challenges to category-based HIV prevention". AIDS Behav. 12 (1): 18–26. doi:10.1007/s10461-007-9303-y. PMID 17705095. S2CID 31831055.

pdfs.semanticscholar.org

Boswell, John (1989). "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories" (PDF). In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. S2CID 34904667. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2019.

sex-lexis.com

"Dictionary of Sexual Terms". Sex-lexis.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2012.

springer.com

link.springer.com

Tausch, Arno (2025), Tausch, Arno (ed.), "The Potential for Violence Against Homosexuals and Strategies of Advancing Tolerant Gender Social Norms and Democracy", Homonegativity and Religiously Motivated Political Extremism: A Study Based on World Values Survey Data from 88 Countries and Territories, SpringerBriefs in Political Science, Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, pp. 93–107, doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66202-7_6, ISBN 978-3-031-66202-7, retrieved 20 April 2025

spsiran.ir

jou.spsiran.ir

Ahmady, Kameel (10 December 2018). "LGBT in Iran, Citizens with no rights? A Comprehensive Study on LGBT in Iran: Anaiysing current law, discussing legal rights of LGBT's and way forward". Political Sociology of Iran (in Persian). 1 (3): 253–291. doi:10.30510/psi.2022.352097.3746. ISSN 2676-6663.

suicide.org

Caruso, Kevin, "Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Suicide", Suicide.org, archived from the original on 30 April 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007

swiftjournals.org

"Ahmady, Kameel. The Narrative of Lesbian Gays and Bisexual in Iran and the Chronic Closet, Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol 5(1) pp. 01–022 March 2019" (PDF). Swift Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities.

telegraph.co.uk

Beckford, Martin (5 June 2008). "Catholic adoption service stops over gay rights". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.

thedrummersrevenge.wordpress.com

Hamish (19 August 2007). "'Sodomites' in Canada before 1841". The Drummer's Revenge. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
Hamish (9 September 2007). "The End to the Death Penalty for "Sodomy" in Canada". The Drummer's Revenge. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.

thefreelibrary.com

Harrold, Max (16 February 1999). "Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity". The Advocate. Regent Media. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2023 – via TheFreeLibrary.

theguardian.com

Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (28 March 2019). "Brunei introduces death by stoning as punishment for gay sex". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
"Anti-LGBT views still prevail, global survey finds". The Guardian. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.

therecord.com

news.therecord.com

Mercer, Greg (24 April 2008). "Christian Horizons rebuked: Employer ordered to compensate fired gay worker, abolish code of conduct". The Record. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2009.

timesonline.co.uk

Gove, Michael (24 December 2002). "I'd like to say this, but it might land me in prison". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 18 September 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.

ucdavis.edu

psychology.ucdavis.edu

Herek GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective" (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
Gregory M. Herek, PhD: Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine

ucla.edu

williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu

Gary Gates (April 2011). "How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender?". The Williams Institute. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2014.

ucr.edu

faculty.ucr.edu

Bailey, N. W.; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–446. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24..439B. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.

ucsf.edu

lgbt.ucsf.edu

"General Definitions". LGBT Resource Center. Retrieved 4 August 2023.

udel.edu

Anghiera, Pietro Martire d'; Torres Asensio, Joaquín. (2012). Décadas del nuevo mundo (in Spanish). Valladolid: Maxtor. ISBN 978-84-9001-301-4. OCLC 1057902726. Coello de la Rosa, Alexandre (23 June 2001). ""Good Indians", "Bad Indians", "What Christians?": The Dark Side of the New World in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557)". Delaware Review of Latin American Studies. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2022.

unaids.org

"UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men" (PDF). UNAIDS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
"UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men". UNAIDS. Archived from the original (asp) on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.

univ-grenoble-alpes.fr

droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr

"The Novels of Justinian : Novel 77 ( Bailey )". Roman Law Library. Retrieved 2 March 2025.

upper-register.com

"Charge #1 and specifications preferred by the Presbytery of Southern California against The Rev. C. Lee Irons" (PDF). Presbytery of Southern California of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008. claiming that homosexuality is an unchosen "condition," rather than a sin of the heart, ... contradicts the teaching of Scripture that both the desire and the act are sin.

usatoday.com

Jayson, Sharon (19 October 2012). "New survey: 3.4% of U.S. adults are LGBT". USA Today. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2015.

uscourts.gov

ca9.uscourts.gov

"Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2010.

