Hospital-acquired infection (English Wikipedia)

Haverstick, Stacy, Goodrich, Cara, Freeman, Regi, James, Shandra, Kullar, Rajkiran, Ahrens, Melissa (June 2017). "Patients' Hand Washing and Reducing Hospital-Acquired Infection". Critical Care Nurse. 37 (3): e1 – e8. doi:10.4037/ccn2017694. PMID 28572111.

ahrq.gov

innovations.ahrq.gov

"Statewide, All-Payer Financial Incentives Significantly Reduce Hospital-Acquired Conditions in Maryland Hospitals". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 3 July 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2013.
"Performance Feedback, Ultraviolet Cleaning Device, and Dedicated Housekeeping Team Significantly Improve Room Cleaning, Reduce Potential for Spread of Common, Dangerous Infection". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 20 January 2014.

ahrq.gov

Lautenbach E (2001). "Chapter 14. Impact of Changes in Antibiotic Use Practices on Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance—Clostridium difficile and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE)". In Markowitz AJ (ed.). Making Health Care Safer: A Critical Analysis of Patient Safety Practices. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.

cdc.gov

"HAI Data and Statistics". cdc.gov. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
"Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)". cdc.gov. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2018.
CDC (25 November 2024). "HAIs: Reports and Data". Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs). Retrieved 13 June 2025.
"Healthcare-Associated Infections: Data Portal". US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 3 November 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2023.

chuv.ch

Sax H, Pittet D (2005). "Résultats de l'enquête nationale de prévalence des infections nosocomiales de 2004 (snip04)". Swiss-NOSO (in French). 12 (1): 1–4. Archived from the original on 11 November 2007.

clevelandclinic.org

my.clevelandclinic.org

"Nosocomial Infections (Healthcare-Associated Infections)". Cleveland Clinic. Retrieved 17 April 2025.

