Hot spring (English Wikipedia)

Nakamoto, Michiyo (2020-08-26). "The Japanese village that cooks in a hot spring". BBC. Archived from the original on 2025-04-26. Retrieved 2025-10-17.

berkeley.edu (Global: 621^st place; English: 429^th place)

Sanders, Robert (2003-12-10). "Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core". UC Berkeley News. Retrieved 2007-02-28.

cdc.gov (Global: 251^st place; English: 248^th place)

CDC description of acanthamoeba

cnn.com (Global: 36^th place; English: 26^th place)

Almasy, Steve (15 June 2017). "Man severely burned after falling into Yellowstone hot spring". CNN. Retrieved 24 June 2021.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Des Marais, David J.; Walter, Malcolm R. (2019-12-01). "Terrestrial Hot Spring Systems: Introduction". Astrobiology. 19 (12): 1419–1432. Bibcode:2019AsBio..19.1419D. doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1976. PMC 6918855. PMID 31424278.
Allan Pentecost; B. Jones; R.W. Renaut (2003). "What is a hot spring?". Can. J. Earth Sci. 40 (11): 1443–6. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40.1443P. doi:10.1139/e03-083. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. provides a critical discussion of the definition of a hot spring.
Meinzer, Oscar Edward (1923). Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions (Water Supply Paper). Vol. 494. United States Geological Survey. p. 54. doi:10.3133/wsp494. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
Hewett, D.F.; Crickmay, G.W. (1937). "The warm springs of Georgia, their geologic relations and origin, a summary report". United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper. 819: 5. Bibcode:1937usgs.rept....5H. doi:10.3133/wsp819.
Drake, Bryan D.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Rowland, Julie V.; Guido, Diego M.; Browne, Patrick R.L.; Rae, Andrew (August 2014). "Evolution of a dynamic paleo-hydrothermal system at Mangatete, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 282: 19–35. Bibcode:2014JVGR..282...19D. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.010. hdl:11336/31453.
White, Donald E.; Brannock, W.W.; Murata, K.J. (August 1956). "Silica in hot-spring waters". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 10 (1–2): 27–59. Bibcode:1956GeCoA..10...27W. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90010-2.
White, D.E.; Thompson, G.A.; Sandberg, C.H. (1964). "Rocks, structure, and geologic history of Steamboat Springs thermal area, Washoe County, Nevada". U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper. Professional Paper. 458-B. Bibcode:1964usgs.rept...19W. doi:10.3133/pp458B.
Cox, Alysia; Shock, Everett L.; Havig, Jeff R. (January 2011). "The transition to microbial photosynthesis in hot spring ecosystems". Chemical Geology. 280 (3–4): 344–351. Bibcode:2011ChGeo.280..344C. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.11.022.
Parenteau, M. N.; Cady, S. L. (2010-02-01). "Microbial biosignatures in iron-mineralized phototrophic mats at Chocolate Pots Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, United States". PALAIOS. 25 (2): 97–111. Bibcode:2010Palai..25...97P. doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-133r. S2CID 128592574.
Pentecost, Allan (2003-11-01). "Cyanobacteria associated with hot spring travertines". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 40 (11): 1447–1457. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40.1447P. doi:10.1139/e03-075.
Kompanichenko, Vladimir N. (May 16, 2019). "Exploring the Kamchatka Geothermal Region in the Context of Life's Beginning". Life. 9 (2): 41. Bibcode:2019Life....9...41K. doi:10.3390/life9020041. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 6616967. PMID 31100955.
Mulkidjanian, Armen Y.; Bychkov, Andrew Yu.; Dibrova, Daria V.; Galperin, Michael Y.; Koonin, Eugene V. (2012-04-03). "Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (14): E821-30. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117774109. PMC 3325685. PMID 22331915.
Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (March 15, 2015). "Coupled Phases and Combinatorial Selection in Fluctuating Hydrothermal Pools: A Scenario to Guide Experimental Approaches to the Origin of Cellular Life". Life. 5 (1): 872–887. Bibcode:2015Life....5..872D. doi:10.3390/life5010872. PMC 4390883. PMID 25780958.
Patel, Bhavesh H.; Percivalle, Claudia; Ritson, Dougal J.; Duffy, Colm D.; Sutherland, John D. (March 16, 2015). "Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism". Nature Chemistry. 7 (4): 301–307. Bibcode:2015NatCh...7..301P. doi:10.1038/nchem.2202. ISSN 1755-4349. PMC 4568310. PMID 25803468.
Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Baumgartner, Raphael; Djokic, Tara; Ota, Tsutomu; Steller, Luke; Garbe, Ulf; Nakamura, Eizo (2021-01-01). "Elements for the Origin of Life on Land: A Deep-Time Perspective from the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia". Astrobiology. 21 (1): 39–59. Bibcode:2021AsBio..21...39V. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2107. PMID 33404294. S2CID 230783184.
Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (2020-04-01). "The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life". Astrobiology. 20 (4): 429–452. Bibcode:2020AsBio..20..429D. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2045. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 7133448. PMID 31841362.
Deamer, David (February 10, 2021). "Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions". Life. 11 (2): 134. Bibcode:2021Life...11..134D. doi:10.3390/life11020134. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 7916457. PMID 33578711.
Milshteyn, Daniel; Damer, Bruce; Havig, Jeff; Deamer, David (May 10, 2018). "Amphiphilic Compounds Assemble into Membranous Vesicles in Hydrothermal Hot Spring Water but Not in Seawater". Life. 8 (2): 11. Bibcode:2018Life....8...11M. doi:10.3390/life8020011. PMC 6027054. PMID 29748464.
Djokic, Tara; Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Ward, Colin R. (2017-05-09). "Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 15263. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815263D. doi:10.1038/ncomms15263. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5436104. PMID 28486437.