utahpridecenter.org

"Coming Out: A Journey". Utahpridecenter.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2012.

washingtonpost.com

LeVay, Simon (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality Archived 13 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge: The MIT Press ISBN 0-262-12199-9
"Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death". The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.

wcupa.edu

digitalcommons.wcupa.edu

Coleman, Hazir (2019). "The Impact of Discrimination Against The LGBTQ Community". Ramifications. 1 (1).

web.archive.org

"Definitions Related to Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity in APA Documents" (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2015. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2020. Sexual orientation refers to the sex of those to whom one is sexually and romantically attracted. ... [It is] one's enduring sexual attraction to male partners, female partners, or both. Sexual orientation may be heterosexual, samesex (gay or lesbian), or bisexual. ... A person may be attracted to men, women, both, neither, or to people who are genderqueer, androgynous, or have other gender identities. Individuals may identify as lesbian, gay, heterosexual, bisexual, queer, pansexual, or asexual, among others. ... Categories of sexual orientation typically have included attraction to members of one's own sex (gay men or lesbians), attraction to members of the other sex (heterosexuals), and attraction to members of both sexes (bisexuals). While these categories continue to be widely used, research has suggested that sexual orientation does not always appear in such definable categories and instead occurs on a continuum .... Some people identify as pansexual or queer in terms of their sexual orientation, which means they define their sexual orientation outside of the gender binary of 'male' and 'female' only.
Eric B. Shiraev; David A. Levy (2016). Cross-Cultural Psychology: Critical Thinking and Contemporary Applications, Sixth Edition. Taylor & Francis. p. 216. ISBN 978-1134871315. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. Sexual orientation refers to romantic or sexual attraction to people of a specific sex or gender. ... Heterosexuality, along with bisexuality and homosexuality are at least three main categories of the continuum of sexual orientation. ... Homosexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction between persons of the same sex or gender.
James R. Lehman; Kristine Diaz; Henry Ng; Elizabeth M. Petty; Meena Thatikunta; Kristen Eckstrand, eds. (2019). The Equal Curriculum: The Student and Educator Guide to LGBTQ Health. Springer Nature. p. 5. ISBN 978-3030240257. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021. Homosexual, literally meaning "same sex", is used as an adjective to describe same-sex or same-gender attraction. ... The term introduces ambiguity because is often applied as an identity label to a person or group based on their behaviors, not because of self-identified sexual orientation or sexual desires. ... in addition to having potentially negative connotations, homosexual is unclear as to what group of people it describes...
"Sexual orientation, homosexuality and bisexuality". American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
"Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California, In re Marriage Cases Judicial Council Coordination Proceeding No. 4365... – APA California Amicus Brief — As Filed" (PDF). p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 15173519. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Balthazart, Jacques (2012). The Biology of Homosexuality. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199838820. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
"Submission to the Church of England's Listening Exercise on Human Sexuality". The Royal College of Psychiatrists. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
"'Therapies' to change sexual orientation lack medical justification and threaten health". Pan American Health Organization. Archived from the original on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
"Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts". American Psychological Association. 2009. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
"Psychological practices that attempt to change sexual orientation: Position statement". Australian Psychological Society. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2020.
LeVay, Simon (1996). Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality Archived 13 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Cambridge: The MIT Press ISBN 0-262-12199-9
"Same-sex Behavior Seen in Nearly All Animals, Review Finds". ScienceDaily. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
"1,500 animal species practice homosexuality. The Medical News, 23 October 2006". Archived from the original on 10 February 2011.
(Bagemihl 1999) Bagemihl, Bruce (1999), Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-19239-8, archived from the original on 13 February 2021, retrieved 16 June 2015
Harrold, Max (16 February 1999). "Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity". The Advocate. Regent Media. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2023 – via TheFreeLibrary.
Sexual Orientation Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. American Psychiatric Association.
Endres, Nikolai (2004). "Kertbeny, Károly Mária (1824-1882)" (PDF). glbtq Encyclopedia. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
"Karl-Maria Kertbeny: The Coinage and Dissemination of the Term", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 27 September 2012, retrieved 12 June 2012
"Krafft-Ebing, Richard von (1840–1902)". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2012.
"Psychopathia Sexualis". Kino.com. Archived from the original on 4 October 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2007.
"GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Glossary of Terms: LGBTQ". GLAAD. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 23 April 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
"gay". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2015. (Of a person, especially a man) homosexual.
"Lesbian | Define Lesbian at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
"UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men" (PDF). UNAIDS. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