doi.org

Rosenthal VD, Bijie H, Maki DG, Mehta Y, Apisarnthanarak A, Medeiros EA, Leblebicioglu H, Fisher D, Álvarez-Moreno C, Khader IA, Martínez MD, Cuellar LE, Navoa-Ng JA, Abouqal R, Garcell HG (June 2012). "International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004–2009" (PDF). American Journal of Infection Control. 40 (5): 396–407. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.020. PMID 21908073.
Carroll GT, Kirschman DL, Mammana A (2022). "Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: An imperative for intentional crowd control". Patient Safety in Surgery. 16 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8. PMC 9672642. PMID 36397098. S2CID 253556197.
Carroll GT, Kirschman DL (2022). "Discrete room pressure drops predict door openings and contamination levels in the operating room setting". Perioperative Care and Operating Room Management. 29: 100291. doi:10.1016/j.pcorm.2022.100291. S2CID 252640995.
Sydnor ER, Perl TM (January 2011). "Hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care settings". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 24 (1): 141–173. doi:10.1128/CMR.00027-10. ISSN 1098-6618. PMC 3021207. PMID 21233510.
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (2007). "Estimating Healthcare-associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002". Public Health Reports. 122 (2): 160–166. doi:10.1177/003335490712200205. PMC 1820440. PMID 17357358.
Su LH, Ou JT, Leu HS, Chiang PC, Chiu YP, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, Chiu CH, Chu C (1 October 2003). "Extended Epidemic of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Serratia marcescens". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41 (10): 4726–4732. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4726-4732.2003. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 254321. PMID 14532211.
Nimer NA (25 February 2022). "Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East". Infection and Drug Resistance. 15: 631–639. doi:10.2147/IDR.S351755. ISSN 1178-6973. PMC 8887909. PMID 35241915.
Akbari F, Kjellerup B (2015). "Elimination of Bloodstream Infections Associated with Candida albicans Biofilm in Intravascular Catheters". Pathogens. 4 (3): 457–469. doi:10.3390/pathogens4030457. ISSN 2076-0817. PMC 4584267. PMID 26131615.
Justo JA, Bookstaver PB (2014). "Antibiotic lock therapy: review of technique and logistical challenges". Infection and Drug Resistance. 7: 343–63. doi:10.2147/IDR.S51388. PMC 4271721. PMID 25548523.
Jain SK, Persaud D, Perl TM, et al. (July 2005). "Nosocomial malaria and saline flush". Emerging Infect. Dis. 11 (7): 1097–9. doi:10.3201/eid1107.050092. PMC 3371795. PMID 16022788.
Conway Morris A, Kohler K, De Corte T, Ercole A, De Grooth HJ, Elbers PW, Povoa P, Morais R, Koulenti D, Jog S, Nielsen N, Jubb A, Cecconi M, De Waele J, for the ESICM UNITE COVID investigators (December 2022). "Co-infection and ICU-acquired infection in COIVD-19 ICU patients: a secondary analysis of the UNITE-COVID data set". Critical Care. 26 (1): 236. doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04108-8. ISSN 1364-8535. PMC 9347163. PMID 35922860.
Conway Morris A, Datta D, Shankar-Hari M, Stephen J, Weir CJ, Rennie J, Antonelli J, Bateman A, Warner N, Judge K, Keenan J, Wang A, Burpee T, Brown KA, Lewis SM (May 2018). "Cell-surface signatures of immune dysfunction risk-stratify critically ill patients: INFECT study". Intensive Care Medicine. 44 (5): 627–635. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5247-0. ISSN 0342-4642. PMC 6006236. PMID 29915941.
Maes M, Higginson E, Pereira-Dias J, Curran MD, Parmar S, Khokhar F, Cuchet-Lourenço D, Lux J, Sharma-Hajela S, Ravenhill B, Hamed I, Heales L, Mahroof R, Soderholm A, Forrest S (December 2021). "Ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19". Critical Care. 25 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03460-5. ISSN 1364-8535. PMC 7797892. PMID 33430915.
Chan PC, Huang LM, Lin HC, et al. (April 2007). "Control of an outbreak of pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 28 (4): 423–9. doi:10.1086/513120. PMID 17385148. S2CID 25876369.
Katz JD (September 2004). "Hand washing and hand disinfection: more than your mother taught you". Anesthesiol Clin North America. 22 (3): 457–71, vi. doi:10.1016/j.atc.2004.04.002. PMID 15325713.
McBryde ES, Bradley LC, Whitby M, McElwain DL (October 2004). "An investigation of contact transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Journal of Hospital Infection. 58 (2): 104–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.06.010. PMID 15474180.
Otter JA, French GL (January 2009). "Survival of nosocomial bacteria and spores on surfaces and inactivation by hydrogen peroxide vapor". J. Clin. Microbiol. 47 (1): 205–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.02004-08. PMC 2620839. PMID 18971364.
Kolár M, Urbánek K, Látal T (May 2001). "Antibiotic selective pressure and development of bacterial resistance". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 17 (5): 357–363. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00317-X. ISSN 0924-8579. PMID 11337221.