Suda, Konomi; Ueno, Yuichiro; Yoshizaki, Motoko; Nakamura, Hitomi; Kurokawa, Ken; Nishiyama, Eri; Yoshino, Koji; Hongoh, Yuichi; Kawachi, Kenichi; Omori, Soichi; Yamada, Keita; Yoshida, Naohiro; Maruyama, Shigenori (2014-01-15). "Origin of methane in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems: The CH4–H2–H2O hydrogen isotope systematics of the Hakuba Happo hot spring". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 386: 112–125. Bibcode:2014E&PSL.386..112S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.001. ISSN 0012-821X.
Longo, Alex; Damer, Bruce (2020-04-27). "Factoring Origin of Life Hypotheses into the Search for Life in the Solar System and Beyond". Life. 10 (5): 52. Bibcode:2020Life...10...52L. doi:10.3390/life10050052. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 7281141. PMID 32349245.
Kitadai, Norio; Maruyama, Shigenori (2018-07-01). "Origins of building blocks of life: A review". Geoscience Frontiers. 9 (4): 1117–1153. Bibcode:2018GeoFr...9.1117K. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007. ISSN 1674-9871. S2CID 102659869.
Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Semenov, Dmitry A.; Henning, Thomas K. (2017-10-24). "Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (43): 11327–11332. arXiv:1710.00434. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411327P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710339114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5664528. PMID 28973920.
Chen, Irene A.; Szostak, Jack W. (2004-05-25). "Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (21): 7965–7970. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7965C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308045101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 419540. PMID 15148394.
Milshteyn, Daniel; Cooper, George; Deamer, David (2019-08-28). "Chemiosmotic energy for primitive cellular life: Proton gradients are generated across lipid membranes by redox reactions coupled to meteoritic quinones". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 12447. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912447M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48328-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6713726. PMID 31462644.
Varma, Sreejith J.; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Chatelain, Paul; Moran, Joseph (April 23, 2018). "Native iron reduces CO2 to intermediates and end-products of the acetyl-CoA pathway". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (6): 1019–1024. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1019V. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0542-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5969571. PMID 29686234.
Muchowska, Kamila B.; Varma, Sreejith J.; Chevallot-Beroux, Elodie; Lethuillier-Karl, Lucas; Li, Guang; Moran, Joseph (October 2, 2017). "Metals promote sequences of the reverse Krebs cycle". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1716–1721. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1.1716M. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0311-7. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5659384. PMID 28970480.
van Tubergen, A (1 March 2002). "A brief history of spa therapy". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 61 (3): 273–275. doi:10.1136/ard.61.3.273. PMC 1754027. PMID 11830439.
Takeshita, Rafaela S. C.; Bercovitch, Fred B.; Kinoshita, Kodzue; Huffman, Michael A. (May 2018). "Beneficial effect of hot spring bathing on stress levels in Japanese macaques". Primates. 59 (3): 215–225. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0655-x. PMID 29616368. S2CID 4568998.
Serbulea, Mihaela; Payyappallimana, Unnikrishnan (November 2012). "Onsen (hot springs) in Japan—Transforming terrain into healing landscapes". Health & Place. 18 (6): 1366–1373. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.020. PMID 22878276.
Shinji Izumiyama; Kenji Yagita; Reiko Furushima-Shimogawara; Tokiko Asakura; Tatsuya Karasudani; Takuro Endo (July 2003). "Occurrence and Distribution of Naegleria Species in Thermal Waters in Japan". J Eukaryot Microbiol. 50: 514–5. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00614.x. PMID 14736147. S2CID 45052636.
Yasuo Sugita; Teruhiko Fujii; Itsurou Hayashi; Takachika Aoki; Toshirou Yokoyama; Minoru Morimatsu; Toshihide Fukuma; Yoshiaki Takamiya (May 1999). "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: An autopsy case in Japan". Pathology International. 49 (5): 468–70. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x. PMID 10417693. S2CID 21576553.
Miyamoto H, Jitsurong S, Shiota R, Maruta K, Yoshida S, Yabuuchi E (1997). "Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic Legionella pneumonia case associated with a hot spring bath". Microbiol. Immunol. 41 (3): 197–202. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01190.x. PMID 9130230. S2CID 25016946.
Eiko Yabauuchi; Kunio Agata (2004). "An outbreak of legionellosis in a new facility of hot spring Bath in Hiuga City". Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 78 (2): 90–8. doi:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.90. ISSN 0387-5911. PMID 15103899.
Goodyear-Smith, Felicity; Schabetsberger, Robert (2021-09-17). "Gonococcus infection probably acquired from bathing in a natural thermal pool: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 15 (1): 458. doi:10.1186/s13256-021-03043-6. ISSN 1752-1947. PMC 8445652. PMID 34530901.
Santaloia, F.; Zuffianò, L. E.; Palladino, G.; Limoni, P. P.; Liotta, D.; Minissale, A.; Brogi, A.; Polemio, M. (2016-11-01). "Coastal thermal springs in a foreland setting: The Santa Cesarea Terme system (Italy)". Geothermics. 64: 344–361. Bibcode:2016Geoth..64..344S. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.013. hdl:11586/167990. ISSN 0375-6505.
Ravi Shanker; J.L. Thussu; J.M. Prasad (1987). "Geothermal studies at Tattapani hot spring area, Sarguja district, central India". Geothermics. 16 (1): 61–76. Bibcode:1987Geoth..16...61S. doi:10.1016/0375-6505(87)90079-4.
D. Chandrasekharam; M.C. Antu (August 1995). "Geochemistry of Tattapani thermal springs, Himachal Pradesh, India—field and experimental investigations". Geothermics. 24 (4): 553–9. doi:10.1016/0375-6505(95)00005-B.
Skok, J. R.; Mustard, J. F.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Milliken, R. E.; Murchie, S. L. (December 2010). "Silica deposits in the Nili Patera caldera on the Syrtis Major volcanic complex on Mars". Nature Geoscience. 3 (12): 838–841. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..838S. doi:10.1038/ngeo990. ISSN 1752-0894.