"'I don't want a poofter to play me in a film': Sir Stirling Moss is embroiled in homophobia row after 'offensive' comments". The Independent. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
Spears, Richard A. (2007). "Fag". Dictionary of American Slang and Colloquial Expressions. Archived from the original on 27 February 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
"Dictionary of Sexual Terms". Sex-lexis.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2004. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
Taylor, Marvin J. "Queer Things from Old Closets: Libraries Gay and Lesbian Studies – Queer Theory" (PDF). Association of College and Research Libraries. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
eds, Marc Wolinsky (1993). Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 49–55. ISBN 0691033072. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
eds, Marc Wolinsky ... (1993). Gays and the military: Joseph Steffan versus the United States ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 40–48. ISBN 0691033072. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Murray, Stephen O. (2000). Homosexualities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 394. ISBN 9780226551944. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Denise Winterman (18 March 2008). "How 'gay' became children's insult of choice". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
Norton, Rictor (2016). Myth of the Modern Homosexual. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781474286923. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 27 July 2019. The author has made adapted and expanded portions of this book available online as A Critique of Social Constructionism and Postmodern Queer Theory Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine.
Boswell, John (1989). "Revolutions, Universals, and Sexual Categories" (PDF). In Duberman, Martin Bauml; Vicinus, Martha; Chauncey, George Jr. (eds.). Hidden From History: Reclaiming the Gay and Lesbian Past. Penguin Books. pp. 17–36. S2CID 34904667. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2019.
Ruse, Michael (2005). Honderich, Ted (ed.). The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 399. ISBN 0-19-926479-1. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
Pablo, Ben (2004). "Latin America: Colonial". glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
Murray, Stephen (2004). "Mexico". In Claude J. Summers (ed.). glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
Anghiera, Pietro Martire d'; Torres Asensio, Joaquín. (2012). Décadas del nuevo mundo (in Spanish). Valladolid: Maxtor. ISBN 978-84-9001-301-4. OCLC 1057902726. Coello de la Rosa, Alexandre (23 June 2001). ""Good Indians", "Bad Indians", "What Christians?": The Dark Side of the New World in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557)". Delaware Review of Latin American Studies. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
Hamish (19 August 2007). "'Sodomites' in Canada before 1841". The Drummer's Revenge. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
Hamish (9 September 2007). "The End to the Death Penalty for "Sodomy" in Canada". The Drummer's Revenge. Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2015.
"Trudeau: 'There's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation'". CBC Archives. Archived from the original on 3 January 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
"Egan v. Canada". Supreme Court of Canada. 25 May 1995. Archived from the original on 20 August 2021.
"SPARTACUS Gay Travel Index 2019". 25 February 2019. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
"FORBES LGBTQ+ Danger Index 2019". Forbes. 21 October 2020. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
"LGBTQ+ Travel Safety – 150 Best & Worst Countries Ranked (2021)". Asher & Lyric. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
"LGBTQ+ Travel Safety – 150 Best & Worst Countries Ranked (2021)". Asher & Lyric. Archived from the original on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
Song Geng (2004). The fragile scholar: power and masculinity in Chinese culture. Hong Kong University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-962-209-620-2. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
Mitra Varuna Archived 2013-08-27 at the Wayback Machine, The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association
Mehrotra, Deepanshi (22 October 2017). "The Pre-Colonial History of Homosexuality in India: Why Love Is Not Western (Part I/III)". Lawctopus. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023. Retrieved 19 April 2023.
De Silva, A. L. "Homosexuality and Theravada Buddhism". BuddhaNet. Archived from the original on 1 March 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
Morales, Manuel Sanz; Mariscal, Gabriel Laguna (2003). "The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias". The Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 292–295. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.292. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556498. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
Douglas Harper (2001). "Lesbian". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
Douglas Harper (2001). "Sapphic". Online Etymology Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
Kurtz, Lester R. (1999). Encyclopedia of violence, peace, & conflict. Academic Press. p. 140. ISBN 0-12-227010-X. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
"The five most improved places for gay tolerance". The Independent. London. 17 September 2008. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2009. Israel is the only Middle-Eastern country to support gay rights legislation, and the country attracts gay people from Palestine and Lebanon.
Grant, Anthony (2 July 2010). "Gay Tel Aviv". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
Steven Eke (28 July 2005). "Iran 'must stop youth executions'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 21 October 2010.
"7 countries still put people to death for same-sex acts". ILGA. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
Fathi, Nazila (30 September 2007). "Despite Denials, Gays Insist They Exist, if Quietly, in Iran". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 18 April 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2007.
Leick, Gwendolyn (2013) [1994]. Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-92074-7. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
