Human brain (English Wikipedia)

Azevedo, F.; et al. (April 10, 2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–541. Bibcode:2009JComN.513..532A. doi:10.1002/cne.21974. PMID 19226510. S2CID 5200449. despite the widespread quotes that the human brain contains 100 billion neurons and ten times more glial cells, the absolute number of neurons and glial cells in the human brain remains unknown. Here we determine these numbers by using the isotropic fractionator and compare them with the expected values for a human-sized primate. We find that the adult male human brain contains on average 86.1 ± 8.1 billion NeuN-positive cells ("neurons") and 84.6 ± 9.8 billion NeuN-negative ("nonneuronal") cells.
Sjöstedt, Evelina; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Häggmark, Anna; Mitsios, Nicholas; Nilsson, Peter; Pontén, Fredrik; Hökfelt, Tomas; Uhlén, Mathias (June 15, 2015). "Defining the human brain proteome using transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling with a focus on the cerebral cortex". PLOS ONE. 10 (6) e0130028. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030028S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130028. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4468152. PMID 26076492.
Daneman, R.; Zhou, L.; Kebede, A.A.; Barres, B.A. (November 25, 2010). "Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis". Nature. 468 (7323): 562–6. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..562D. doi:10.1038/nature09513. PMC 3241506. PMID 20944625.
Van Essen, DC (January 23, 1997). "A tension-based theory of morphogenesis and compact wiring in the central nervous system". Nature. 385 (6614): 313–8. Bibcode:1997Natur.385..313E. doi:10.1038/385313a0. PMID 9002514. S2CID 4355025.
Florio, M.; et al. (March 27, 2015). "Human-specific gene ARHGAP11B promotes basal progenitor amplification and neocortex expansion". Science. 347 (6229): 1465–70. Bibcode:2015Sci...347.1465F. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1975. PMID 25721503. S2CID 34506325.
Hickok, G (September 2009). "The functional neuroanatomy of language". Physics of Life Reviews. 6 (3): 121–143. Bibcode:2009PhLRv...6..121H. doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2009.06.001. PMC 2747108. PMID 20161054.
Raichle, M.; Gusnard, DA (2002). "Appraising the brain's energy budget". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (16): 10237–10239. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9910237R. doi:10.1073/pnas.172399499. PMC 124895. PMID 12149485.
Kuzawa, C. W.; Chugani, H. T.; Grossman, L. I.; Lipovich, L.; Muzik, O.; Hof, P. R.; Wildman, D. E.; Sherwood, C. C.; Leonard, W. R.; Lange, N. (September 9, 2014). "Metabolic costs and evolutionary implications of human brain development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (36): 13010–13015. Bibcode:2014PNAS..11113010K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1323099111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4246958. PMID 25157149.
Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, O'Donnell J, Christensen DJ, Nicholson C, Iliff JJ, Takano T, Deane R, Nedergaard M (October 2013). "Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain". Science. 342 (6156): 373–377. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..373X. doi:10.1126/science.1241224. PMC 3880190. PMID 24136970. Thus, the restorative function of sleep may be a consequence of the enhanced removal of potentially neurotoxic waste products that accumulate in the awake central nervous system.
Tononi, Guilio; Cirelli, Chiara (August 2013). "Perchance to Prune" (PDF). Scientific American. 309 (2): 34–39. Bibcode:2013SciAm.309b..34T. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0813-34. PMID 23923204. S2CID 54052089. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 26, 2018.
Jones, E.G.; Mendell, L.M. (April 30, 1999). "Assessing the Decade of the Brain". Science. 284 (5415): 739. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..739J. doi:10.1126/science.284.5415.739. PMID 10336393. S2CID 13261978.
Lancaster, MA; Renner, M; Martin, CA; Wenzel, D; Bicknell, LS; Hurles, ME; Homfray, T; Penninger, JM; Jackson, AP; Knoblich, JA (September 19, 2013). "Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly". Nature. 501 (7467): 373–9. Bibcode:2013Natur.501..373L. doi:10.1038/nature12517. PMC 3817409. PMID 23995685.
Giordano, Guido; Pensa, Alessandra; Vona, Alessandro; Di Genova, Danilo; Al-Mukhadam, Raschid; Romano, Claudia; Deubener, Joachim; Frontoni, Alessandro; Petrone, PierPaolo (February 27, 2025). "Unique formation of organic glass from a human brain in the Vesuvius eruption of 79 CE". Scientific Reports. 15 (1): 5955. Bibcode:2025NatSR..15.5955G. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-88894-5. PMC 11868551. PMID 40016321.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Ackerman, S. (1992). Discovering the brain. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 22–25. ISBN 978-0-309-04529-2.
Kandel, E.R.; Schwartz, J.H.; Jessel T.M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 324. ISBN 978-0-8385-7701-1.
Gray, Peter (2002). Psychology (4th ed.). Worth Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7167-5162-5. OCLC 46640860.