dri.edu (Global: 7,028^th place; English: 4,603^rd place)

wetlands.dri.edu

W. F. Ponder (2002). "Desert Springs of Great Australian Arterial Basin". Conference Proceedings. Spring-fed Wetlands: Important Scientific and Cultural Resources of the Intermountain Region. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2013-04-06.

forbes.com (Global: 71^st place; English: 54^th place)

Andrews, Robin (30 December 2016). "This Is What Happens When You Fall Into One Of Yellowstone's Hot Springs". Forbes. Retrieved 24 June 2021.

geosociety.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Farmer, J.D. (2000). "Hydrothermal systems: doorways to early biosphere evolution" (PDF). GSA Today. 10 (7): 1–9. Retrieved 25 June 2021.

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

babel.hathitrust.org

Powell, E. Alexander (1926). In Barbary; Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara. Century vagabond books [of travel]. New York, US: Century Co. p. 260. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027021479. OCLC 1079292280.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Drake, Bryan D.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Rowland, Julie V.; Guido, Diego M.; Browne, Patrick R.L.; Rae, Andrew (August 2014). "Evolution of a dynamic paleo-hydrothermal system at Mangatete, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 282: 19–35. Bibcode:2014JVGR..282...19D. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.010. hdl:11336/31453.
Powell, E. Alexander (1926). In Barbary; Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara. Century vagabond books [of travel]. New York, US: Century Co. p. 260. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027021479. OCLC 1079292280.
Santaloia, F.; Zuffianò, L. E.; Palladino, G.; Limoni, P. P.; Liotta, D.; Minissale, A.; Brogi, A.; Polemio, M. (2016-11-01). "Coastal thermal springs in a foreland setting: The Santa Cesarea Terme system (Italy)". Geothermics. 64: 344–361. Bibcode:2016Geoth..64..344S. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.013. hdl:11586/167990. ISSN 0375-6505.

infoplease.com (Global: 3,121^st place; English: 3,035^th place)

Infoplease definition of hot spring

japan.travel (Global: low place; English: low place)

Munro, Kirsty. "Guide to Hot Springs in Japan's National Parks". Japan National Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 2025-10-02. Retrieved 2025-10-17.

japantimes.co.jp (Global: 407^th place; English: 286^th place)

Itoh, Makiko (2014-09-16). "The raw appeal of eggs". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2025-10-11.

liebertpub.com (Global: 8,924^th place; English: 8,856^th place)

Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Baumgartner, Raphael; Djokic, Tara; Ota, Tsutomu; Steller, Luke; Garbe, Ulf; Nakamura, Eizo (2021-01-01). "Elements for the Origin of Life on Land: A Deep-Time Perspective from the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia". Astrobiology. 21 (1): 39–59. Bibcode:2021AsBio..21...39V. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2107. PMID 33404294. S2CID 230783184.

lookwayup.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Lookwayup definition of hot spring

m-w.com (Global: 9,363^rd place; English: low place)

Miriam-Webster Online dictionary definition of hot spring

marriott.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

traveler.marriott.com

Cheung, Jeanne (16 February 2018). "A Guide to Japan's Onsen Etiquette for First Timers (Hint: You're Gonna be in the Buff)". Marriot Bonvoy Traveler. Marriot Internal Inc. Retrieved 2 July 2021.

medscape.com (Global: 1,078^th place; English: 916^th place)

emedicine.medscape.com

Naegleria at eMedicine

msn.com (Global: 188^th place; English: 215^th place)

encarta.msn.com

"MSN Encarta definition of hot spring". Archived from the original on 2009-01-22.