Roscoe, Will; Murray, Stephen O. (1997). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York: New York University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-8147-7467-9. Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
"Kinsey's Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale". The Kinsey Institute. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2011.
Mary Zeiss Stange; Carol K. Oyster; Jane E. Sloan (2011). Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World. Sage Pubns. p. 2016. ISBN 978-1-4129-7685-5. Archived from the original on 14 September 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
*Bailey, et al. (2016). "Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (2): 45–101. doi:10.1177/1529100616637616. PMID 27113562. Archived from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2019. Sexual fluidity is situation-dependent flexibility in a person's sexual responsiveness, which makes it possible for some individuals to experience desires for either men or women under certain circumstances regardless of their overall sexual orientation....We expect that in all cultures the vast majority of individuals are sexually predisposed exclusively to the other sex (i.e., heterosexual) and that only a minority of individuals are sexually predisposed (whether exclusively or non-exclusively) to the same sex.
- Dennis Coon; John O. Mitterer (2012). Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior with Concept Maps and Reviews. Cengage Learning. p. 372. ISBN 978-1111833633. Retrieved 18 February 2016. Sexual orientation is a deep part of personal identity and is usually quite stable. Starting with their earliest erotic feelings, most people remember being attracted to either the opposite sex or the same sex. ... The fact that sexual orientation is usually quite stable doesn't rule out the possibility that for some people sexual behavior may change during the course of a lifetime.
- "Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation" (PDF). American Psychological Association. 2009. pp. 63, 86. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 June 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
- "Relationship Satisfaction and Commitment". Eurekalert.org. 22 January 2008. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Duffy, S.M/; C.E. Rusbult (1985). "Satisfaction and commitment in homosexual and heterosexual relationships". Journal of Homosexuality. 12 (2): 1–23. doi:10.1300/J082v12n02_01. PMID 3835198. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2009.
- Charlotte, Baccman; Per Folkesson; Torsten Norlander (1999). "Expectations of romantic relationships: A comparison between homosexual and heterosexual men with regard to Baxter's criteria". Social Behavior and Personality. 27 (4): 363–374. doi:10.2224/sbp.1999.27.4.363. Archived from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
- "Coming Out: A Journey". Utahpridecenter.org. Archived from the original on 25 August 2009. Retrieved 22 July 2012.
- In a joint statement with other major American medical organizations, the APA says that "different people realize at different points in their lives that they are heterosexual, gay, lesbian, or bisexual". "Just the Facts About Sexual Orientation & Youth: A Primer for Principals, Educators and School Personnel". American Academy of Pediatrics, American Counseling Association, American Association of School Administrators, American Federation of Teachers, American Psychological Association, American School Health Association, The Interfaith Alliance, National Association of School Psychologists, National Association of Social Workers, National Education Association. 1999. Archived from the original on 7 August 2007. Retrieved 28 August 2007.
- "The Coming Out Continuum", Human Rights Campaign, archived from the original on 2 November 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007
- Neumann, Caryn E (2004), "Outing", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 9 June 2007
- Tatchell, Peter (23 April 2007), "Outing hypocrites is justified", New Statesman, archived from the original on 14 September 2008, retrieved 4 May 2007
- International HIV/AIDS Alliance (2003). Between Men: HIV/STI Prevention For Men Who Have Sex With Men (PDF). OCLC 896761012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- Gary Gates (April 2011). "How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender?". The Williams Institute. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
- "Sexual Orientation and Health Among U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2013." Archived 4 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine CDC. 15 July 2014. 15 July 2014. p.3.
- Gates, Gary J.; Newport, Frank (18 October 2012). "Special Report: 3.4% of U.S. Adults Identify as LGBT". Gallup. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- "Gallup survey claims 3.4 percent in U.S. are LGBT". CBS News. Associated Press. 18 October 2012. Archived from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- Jayson, Sharon (19 October 2012). "New survey: 3.4% of U.S. adults are LGBT". USA Today. Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
- Newport, Frank (22 May 2018). "In U.S., Estimate of LGBT Population Rises to 4.5%". Gallup. Archived from the original on 22 May 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
- Lamberg, L. (1998). "Gay Is Okay With APA—Forum Honors Landmark 1973 Events". JAMA. 280 (6): 497–499. doi:10.1001/jama.280.6.497. PMID 9707127. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2012.
- American Psychological Association: Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation Archived 15 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- "Stop discrimination against homosexual men and women". World Health Organisation – Europe. 17 May 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.
- "The decision of the World Health Organisation 15 years ago constitutes a historic date and powerful symbol for members of the LGBT community". ILGA. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Shoffman, Marc (17 May 2006), "Homophobic stigma – A community cause", PinkNews.co.uk, archived from the original on 19 April 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007
- The New York Times: Homosexuality Not an Illness, Chinese Say Archived 22 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- "Answers to Your Questions: For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation & Homosexuality" (PDF). American Psychological Association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2014. Retrieved 20 December 2010.
