Gao later left China after his works were condemned as anti-socialist (MacKerras 2008, p. 6). MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 20. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 9. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
Zhong, Zhang & Zhang 1997, p. 47. Zhong, Dafeng; Zhang, Zhen; Zhang, Yingjin (1997). "From Wenmingxi (Civilized Play) to Yingxi (Shadowplay): The Foundation of Shanghai Film Industry in the 1920s". Asian Cinema. 9 (1): 46–64. doi:10.1386/ac.9.1.46_1.
Liu 2017, p. 266. Liu, Siyuan (2017). "'Spoken Drama (Huaju) with a Strong Chinese Flavour': The Resurrection and Demise of Popular Spoken Drama (Tongsu Huaju) in Shanghai in the 1950s and Early 1960s". Theatre Research International. 42 (3): 265–285. doi:10.1017/S030788331700058X.
MacKerras 2008, pp. 4–5. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
Liu 2017, pp. 265–270. Liu, Siyuan (2017). "'Spoken Drama (Huaju) with a Strong Chinese Flavour': The Resurrection and Demise of Popular Spoken Drama (Tongsu Huaju) in Shanghai in the 1950s and Early 1960s". Theatre Research International. 42 (3): 265–285. doi:10.1017/S030788331700058X.
MacKerras 2008, p. 10. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 5. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 2. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 12. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 11. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 4. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 6. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 7. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 18. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 8. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
Gao later left China after his works were condemned as anti-socialist (MacKerras 2008, p. 6). MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 20. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 9. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, pp. 4–5. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 10. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 5. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 2. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 12. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 11. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 4. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 6. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 7. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 18. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.
MacKerras 2008, p. 8. MacKerras, Colin (2008). "Tradition, Change, and Continuity in Chinese Theatre in the Last Hundred Years: In Commemoration of the Spoken Drama Centenary". Asian Theatre Journal. 25 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1353/atj.2008.0012. JSTOR27568433.