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

Skok, J. R.; Mustard, J. F.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Milliken, R. E.; Murchie, S. L. (December 2010). "Silica deposits in the Nili Patera caldera on the Syrtis Major volcanic complex on Mars". Nature Geoscience. 3 (12): 838–841. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..838S. doi:10.1038/ngeo990. ISSN 1752-0894.

newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

Marshall, Michael (April 2, 2013). "Meteorites could have been source of life's batteries". New Scientist. Retrieved 2022-11-01.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Des Marais, David J.; Walter, Malcolm R. (2019-12-01). "Terrestrial Hot Spring Systems: Introduction". Astrobiology. 19 (12): 1419–1432. Bibcode:2019AsBio..19.1419D. doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1976. PMC 6918855. PMID 31424278.
Kompanichenko, Vladimir N. (May 16, 2019). "Exploring the Kamchatka Geothermal Region in the Context of Life's Beginning". Life. 9 (2): 41. Bibcode:2019Life....9...41K. doi:10.3390/life9020041. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 6616967. PMID 31100955.
Mulkidjanian, Armen Y.; Bychkov, Andrew Yu.; Dibrova, Daria V.; Galperin, Michael Y.; Koonin, Eugene V. (2012-04-03). "Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (14): E821-30. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117774109. PMC 3325685. PMID 22331915.
Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (March 15, 2015). "Coupled Phases and Combinatorial Selection in Fluctuating Hydrothermal Pools: A Scenario to Guide Experimental Approaches to the Origin of Cellular Life". Life. 5 (1): 872–887. Bibcode:2015Life....5..872D. doi:10.3390/life5010872. PMC 4390883. PMID 25780958.
Patel, Bhavesh H.; Percivalle, Claudia; Ritson, Dougal J.; Duffy, Colm D.; Sutherland, John D. (March 16, 2015). "Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism". Nature Chemistry. 7 (4): 301–307. Bibcode:2015NatCh...7..301P. doi:10.1038/nchem.2202. ISSN 1755-4349. PMC 4568310. PMID 25803468.
Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Baumgartner, Raphael; Djokic, Tara; Ota, Tsutomu; Steller, Luke; Garbe, Ulf; Nakamura, Eizo (2021-01-01). "Elements for the Origin of Life on Land: A Deep-Time Perspective from the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia". Astrobiology. 21 (1): 39–59. Bibcode:2021AsBio..21...39V. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2107. PMID 33404294. S2CID 230783184.
Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (2020-04-01). "The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life". Astrobiology. 20 (4): 429–452. Bibcode:2020AsBio..20..429D. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2045. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 7133448. PMID 31841362.
Deamer, David (February 10, 2021). "Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions". Life. 11 (2): 134. Bibcode:2021Life...11..134D. doi:10.3390/life11020134. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 7916457. PMID 33578711.
Milshteyn, Daniel; Damer, Bruce; Havig, Jeff; Deamer, David (May 10, 2018). "Amphiphilic Compounds Assemble into Membranous Vesicles in Hydrothermal Hot Spring Water but Not in Seawater". Life. 8 (2): 11. Bibcode:2018Life....8...11M. doi:10.3390/life8020011. PMC 6027054. PMID 29748464.
Djokic, Tara; Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Ward, Colin R. (2017-05-09). "Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 15263. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815263D. doi:10.1038/ncomms15263. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5436104. PMID 28486437.
Longo, Alex; Damer, Bruce (2020-04-27). "Factoring Origin of Life Hypotheses into the Search for Life in the Solar System and Beyond". Life. 10 (5): 52. Bibcode:2020Life...10...52L. doi:10.3390/life10050052. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 7281141. PMID 32349245.
Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Semenov, Dmitry A.; Henning, Thomas K. (2017-10-24). "Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (43): 11327–11332. arXiv:1710.00434. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411327P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710339114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5664528. PMID 28973920.
Chen, Irene A.; Szostak, Jack W. (2004-05-25). "Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (21): 7965–7970. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7965C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308045101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 419540. PMID 15148394.
Milshteyn, Daniel; Cooper, George; Deamer, David (2019-08-28). "Chemiosmotic energy for primitive cellular life: Proton gradients are generated across lipid membranes by redox reactions coupled to meteoritic quinones". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 12447. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912447M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48328-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6713726. PMID 31462644.
Varma, Sreejith J.; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Chatelain, Paul; Moran, Joseph (April 23, 2018). "Native iron reduces CO2 to intermediates and end-products of the acetyl-CoA pathway". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (6): 1019–1024. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1019V. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0542-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5969571. PMID 29686234.
Muchowska, Kamila B.; Varma, Sreejith J.; Chevallot-Beroux, Elodie; Lethuillier-Karl, Lucas; Li, Guang; Moran, Joseph (October 2, 2017). "Metals promote sequences of the reverse Krebs cycle". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1716–1721. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1.1716M. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0311-7. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5659384. PMID 28970480.
van Tubergen, A (1 March 2002). "A brief history of spa therapy". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 61 (3): 273–275. doi:10.1136/ard.61.3.273. PMC 1754027. PMID 11830439.
Takeshita, Rafaela S. C.; Bercovitch, Fred B.; Kinoshita, Kodzue; Huffman, Michael A. (May 2018). "Beneficial effect of hot spring bathing on stress levels in Japanese macaques". Primates. 59 (3): 215–225. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0655-x. PMID 29616368. S2CID 4568998.
Serbulea, Mihaela; Payyappallimana, Unnikrishnan (November 2012). "Onsen (hot springs) in Japan—Transforming terrain into healing landscapes". Health & Place. 18 (6): 1366–1373. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.020. PMID 22878276.