- "Expert affidavit of Gregory M. Herek, PhD" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Royal College of Psychiatrists: Statement from the Royal College of Psychiatrists' Gay and Lesbian Mental Health Special Interest Group Archived 27 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- Australian Psychological Society: Sexual orientation and homosexuality Archived 17 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- "Statement of the American Psychological Association" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- "LGBT-Sexual Orientation: What is Sexual Orientation?" Archived 28 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine, the official web pages of APA. Accessed 9 April 2015
- "Resolution on Appropriate Affirmative Responses to Sexual Orientation Distress and Change Efforts". apa.org. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- "Epigenetic Algorithm Accurately Predicts Male Sexual Orientation | ASHG". ashg.org. 8 October 2015. Archived from the original on 20 March 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
- David P. Barash (19 November 2012). "The Evolutionary Mystery of Homosexuality". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 13 November 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2017.
- "Marriage of Same-Sex Couples – 2006 Position Statement Canadian Psychological Association" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- "Elizabeth Short, Damien W. Riggs, Amaryll Perlesz, Rhonda Brown, Graeme Kane: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parented Families – A Literature Review prepared for The Australian Psychological Society" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- "Brief of the American Psychological Association, The California Psychological Association, The American Psychiatric Association, and the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy as Amici Curiae in support of plaintiff-appellees" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 April 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- Herek GM (September 2006). "Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective" (PDF). The American Psychologist. 61 (6): 607–21. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.61.6.607. PMID 16953748. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 June 2010.
- "Brief presented to the Legislative House of Commons Committee on Bill C38 by the Canadian Psychological Association" (PDF). 2 June 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- American Psychological Association Lesbian & Gay Parenting Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- DONALDSON JAMES, SUSAN (23 June 2011). "Census 2010: One-Quarter of Gay Couples Raising Children". United States: ABC News. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2013. Still, more than 80 percent of the children being raised by gay couples are not adopted, according to Gates.
- "MSM in Africa: highly stigmatized, vulnerable and in need of urgent HIV prevention". Aidsportal.org. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- "UNAIDS: Men who have sex with men". UNAIDS. Archived from the original (asp) on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
- Greenwood, Cseneca; Mario Ruberte (9 April 2004). "African American Community and HIV (Slide 14 mentions TG women)". East Bay AIDS Education and Training Center. Archived from the original (ppt) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
- Operario D, Burton J (April 2000). "HIV-related tuberculosis in a transgender network—Baltimore, Maryland, and New York City area, 1998–2000". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 49 (15): 317–20. PMID 10858008. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
- "STI Epi Update: Oral Contraceptive and Condom Use". Public Health Agency of Canada. 23 April 1998. Archived from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
- Cber / Fda. "FDA Policy on Blood Donations from Men Who Have Sex with Other Men". Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- "Black gay men, lesbians, have fewer mental disorders than whites, says Mailman School of PH study". Eurekalert.org. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Balsam, Kimberly F.; Esther D. Rothblum (June 2005). "Victimization Over the Life Span: A Comparison of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Siblings" (PDF). Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73 (3): 477–487. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.73.3.477. PMID 15982145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2007.
- Caruso, Kevin, "Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Suicide", Suicide.org, archived from the original on 30 April 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007
- Wilson, Jacque (2 July 2008). "24-hour help for gay youth". CNN. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
- Shyamantha, Asokan (11 December 2013). "India's Supreme Court turns the clock back with gay sex ban". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- "Supreme Court of India scraps ban on homosexuality with its judgment on Section 377". NDTV. 9 September 2018. Archived from the original on 7 September 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
- Aengus Carroll; Lucas Paoli Itaborahy (May 2015). "State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition of same-sex love" (PDF). International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex association. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
- Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (28 March 2019). "Brunei introduces death by stoning as punishment for gay sex". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- "Brunei says it won't enforce gay death penalty after backlash". Reuters. 6 May 2019. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
- Mendos, Lucas Ramón (2019). State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019 (PDF). Geneva: ILGA. p. 359. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
- "UAE Penal Code" (PDF). ADJD.gov.ae. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 April 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- "Here are the 10 countries where homosexuality may be punished by death". The Washington Post. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