Hugonnet S, Perneger TV, Pittet D (13 May 2002). "Alcohol-Based Handrub Improves Compliance With Hand Hygiene in Intensive Care Units". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (9): 1037–1043. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.9.1037. PMID 11996615.
Haverstick, Stacy, Goodrich, Cara, Freeman, Regi, James, Shandra, Kullar, Rajkiran, Ahrens, Melissa (June 2017). "Patients' Hand Washing and Reducing Hospital-Acquired Infection". Critical Care Nurse. 37 (3): e1 – e8. doi:10.4037/ccn2017694. PMID 28572111.
Arrowsmith VA, Taylor R (4 August 2014). "Removal of nail polish and finger rings to prevent surgical infection". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (8): CD003325. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003325.pub3. PMC 7163182. PMID 25089848.
Wilks S, Michels H, Keevil C (2005). "The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 105 (3): 445–454. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021. PMID 16253366.
Wang M, Wei H, Zhao Y, Shang L, Di L, Lyu C, Liu J (2019). "Analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria in 3223 patients with hospital-acquired infections (HAI) from a tertiary general hospital in China". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 19 (1): 86–93. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3826. PMC 6387671. PMID 30579325.
Russotto V, Cortegiani A, Raineri SM, Giarratano A (10 December 2015). "Bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment in the intensive care unit". Journal of Intensive Care. 3: 54. doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0120-5. ISSN 2052-0492. PMC 4676153. PMID 26693023.
Weber DJ, Rutala, WA (May 2013). "Self-disinfecting surfaces: review of current methodologies and future prospects". American Journal of Infection Control. 41 (5 Suppl): S31-5. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.005. PMID 23622745.
Weber DJ, Kanamori H, Rutala WA (August 2016). "'No touch' technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 29 (4): 424–31. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000284. PMID 27257798. S2CID 23252531.
Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Anderson DJ, Chen LF, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Boyce JM (2 May 2016). "Effectiveness of ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems for terminal room decontamination: Focus on clinical trials". American Journal of Infection Control. 44 (5 Suppl): e77–84. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.11.015. PMC 7132689. PMID 27131140.
Torres A, Ferrer M, Badia JR (2010). "Treatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 51: S48 – S53. doi:10.1086/653049. PMID 20597672.
Torres A, Ewig S, Lode H, Carlet J, European HAP working group (2009). "Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective". Intensive Care Medicine. 35 (1): 9–29. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1336-9. PMID 18989656.
Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2001). "Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia". Critical Care Medicine. 29 (6): 1109–1115. doi:10.1097/00003246-200106000-00003. PMID 11395584. S2CID 19045707.
Dai T, Vrahas MS, Murray CK, Hamblin MR (February 2012). "Ultraviolet C irradiation: an alternative antimicrobial approach to localized infections?". Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 10 (2): 185–95. doi:10.1586/eri.11.166. PMC 3292282. PMID 22339192.
Lizioli A, Privitera G, Alliata E, Antonietta Banfi E, Boselli L, Panceri M, Perna M, Porretta A, Santini M, Carreri V (June 2003). "Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italy: result from the Lombardy survey in 2000". Journal of Hospital Infection. 54 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00078-1. PMID 12818589.
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (March 2007). "Estimating Health Care-Associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002". Public Health Reports. 122 (2): 160–166. doi:10.1177/003335490712200205. PMC 1820440. PMID 17357358.
Kadar N (January 2019). "Rediscovering Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865)". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 220 (1): 26–39. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1084. PMID 30444981. S2CID 53567650.
Wyklicky H, Skopec M (September–October 1983). "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology". Infect Control. 4 (5): 367–70. doi:10.1017/S0195941700059762. PMID 6354955. S2CID 25830725. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
Sandu AM, Chifiriuc MC, Vrancianu CO, Cristian RE, Alistar CF, Constantin M, Paun M, Alistar A, Popa LG, Popa MI, Tantu AC, Sidoroff ME, Mihai MM, Marcu A, Popescu G (10 April 2025). "Healthcare-Associated Infections: The Role of Microbial and Environmental Factors in Infection Control—A Narrative Review". Infectious Diseases and Therapy. doi:10.1007/s40121-025-01143-0. ISSN 2193-8229. PMC 12084486.