Shinji Izumiyama; Kenji Yagita; Reiko Furushima-Shimogawara; Tokiko Asakura; Tatsuya Karasudani; Takuro Endo (July 2003). "Occurrence and Distribution of Naegleria Species in Thermal Waters in Japan". J Eukaryot Microbiol. 50: 514–5. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00614.x. PMID 14736147. S2CID 45052636.
Yasuo Sugita; Teruhiko Fujii; Itsurou Hayashi; Takachika Aoki; Toshirou Yokoyama; Minoru Morimatsu; Toshihide Fukuma; Yoshiaki Takamiya (May 1999). "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: An autopsy case in Japan". Pathology International. 49 (5): 468–70. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x. PMID 10417693. S2CID 21576553.
Miyamoto H, Jitsurong S, Shiota R, Maruta K, Yoshida S, Yabuuchi E (1997). "Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic Legionella pneumonia case associated with a hot spring bath". Microbiol. Immunol. 41 (3): 197–202. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01190.x. PMID 9130230. S2CID 25016946.
Eiko Yabauuchi; Kunio Agata (2004). "An outbreak of legionellosis in a new facility of hot spring Bath in Hiuga City". Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 78 (2): 90–8. doi:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.90. ISSN 0387-5911. PMID 15103899.
Goodyear-Smith, Felicity; Schabetsberger, Robert (2021-09-17). "Gonococcus infection probably acquired from bathing in a natural thermal pool: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 15 (1): 458. doi:10.1186/s13256-021-03043-6. ISSN 1752-1947. PMC 8445652. PMID 34530901.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Des Marais, David J.; Walter, Malcolm R. (2019-12-01). "Terrestrial Hot Spring Systems: Introduction". Astrobiology. 19 (12): 1419–1432. Bibcode:2019AsBio..19.1419D. doi:10.1089/ast.2018.1976. PMC 6918855. PMID 31424278.
Kompanichenko, Vladimir N. (May 16, 2019). "Exploring the Kamchatka Geothermal Region in the Context of Life's Beginning". Life. 9 (2): 41. Bibcode:2019Life....9...41K. doi:10.3390/life9020041. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 6616967. PMID 31100955.
Mulkidjanian, Armen Y.; Bychkov, Andrew Yu.; Dibrova, Daria V.; Galperin, Michael Y.; Koonin, Eugene V. (2012-04-03). "Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (14): E821-30. doi:10.1073/pnas.1117774109. PMC 3325685. PMID 22331915.
Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (March 15, 2015). "Coupled Phases and Combinatorial Selection in Fluctuating Hydrothermal Pools: A Scenario to Guide Experimental Approaches to the Origin of Cellular Life". Life. 5 (1): 872–887. Bibcode:2015Life....5..872D. doi:10.3390/life5010872. PMC 4390883. PMID 25780958.
Patel, Bhavesh H.; Percivalle, Claudia; Ritson, Dougal J.; Duffy, Colm D.; Sutherland, John D. (March 16, 2015). "Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism". Nature Chemistry. 7 (4): 301–307. Bibcode:2015NatCh...7..301P. doi:10.1038/nchem.2202. ISSN 1755-4349. PMC 4568310. PMID 25803468.
Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (2020-04-01). "The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life". Astrobiology. 20 (4): 429–452. Bibcode:2020AsBio..20..429D. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2045. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 7133448. PMID 31841362.
Deamer, David (February 10, 2021). "Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions". Life. 11 (2): 134. Bibcode:2021Life...11..134D. doi:10.3390/life11020134. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 7916457. PMID 33578711.
Milshteyn, Daniel; Damer, Bruce; Havig, Jeff; Deamer, David (May 10, 2018). "Amphiphilic Compounds Assemble into Membranous Vesicles in Hydrothermal Hot Spring Water but Not in Seawater". Life. 8 (2): 11. Bibcode:2018Life....8...11M. doi:10.3390/life8020011. PMC 6027054. PMID 29748464.
Djokic, Tara; Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Ward, Colin R. (2017-05-09). "Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 15263. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815263D. doi:10.1038/ncomms15263. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5436104. PMID 28486437.
Longo, Alex; Damer, Bruce (2020-04-27). "Factoring Origin of Life Hypotheses into the Search for Life in the Solar System and Beyond". Life. 10 (5): 52. Bibcode:2020Life...10...52L. doi:10.3390/life10050052. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 7281141. PMID 32349245.
Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Semenov, Dmitry A.; Henning, Thomas K. (2017-10-24). "Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (43): 11327–11332. arXiv:1710.00434. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411327P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710339114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5664528. PMID 28973920.
Chen, Irene A.; Szostak, Jack W. (2004-05-25). "Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (21): 7965–7970. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7965C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308045101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 419540. PMID 15148394.
Milshteyn, Daniel; Cooper, George; Deamer, David (2019-08-28). "Chemiosmotic energy for primitive cellular life: Proton gradients are generated across lipid membranes by redox reactions coupled to meteoritic quinones". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 12447. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912447M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48328-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6713726. PMID 31462644.
Varma, Sreejith J.; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Chatelain, Paul; Moran, Joseph (April 23, 2018). "Native iron reduces CO2 to intermediates and end-products of the acetyl-CoA pathway". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (6): 1019–1024. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1019V. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0542-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5969571. PMID 29686234.
Muchowska, Kamila B.; Varma, Sreejith J.; Chevallot-Beroux, Elodie; Lethuillier-Karl, Lucas; Li, Guang; Moran, Joseph (October 2, 2017). "Metals promote sequences of the reverse Krebs cycle". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1716–1721. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1.1716M. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0311-7. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5659384. PMID 28970480.
van Tubergen, A (1 March 2002). "A brief history of spa therapy". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 61 (3): 273–275. doi:10.1136/ard.61.3.273. PMC 1754027. PMID 11830439.
Goodyear-Smith, Felicity; Schabetsberger, Robert (2021-09-17). "Gonococcus infection probably acquired from bathing in a natural thermal pool: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 15 (1): 458. doi:10.1186/s13256-021-03043-6. ISSN 1752-1947. PMC 8445652. PMID 34530901.