- "Executive Order 13087 of May 28, 1998" (PDF), Federal Register, vol. 63, no. 105, 2 June 1998, archived from the original (PDF) on 18 November 2004, retrieved 7 September 2007
- Renter's Rights Against Sexual Orientation Discrimination, archived from the original on 10 December 2007, retrieved 7 September 2007
- "State Hate Crime Laws" (PDF), Anti-Defamation League, June 2006, archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2007, retrieved 4 May 2007
- "President Barack Obama Signs Hate Crimes Legislation into Law". HRC. 28 October 2009. Archived from the original on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Salt Lake City, UT (20 October 2004). "First Presidency Message on Same-Gender Marriage". Newsroom.lds.org. Archived from the original on 3 June 2008. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- Brownback, Sam (9 July 2004). "Defining Marriage Down – We need to protect marriage". National Review. Archived from the original on 1 June 2008.
- "The Family: A Proclamation to the World". Lds.org. 23 September 1995. Archived from the original on 3 June 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
- "Christian group likens Tory candidate review to witch hunt". CBC News. 28 November 2007. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008.
- Moldover, Judith (31 October 2007). "Employer's Dilemma: When Religious Expression and Gay Rights Cross". New York Law Journal. Archived from the original on 28 September 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
- Ritter, Bob (January–February 2008). "Collision of religious and gay rights in the workplace". Humanist. Archived from the original on 5 March 2012.
- "Bishop loses gay employment case". BBC News Online. 18 July 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2017. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
- LeBlanc, Steve (10 March 2006). "Catholic Charities to halt adoptions over issue involving gays". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 14 September 2009.
- Mercer, Greg (24 April 2008). "Christian Horizons rebuked: Employer ordered to compensate fired gay worker, abolish code of conduct". The Record. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- Gallagher, Maggie (15 May 2006). "Banned in Boston: The coming conflict between same-sex marriage and religious liberty". Vol. 011, no. 33. Archived from the original on 16 May 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2008.
- Capuzzo, Jill (14 August 2007). "Church Group Complains of Civil Union Pressure". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
- Capuzzo, Jill (18 September 2007). "Group Loses Tax Break Over Gay Union Issue". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2010.
- Moore, Carrie (15 May 2008). "LDS Church expresses disappointment in California gay marriage decision". Deseret News. Archived from the original on 1 June 2009. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- "Proceedings of the American Psychological Association, Incorporated, for the legislative year 2004. Minutes of the meeting of the Council of Representatives July 28 & 30, 2004, Honolulu, HI". American Psychological Association. Archived from the original on 15 February 2010. Retrieved 18 November 2004.
- "Anti-LGBT views still prevail, global survey finds". The Guardian. 17 May 2016. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
- "Religious Belief and National Belonging in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. 10 May 2017. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 4 August 2019.
- Adamczyk, Amy (2017). Cross-National Public Opinion about Homosexuality: Examining Attitudes across the Globe. University of California Press. pp. 3–7. ISBN 9780520963597. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
- "Charge #1 and specifications preferred by the Presbytery of Southern California against The Rev. C. Lee Irons" (PDF). Presbytery of Southern California of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2008. Retrieved 27 June 2008. claiming that homosexuality is an unchosen "condition," rather than a sin of the heart, ... contradicts the teaching of Scripture that both the desire and the act are sin.
- "Mental Health American, Bullying and Gay Youth". "Mental Health America" formerly National Mental Health Association. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
- "Half of young Dutch people reject homosexuality". Expatica/COC. Archived from the original on 1 December 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
- "Riddle Homophobia Scale". Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
- Michael Lamb, PhD: Affidavit – United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts (2009) Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- Gregory M. Herek, PhD: Facts About Homosexuality and Child Molestation Archived 19 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- American Psychological Association: Lesbian & Gay Parenting Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- "Victims", FBI, archived from the original on 8 July 2016, retrieved 26 July 2013
- "'Honor killings' target Turkey's LGBT community". CBS News. 12 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- Di Piero Russo (5 August 2011). "Sei il disonore della famiglia" e accoltella il fratello gay". bari.repubblica.it. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- "Father confesses to killing his own son in landmark homosexual murder case". hurriyetdailynews.com. 25 May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
- "Morocco Situation of LGBT Persons" (PDF). Danish Immigration Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- Smith, Dinitia (7 February 2004). "Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2007.
- Gordon, Dennis (10 April 2007). "'Catalogue of Life' reaches one million species". National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 10 September 2007.
- "Gay Lib for the Animals: A New Look At Homosexuality in Nature – 2/1/1999 – Publishers Weekly". Publishersweekly.com. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- Bailey, N. W.; Zuk, M. (2009). "Same-sex sexual behavior and evolution" (PDF). Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 24 (8): 439–446. Bibcode:2009TEcoE..24..439B. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.03.014. PMID 19539396. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
- Zimmer, Carl (3 October 2023). "Same-Sex Behavior Evolved in Many Mammals to Reduce Conflict, Study Suggests". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