dx.doi.org

Lizioli A, Privitera G, Alliata E, Antonietta Banfi E, Boselli L, Panceri M, Perna M, Porretta A, Santini M, Carreri V (June 2003). "Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italy: result from the Lombardy survey in 2000". Journal of Hospital Infection. 54 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00078-1. PMID 12818589.

elsevier.com

linkinghub.elsevier.com

Wilks S, Michels H, Keevil C (2005). "The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 105 (3): 445–454. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021. PMID 16253366.

europa.eu

ecdc.europa.eu

European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (October 2019). "Healthcare-associated infections acquired in intensive care units. In: ECDC. Annual epidemiological report for 2017. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019" (PDF). European CDC. Retrieved 15 August 2022.

general-anaesthesia.com

Wyklicky H, Skopec M (September–October 1983). "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology". Infect Control. 4 (5): 367–70. doi:10.1017/S0195941700059762. PMID 6354955. S2CID 25830725. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2015.

gibraltarlabsinc.com

"The Different Methods of Sterilizing Medical Equipment". Gibraltar Laboratories. 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.

gov.uk

"English National Point Prevalence Survey on Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimicrobial Use, 2011" (PDF). Health Protection Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.

medscape.com

emedicine.medscape.com

Burke A Cunha (30 July 2018). John L Brusch (ed.). "Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Overview, Pathophysiology, Etiology". Webscape.
"Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (Nosocomial Pneumonia) and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia". 17 October 2021.

medscimonit.com

Leung M, Chan AH (March 2006). "Control and management of hospital indoor air quality". Med. Sci. Monit. 12 (3): SR17–23. PMID 16501436.