nps.gov (Global: 79^th place; English: 40^th place)

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Allan Pentecost; B. Jones; R.W. Renaut (2003). "What is a hot spring?". Can. J. Earth Sci. 40 (11): 1443–6. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40.1443P. doi:10.1139/e03-083. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. provides a critical discussion of the definition of a hot spring.

onespa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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dictionary.reference.com

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sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

Suda, Konomi; Ueno, Yuichiro; Yoshizaki, Motoko; Nakamura, Hitomi; Kurokawa, Ken; Nishiyama, Eri; Yoshino, Koji; Hongoh, Yuichi; Kawachi, Kenichi; Omori, Soichi; Yamada, Keita; Yoshida, Naohiro; Maruyama, Shigenori (2014-01-15). "Origin of methane in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems: The CH4–H2–H2O hydrogen isotope systematics of the Hakuba Happo hot spring". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 386: 112–125. Bibcode:2014E&PSL.386..112S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.001. ISSN 0012-821X.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Parenteau, M. N.; Cady, S. L. (2010-02-01). "Microbial biosignatures in iron-mineralized phototrophic mats at Chocolate Pots Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, United States". PALAIOS. 25 (2): 97–111. Bibcode:2010Palai..25...97P. doi:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-133r. S2CID 128592574.
Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Baumgartner, Raphael; Djokic, Tara; Ota, Tsutomu; Steller, Luke; Garbe, Ulf; Nakamura, Eizo (2021-01-01). "Elements for the Origin of Life on Land: A Deep-Time Perspective from the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia". Astrobiology. 21 (1): 39–59. Bibcode:2021AsBio..21...39V. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2107. PMID 33404294. S2CID 230783184.
Kitadai, Norio; Maruyama, Shigenori (2018-07-01). "Origins of building blocks of life: A review". Geoscience Frontiers. 9 (4): 1117–1153. Bibcode:2018GeoFr...9.1117K. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007. ISSN 1674-9871. S2CID 102659869.
Takeshita, Rafaela S. C.; Bercovitch, Fred B.; Kinoshita, Kodzue; Huffman, Michael A. (May 2018). "Beneficial effect of hot spring bathing on stress levels in Japanese macaques". Primates. 59 (3): 215–225. doi:10.1007/s10329-018-0655-x. PMID 29616368. S2CID 4568998.
Shinji Izumiyama; Kenji Yagita; Reiko Furushima-Shimogawara; Tokiko Asakura; Tatsuya Karasudani; Takuro Endo (July 2003). "Occurrence and Distribution of Naegleria Species in Thermal Waters in Japan". J Eukaryot Microbiol. 50: 514–5. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00614.x. PMID 14736147. S2CID 45052636.
Yasuo Sugita; Teruhiko Fujii; Itsurou Hayashi; Takachika Aoki; Toshirou Yokoyama; Minoru Morimatsu; Toshihide Fukuma; Yoshiaki Takamiya (May 1999). "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: An autopsy case in Japan". Pathology International. 49 (5): 468–70. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x. PMID 10417693. S2CID 21576553.
Miyamoto H, Jitsurong S, Shiota R, Maruta K, Yoshida S, Yabuuchi E (1997). "Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic Legionella pneumonia case associated with a hot spring bath". Microbiol. Immunol. 41 (3): 197–202. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01190.x. PMID 9130230. S2CID 25016946.