weeklystandard.com

Gallagher, Maggie (15 May 2006). "Banned in Boston: The coming conflict between same-sex marriage and religious liberty". Vol. 011, no. 33. Archived from the original on 16 May 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2008.

who.int

International HIV/AIDS Alliance (2003). Between Men: HIV/STI Prevention For Men Who Have Sex With Men (PDF). OCLC 896761012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020.

euro.who.int

"Stop discrimination against homosexual men and women". World Health Organisation – Europe. 17 May 2011. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2012.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Frankowski BL; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Adolescence (June 2004). "Sexual orientation and adolescents". Pediatrics. 113 (6): 1827–32. doi:10.1542/peds.113.6.1827. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 15173519. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Bogaert, Anthony F.; Skorska, Malvina N. (1 March 2020). "A short review of biological research on the development of sexual orientation". Hormones and Behavior. 119: 104659. doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2019.104659. ISSN 0018-506X. PMID 31911036.
Swift-Gallant, Ashlyn; Aung, Toe; Rosenfield, Kevin; Dawood, Khytam; Puts, David (2023). "Organizational Effects of Gonadal Hormones on Human Sexual Orientation". Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology. 9 (4): 344–370. doi:10.1007/s40750-023-00226-x. ISSN 2198-7335.
Johnson, Marguerite; Ryan, Terry, November 5- (2005). Sexuality in Greek and Roman society and literature : a sourcebook. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-203-64582-6. OCLC 252815648.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 45 (2). SAGE Publications on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. doi:10.1177/0146107915577097. ISSN 1945-7596. S2CID 170127256.
Plato; Saunders, Trevor J. (1970). The laws. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin. p. 340. ISBN 0-14-044222-7. OCLC 94283. ... sow illegitimate and bastard seed in courtesans, or sterile seed in males in defiance of nature.
Williams, Craig A. (1999). Roman homosexuality : ideologies of masculinity in classical antiquity. Oxford. p. 60. ISBN 0-19-511300-4. OCLC 55720140.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Anghiera, Pietro Martire d'; Torres Asensio, Joaquín. (2012). Décadas del nuevo mundo (in Spanish). Valladolid: Maxtor. ISBN 978-84-9001-301-4. OCLC 1057902726. Coello de la Rosa, Alexandre (23 June 2001). ""Good Indians", "Bad Indians", "What Christians?": The Dark Side of the New World in Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés (1478–1557)". Delaware Review of Latin American Studies. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2022.
Raveenthiran, Venkatachalam (November 2011). "Knowledge of ancient Hindu surgeons on Hirschsprung disease: evidence from Sushruta Samhita of circa 1200-600 bc". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 46 (11): 2204–2208. doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.07.007. ISSN 0022-3468. PMID 22075360.
Mitta, Manoj (27 June 2009). "Ancient India didn't think homosexuality was against nature". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
Srinivasan, Shiva Prakash; Chandrasekaran, Sruti (2020). "Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 24 (3): 235–236. doi:10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20. ISSN 2230-8210. PMC 7539026. PMID 33083261.
Morales, Manuel Sanz; Mariscal, Gabriel Laguna (2003). "The Relationship between Achilles and Patroclus according to Chariton of Aphrodisias". The Classical Quarterly. 53 (1): 292–295. doi:10.1093/cq/53.1.292. ISSN 0009-8388. JSTOR 3556498. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