mirror.co.uk

Bagot M (24 October 2018). "Deadly hospital infections quadruple as staff struggle to fight superbugs". Daily Mirror. Retrieved 2 December 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Rosenthal VD, Bijie H, Maki DG, Mehta Y, Apisarnthanarak A, Medeiros EA, Leblebicioglu H, Fisher D, Álvarez-Moreno C, Khader IA, Martínez MD, Cuellar LE, Navoa-Ng JA, Abouqal R, Garcell HG (June 2012). "International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004–2009" (PDF). American Journal of Infection Control. 40 (5): 396–407. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.05.020. PMID 21908073.
Carroll GT, Kirschman DL, Mammana A (2022). "Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: An imperative for intentional crowd control". Patient Safety in Surgery. 16 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8. PMC 9672642. PMID 36397098. S2CID 253556197.
Monegro AF, Muppidi V, Regunath H (2020), "Hospital Acquired Infections", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28722887, retrieved 1 February 2021
Sydnor ER, Perl TM (January 2011). "Hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care settings". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 24 (1): 141–173. doi:10.1128/CMR.00027-10. ISSN 1098-6618. PMC 3021207. PMID 21233510.
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (2007). "Estimating Healthcare-associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002". Public Health Reports. 122 (2): 160–166. doi:10.1177/003335490712200205. PMC 1820440. PMID 17357358.
Su LH, Ou JT, Leu HS, Chiang PC, Chiu YP, Chia JH, Kuo AJ, Chiu CH, Chu C (1 October 2003). "Extended Epidemic of Nosocomial Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Serratia marcescens". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 41 (10): 4726–4732. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4726-4732.2003. ISSN 0095-1137. PMC 254321. PMID 14532211.
Nimer NA (25 February 2022). "Nosocomial Infection and Antibiotic-Resistant Threat in the Middle East". Infection and Drug Resistance. 15: 631–639. doi:10.2147/IDR.S351755. ISSN 1178-6973. PMC 8887909. PMID 35241915.
Akbari F, Kjellerup B (2015). "Elimination of Bloodstream Infections Associated with Candida albicans Biofilm in Intravascular Catheters". Pathogens. 4 (3): 457–469. doi:10.3390/pathogens4030457. ISSN 2076-0817. PMC 4584267. PMID 26131615.
Justo JA, Bookstaver PB (2014). "Antibiotic lock therapy: review of technique and logistical challenges". Infection and Drug Resistance. 7: 343–63. doi:10.2147/IDR.S51388. PMC 4271721. PMID 25548523.
Jain SK, Persaud D, Perl TM, et al. (July 2005). "Nosocomial malaria and saline flush". Emerging Infect. Dis. 11 (7): 1097–9. doi:10.3201/eid1107.050092. PMC 3371795. PMID 16022788.
Conway Morris A, Kohler K, De Corte T, Ercole A, De Grooth HJ, Elbers PW, Povoa P, Morais R, Koulenti D, Jog S, Nielsen N, Jubb A, Cecconi M, De Waele J, for the ESICM UNITE COVID investigators (December 2022). "Co-infection and ICU-acquired infection in COIVD-19 ICU patients: a secondary analysis of the UNITE-COVID data set". Critical Care. 26 (1): 236. doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04108-8. ISSN 1364-8535. PMC 9347163. PMID 35922860.
Conway Morris A, Datta D, Shankar-Hari M, Stephen J, Weir CJ, Rennie J, Antonelli J, Bateman A, Warner N, Judge K, Keenan J, Wang A, Burpee T, Brown KA, Lewis SM (May 2018). "Cell-surface signatures of immune dysfunction risk-stratify critically ill patients: INFECT study". Intensive Care Medicine. 44 (5): 627–635. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5247-0. ISSN 0342-4642. PMC 6006236. PMID 29915941.
Maes M, Higginson E, Pereira-Dias J, Curran MD, Parmar S, Khokhar F, Cuchet-Lourenço D, Lux J, Sharma-Hajela S, Ravenhill B, Hamed I, Heales L, Mahroof R, Soderholm A, Forrest S (December 2021). "Ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients with COVID-19". Critical Care. 25 (1): 25. doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03460-5. ISSN 1364-8535. PMC 7797892. PMID 33430915.
Leung M, Chan AH (March 2006). "Control and management of hospital indoor air quality". Med. Sci. Monit. 12 (3): SR17–23. PMID 16501436.
Chan PC, Huang LM, Lin HC, et al. (April 2007). "Control of an outbreak of pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii colonization and infection in a neonatal intensive care unit". Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 28 (4): 423–9. doi:10.1086/513120. PMID 17385148. S2CID 25876369.
Traub-Dargatz JL, Weese JS, Rousseau JD, Dunowska M, Morley PS, Dargatz DA (July 2006). "Pilot study to evaluate 3 hygiene protocols on the reduction of bacterial load on the hands of veterinary staff performing routine equine physical examinations". Can. Vet. J. 47 (7): 671–6. PMC 1482439. PMID 16898109.
Katz JD (September 2004). "Hand washing and hand disinfection: more than your mother taught you". Anesthesiol Clin North America. 22 (3): 457–71, vi. doi:10.1016/j.atc.2004.04.002. PMID 15325713.
McBryde ES, Bradley LC, Whitby M, McElwain DL (October 2004). "An investigation of contact transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Journal of Hospital Infection. 58 (2): 104–8. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2004.06.010. PMID 15474180.
Otter JA, French GL (January 2009). "Survival of nosocomial bacteria and spores on surfaces and inactivation by hydrogen peroxide vapor". J. Clin. Microbiol. 47 (1): 205–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.02004-08. PMC 2620839. PMID 18971364.
Kolár M, Urbánek K, Látal T (May 2001). "Antibiotic selective pressure and development of bacterial resistance". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 17 (5): 357–363. doi:10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00317-X. ISSN 0924-8579. PMID 11337221.