spafinder.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

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ultralingua.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ultralingua Online Dictionary definition of hot spring

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

pubs.usgs.gov

Meinzer, Oscar Edward (1923). Outline of ground-water hydrology, with definitions (Water Supply Paper). Vol. 494. United States Geological Survey. p. 54. doi:10.3133/wsp494. Retrieved 13 March 2025.

wapo.st (Global: low place; English: low place)

Andrea Sachs. (14 March 2025). "Soak in these 9 hot springs destinations from the Yukon to Mexico." Washington Post website Retrieved 16 March 2025.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Rivero, Nicolás; Inuma, Julia Mio (2024-09-01). "How ancient healing hot springs could fuel a clean energy future". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2024-09-04. Retrieved 2025-10-17.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"MSN Encarta definition of hot spring". Archived from the original on 2009-01-22.
Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth edition, article on hot spring Archived 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
American Heritage dictionary, fourth edition (2000) definition of hot spring Archived 2007-03-10 at the Wayback Machine
Allan Pentecost; B. Jones; R.W. Renaut (2003). "What is a hot spring?". Can. J. Earth Sci. 40 (11): 1443–6. Bibcode:2003CaJES..40.1443P. doi:10.1139/e03-083. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. provides a critical discussion of the definition of a hot spring.
Don L. Leet (1982). Physical Geology (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-669706-0. Archived from the original on 2010-10-02. Retrieved 2006-11-03. A thermal spring is defined as a spring that brings warm or hot water to the surface. Leet states that there are two types of thermal springs; hot springs and warm springs. Note that by this definition, "thermal spring" is not synonymous with the term "hot spring".
W. F. Ponder (2002). "Desert Springs of Great Australian Arterial Basin". Conference Proceedings. Spring-fed Wetlands: Important Scientific and Cultural Resources of the Intermountain Region. Archived from the original on 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2013-04-06.
Terme di Saturnia Archived 2013-04-17 at the Wayback Machine, website
Nakamoto, Michiyo (2020-08-26). "The Japanese village that cooks in a hot spring". BBC. Archived from the original on 2025-04-26. Retrieved 2025-10-17.
Itoh, Makiko (2014-09-16). "The raw appeal of eggs". Japan Times. Archived from the original on 2014-09-25. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
Rivero, Nicolás; Inuma, Julia Mio (2024-09-01). "How ancient healing hot springs could fuel a clean energy future". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2024-09-04. Retrieved 2025-10-17.
Munro, Kirsty. "Guide to Hot Springs in Japan's National Parks". Japan National Tourism Organization. Archived from the original on 2025-10-02. Retrieved 2025-10-17.

webref.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Don L. Leet (1982). Physical Geology (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-669706-0. Archived from the original on 2010-10-02. Retrieved 2006-11-03. A thermal spring is defined as a spring that brings warm or hot water to the surface. Leet states that there are two types of thermal springs; hot springs and warm springs. Note that by this definition, "thermal spring" is not synonymous with the term "hot spring".

welcomeargentina.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Welcome Argentina: Turismo en Argentina 2009

wordsmyth.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Wordsmyth definition of hot spring