Campbell, David A., ed. (1982). "Introduction". Greek Lyric I:Sappho and Alcaeus. Cambridge, Mass. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 0-674-99157-5. OCLC 8805576. Her way of life has been the subject of much speculation. Her poetry gives unmistakable evidence of strong homosexual feelings, and this was used by later writers for inferences about her character and indeed her profession: cf. the Oxyrhynchus biography: 'she has been accused by some of being irregular in her ways and a woman-lover'; or the Suda: ' she got a bad name for her impure friendship towards Atthis, Telesippa and Megara'; Ovid made her speak of her low reputation, and about the same time Didymus Bronze-Guts addressed himself to the question, 'Was Sappho a prostitute or not?', and Horace spoke ambiguously of 'masculine Sappho'. Voices were raised in defence of her character: a commentator inferred from her poetry that she was 'a good housekeeper and industrious'. The case-history is complicated by the evidence, usually neglected, that she was married and spoke lovingly of her daughter in her poetry, and by the story, however it arose, that she died of unrequited love for Phaon.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Published in two parts:
- Bentham, Jeremy; Crompton, Louis (4 August 1978). "Offences Against One's Self: Paederesty (Part 1)". Journal of Homosexuality. 3 (4). Informa UK Limited: 389–406. doi:10.1300/j082v03n04_07. ISSN 0091-8369. PMID 353189.
- Honeycutt, Kevin S. (1 June 2022). "Bertrand de Jouvenel's Philosophy of Individual Liberty". Journal des Économistes et des Études Humaines. 28 (1): 167–182. doi:10.1515/jeeh-2022-0016. ISSN 2153-1552.
- International HIV/AIDS Alliance (2003). Between Men: HIV/STI Prevention For Men Who Have Sex With Men (PDF). OCLC 896761012. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
- Tasos, Emmanouil (19 September 2022). "To What Extent are Prenatal Androgens Involved in the Development of Male Homosexuality in Humans?" (PDF). Journal of Homosexuality. 69 (11): 1928–1963. doi:10.1080/00918369.2021.1933792. ISSN 0091-8369.
- Balter, Michael (9 October 2015). "BEHAVIORAL GENETICS. Can epigenetics explain homosexuality puzzle?". Science. 350 (6257): 148. doi:10.1126/science.350.6257.148. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 26450189.
- Zietsch, B; Morley, K; Shekar, S; Verweij, K; Keller, M; Macgregor, S; Wright, M; Bailey, J; Martin, N (2008). "Genetic factors predisposing to homosexuality may increase mating success in heterosexuals". Evolution and Human Behavior. 29 (6). Elsevier BV: 424–433. Bibcode:2008EHumB..29..424Z. doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.002. ISSN 1090-5138.
- Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (28 March 2019). "Brunei introduces death by stoning as punishment for gay sex". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
- Kameel Ahmady (11 December 2018). "Migration and Gender for Iranian LGBT". The Journal of International Relations, Peace Studies, and Development. 4 (1). ISSN 2429-2133.
- Ahmady, Kameel (3 June 2023). "CULTURAL PATHOLOGY OF MALE CIRCUMCISION IN IRAN: FOCUSING ON CHILDREN'S RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO THE BODY". Russian Law Journal. 11 (12s). ISSN 2313-7851.
- Ahmady, Kameel (10 December 2018). "LGBT in Iran, Citizens with no rights? A Comprehensive Study on LGBT in Iran: Anaiysing current law, discussing legal rights of LGBT's and way forward". Political Sociology of Iran (in Persian). 1 (3): 253–291. doi:10.30510/psi.2022.352097.3746. ISSN 2676-6663.
- Ahmady, Kameel (11 May 2023). "Investigating the Dynamics of the Iranian LGBT Community from Legal and Religious Perspectives". Lampyrid: The Journal of Bioluminescent Beetle Research. 13: 846–869. ISSN 2041-4900.
- Ahmady, Kameel (2021). "LGBT IN IRAN: THE HOMOPHOBIC LAWS AND SOCIAL SYSTEM IN ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN". PalArch's Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology. 18 (18): 1446–1464. ISSN 1567-214X.

wsj.com

"Live Blog: Supreme Court Rules Gay Sex Illegal". The Wall Street Journal. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2023.