Hugonnet S, Perneger TV, Pittet D (13 May 2002). "Alcohol-Based Handrub Improves Compliance With Hand Hygiene in Intensive Care Units". Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (9): 1037–1043. doi:10.1001/archinte.162.9.1037. PMID 11996615.
Haverstick, Stacy, Goodrich, Cara, Freeman, Regi, James, Shandra, Kullar, Rajkiran, Ahrens, Melissa (June 2017). "Patients' Hand Washing and Reducing Hospital-Acquired Infection". Critical Care Nurse. 37 (3): e1 – e8. doi:10.4037/ccn2017694. PMID 28572111.
Arrowsmith VA, Taylor R (4 August 2014). "Removal of nail polish and finger rings to prevent surgical infection". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (8): CD003325. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003325.pub3. PMC 7163182. PMID 25089848.
Wilks S, Michels H, Keevil C (2005). "The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces". International Journal of Food Microbiology. 105 (3): 445–454. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.04.021. PMID 16253366.
Wang M, Wei H, Zhao Y, Shang L, Di L, Lyu C, Liu J (2019). "Analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria in 3223 patients with hospital-acquired infections (HAI) from a tertiary general hospital in China". Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences. 19 (1): 86–93. doi:10.17305/bjbms.2018.3826. PMC 6387671. PMID 30579325.
Russotto V, Cortegiani A, Raineri SM, Giarratano A (10 December 2015). "Bacterial contamination of inanimate surfaces and equipment in the intensive care unit". Journal of Intensive Care. 3: 54. doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0120-5. ISSN 2052-0492. PMC 4676153. PMID 26693023.
Weber DJ, Rutala, WA (May 2013). "Self-disinfecting surfaces: review of current methodologies and future prospects". American Journal of Infection Control. 41 (5 Suppl): S31-5. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.12.005. PMID 23622745.
Health Quality O (2018). "Portable Ultraviolet Light Surface-Disinfecting Devices for Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections: A Health Technology Assessment". Ontario Health Technology Assessment Series. 18 (1): 1–73. PMC 5824029. PMID 29487629.
Weber DJ, Kanamori H, Rutala WA (August 2016). "'No touch' technologies for environmental decontamination: focus on ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems". Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. 29 (4): 424–31. doi:10.1097/QCO.0000000000000284. PMID 27257798. S2CID 23252531.
Weber DJ, Rutala WA, Anderson DJ, Chen LF, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Boyce JM (2 May 2016). "Effectiveness of ultraviolet devices and hydrogen peroxide systems for terminal room decontamination: Focus on clinical trials". American Journal of Infection Control. 44 (5 Suppl): e77–84. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.11.015. PMC 7132689. PMID 27131140.
Torres A, Ferrer M, Badia JR (2010). "Treatment Guidelines and Outcomes of Hospital-Acquired and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 51: S48 – S53. doi:10.1086/653049. PMID 20597672.
Torres A, Ewig S, Lode H, Carlet J, European HAP working group (2009). "Defining, treating and preventing hospital acquired pneumonia: European perspective". Intensive Care Medicine. 35 (1): 9–29. doi:10.1007/s00134-008-1336-9. PMID 18989656.
Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH (2001). "Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia". Critical Care Medicine. 29 (6): 1109–1115. doi:10.1097/00003246-200106000-00003. PMID 11395584. S2CID 19045707.
Dai T, Vrahas MS, Murray CK, Hamblin MR (February 2012). "Ultraviolet C irradiation: an alternative antimicrobial approach to localized infections?". Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy. 10 (2): 185–95. doi:10.1586/eri.11.166. PMC 3292282. PMID 22339192.
Lizioli A, Privitera G, Alliata E, Antonietta Banfi E, Boselli L, Panceri M, Perna M, Porretta A, Santini M, Carreri V (June 2003). "Prevalence of nosocomial infections in Italy: result from the Lombardy survey in 2000". Journal of Hospital Infection. 54 (2): 141–148. doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(03)00078-1. PMID 12818589.
Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, Cardo DM (March 2007). "Estimating Health Care-Associated Infections and Deaths in U.S. Hospitals, 2002". Public Health Reports. 122 (2): 160–166. doi:10.1177/003335490712200205. PMC 1820440. PMID 17357358.
Kadar N (January 2019). "Rediscovering Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865)". Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 220 (1): 26–39. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2018.11.1084. PMID 30444981. S2CID 53567650.
Wyklicky H, Skopec M (September–October 1983). "Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis, the prophet of bacteriology". Infect Control. 4 (5): 367–70. doi:10.1017/S0195941700059762. PMID 6354955. S2CID 25830725. Archived from the original on 4 April 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2015.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Carroll GT, Kirschman DL, Mammana A (2022). "Increased CO2 levels in the operating room correlate with the number of healthcare workers present: An imperative for intentional crowd control". Patient Safety in Surgery. 16 (1): 35. doi:10.1186/s13037-022-00343-8. PMC 9672642. PMID 36397098. S2CID 253556197.
Monegro AF, Muppidi V, Regunath H (2020), "Hospital Acquired Infections", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28722887, retrieved 1 February 2021
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