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Kompanichenko, Vladimir N. (May 16, 2019). "Exploring the Kamchatka Geothermal Region in the Context of Life's Beginning". Life. 9 (2): 41. Bibcode:2019Life....9...41K. doi:10.3390/life9020041. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 6616967. PMID 31100955.
Patel, Bhavesh H.; Percivalle, Claudia; Ritson, Dougal J.; Duffy, Colm D.; Sutherland, John D. (March 16, 2015). "Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism". Nature Chemistry. 7 (4): 301–307. Bibcode:2015NatCh...7..301P. doi:10.1038/nchem.2202. ISSN 1755-4349. PMC 4568310. PMID 25803468.
Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (2020-04-01). "The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life". Astrobiology. 20 (4): 429–452. Bibcode:2020AsBio..20..429D. doi:10.1089/ast.2019.2045. ISSN 1531-1074. PMC 7133448. PMID 31841362.
Deamer, David (February 10, 2021). "Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions". Life. 11 (2): 134. Bibcode:2021Life...11..134D. doi:10.3390/life11020134. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 7916457. PMID 33578711.
Djokic, Tara; Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Ward, Colin R. (2017-05-09). "Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits". Nature Communications. 8 (1) 15263. Bibcode:2017NatCo...815263D. doi:10.1038/ncomms15263. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5436104. PMID 28486437.
Suda, Konomi; Ueno, Yuichiro; Yoshizaki, Motoko; Nakamura, Hitomi; Kurokawa, Ken; Nishiyama, Eri; Yoshino, Koji; Hongoh, Yuichi; Kawachi, Kenichi; Omori, Soichi; Yamada, Keita; Yoshida, Naohiro; Maruyama, Shigenori (2014-01-15). "Origin of methane in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems: The CH4–H2–H2O hydrogen isotope systematics of the Hakuba Happo hot spring". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 386: 112–125. Bibcode:2014E&PSL.386..112S. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.001. ISSN 0012-821X.
Longo, Alex; Damer, Bruce (2020-04-27). "Factoring Origin of Life Hypotheses into the Search for Life in the Solar System and Beyond". Life. 10 (5): 52. Bibcode:2020Life...10...52L. doi:10.3390/life10050052. ISSN 2075-1729. PMC 7281141. PMID 32349245.
Kitadai, Norio; Maruyama, Shigenori (2018-07-01). "Origins of building blocks of life: A review". Geoscience Frontiers. 9 (4): 1117–1153. Bibcode:2018GeoFr...9.1117K. doi:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007. ISSN 1674-9871. S2CID 102659869.
Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Semenov, Dmitry A.; Henning, Thomas K. (2017-10-24). "Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (43): 11327–11332. arXiv:1710.00434. Bibcode:2017PNAS..11411327P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1710339114. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 5664528. PMID 28973920.
Chen, Irene A.; Szostak, Jack W. (2004-05-25). "Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 101 (21): 7965–7970. Bibcode:2004PNAS..101.7965C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0308045101. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 419540. PMID 15148394.
Milshteyn, Daniel; Cooper, George; Deamer, David (2019-08-28). "Chemiosmotic energy for primitive cellular life: Proton gradients are generated across lipid membranes by redox reactions coupled to meteoritic quinones". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 12447. Bibcode:2019NatSR...912447M. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48328-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6713726. PMID 31462644.
Varma, Sreejith J.; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Chatelain, Paul; Moran, Joseph (April 23, 2018). "Native iron reduces CO2 to intermediates and end-products of the acetyl-CoA pathway". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 2 (6): 1019–1024. Bibcode:2018NatEE...2.1019V. doi:10.1038/s41559-018-0542-2. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5969571. PMID 29686234.
Muchowska, Kamila B.; Varma, Sreejith J.; Chevallot-Beroux, Elodie; Lethuillier-Karl, Lucas; Li, Guang; Moran, Joseph (October 2, 2017). "Metals promote sequences of the reverse Krebs cycle". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (11): 1716–1721. Bibcode:2017NatEE...1.1716M. doi:10.1038/s41559-017-0311-7. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 5659384. PMID 28970480.
Eiko Yabauuchi; Kunio Agata (2004). "An outbreak of legionellosis in a new facility of hot spring Bath in Hiuga City". Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 78 (2): 90–8. doi:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.90. ISSN 0387-5911. PMID 15103899.
Goodyear-Smith, Felicity; Schabetsberger, Robert (2021-09-17). "Gonococcus infection probably acquired from bathing in a natural thermal pool: a case report". Journal of Medical Case Reports. 15 (1): 458. doi:10.1186/s13256-021-03043-6. ISSN 1752-1947. PMC 8445652. PMID 34530901.
Powell, E. Alexander (1926). In Barbary; Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara. Century vagabond books [of travel]. New York, US: Century Co. p. 260. hdl:2027/mdp.39015027021479. OCLC 1079292280.
Santaloia, F.; Zuffianò, L. E.; Palladino, G.; Limoni, P. P.; Liotta, D.; Minissale, A.; Brogi, A.; Polemio, M. (2016-11-01). "Coastal thermal springs in a foreland setting: The Santa Cesarea Terme system (Italy)". Geothermics. 64: 344–361. Bibcode:2016Geoth..64..344S. doi:10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.013. hdl:11586/167990. ISSN 0375-6505.
Skok, J. R.; Mustard, J. F.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Milliken, R. E.; Murchie, S. L. (December 2010). "Silica deposits in the Nili Patera caldera on the Syrtis Major volcanic complex on Mars". Nature Geoscience. 3 (12): 838–841. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..838S. doi:10.1038/ngeo990. ISSN 1752-0894.

Hot spring (English Wikipedia)

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newscientist.com (Global: 1,041^st place; English: 901^st place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nps.gov (Global: 79^th place; English: 40^th place)

physicsworld.com (Global: 6,771^st place; English: 5,238^th place)

physorg.com (Global: 8,229^th place; English: 8,138^th place)

reference.com (Global: 1,491^st place; English: 1,468^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 137^th place; English: 146^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

usgs.gov (Global: 119^th place; English: 145^th place)

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)