arxiv.org (Global: 49^th place; English: 31^st place)

de Lussanet, M.H.E.; Osse, J.W.M. (2012). "An ancestral axial twist explains the contralateral forebain and the optic chiasm in vertebrates". Animal Biology. 62 (2): 193–216. arXiv:1003.1872. doi:10.1163/157075611X617102. S2CID 7399128.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Bigos, K.L.; Hariri, A.; Weinberger, D. (2015). Neuroimaging Genetics: Principles and Practices. Oxford University Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-19-992022-8.
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Freberg, L. (2009). Discovering Biological Psychology. Cengage Learning. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-547-17779-3.
Kolb, B.; Whishaw, I. (2009). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology. Macmillan. pp. 73–75. ISBN 978-0-7167-9586-5.
Pavel, Fiala; Jiří, Valenta (January 1, 2013). Central Nervous System. Karolinum Press. p. 79. ISBN 978-80-246-2067-1.
Chen, X. (2012). Mechanical Self-Assembly: Science and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 188–189. ISBN 978-1-4614-4562-3.
Hellier, J. (2014). The Brain, the Nervous System, and Their Diseases [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-1-61069-338-7.
Davis, J.F.; Choi, D.L.; Benoit, S.C. (2011). "24. Orexigenic Hypothalamic Peptides Behavior and Feeding – 24.5 Orexin". In Preedy, V.R.; Watson, R.R.; Martin, C.R. (eds.). Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition. Springer. pp. 361–362. ISBN 978-0-387-92271-3.
Hellier, J. (2014). The Brain, the Nervous System, and Their Diseases [3 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 1135. ISBN 978-1-61069-338-7.
Kolb, B.; Whishaw, I.Q. (2013). Introduction to Brain and Behavior. Macmillan Higher Education. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-4641-3960-4.
Berntson, G.; Cacioppo, J. (2009). Handbook of Neuroscience for the Behavioral Sciences, Volume 1. John Wiley & Sons. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-470-08355-0.
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Morris, C.G.; Maisto, A.A. (2011). Understanding Psychology. Prentice Hall. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-205-76906-3.
Kolb, B.; Whishaw, I.Q. (2013). Introduction to Brain and Behavior (Loose-Leaf). Macmillan Higher Education. pp. 524–549. ISBN 978-1-4641-3960-4.
Schacter, D.L.; Gilbert, D.T.; Wegner, D.M. (2009). Introducing Psychology. Macmillan. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-4292-1821-4.
Hyun, J.C.; Weyandt, L.L.; Swentosky, A. (2014). "Chapter 2: The Physiology of Executive Functioning". In Goldstein, S.; Naglieri, J. (eds.). Handbook of Executive Functioning. New York: Springer. pp. 13–23. ISBN 978-1-4614-8106-5.
Mrsulja, B.B. (2012). Pathophysiology of Cerebral Energy Metabolism. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-1-4684-3348-7.
Gianaros, Peter J.; Gray, Marcus A.; Onyewuenyi, Ikechukwu; Critchley, Hugo D. (2010). "Neuroimaging Methods in Behavioral Medicine". In Steptoe, A. (ed.). Handbook of Behavioral Medicine. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 770. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09488-5_50. ISBN 978-0-387-09488-5.
Kane, R.L.; Parsons, T.D. (2017). The Role of Technology in Clinical Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-19-023473-7. Irimia, Chambers, Torgerson, and Van Horn (2012) provide a first-step graphic on how best to display connectivity findings, as is presented in Figure 13.15. This is referred to as a connectogram.
Andrews, D.G. (2001). Neuropsychology. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-103-9.
Simpson, J.M.; Moriarty, G.L. (2013). Multimodal Treatment of Acute Psychiatric Illness: A Guide for Hospital Diversion. Columbia University Press. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-0-231-53609-7.
Moore, S.P. (2005). The Definitive Neurological Surgery Board Review. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4051-0459-3.
Pennington, B.F. (2008). Diagnosing Learning Disorders, Second Edition: A Neuropsychological Framework. Guilford Press. pp. 3–10. ISBN 978-1-60623-786-1.
Govaert, P.; de Vries, L.S. (2010). An Atlas of Neonatal Brain Sonography: (CDM 182–183). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 89–92. ISBN 978-1-898683-56-8.
Perese, E.F. (2012). Psychiatric Advanced Practice Nursing: A Biopsychsocial Foundation for Practice. F.A. Davis. pp. 82–88. ISBN 978-0-8036-2999-8.
Kearney, C.; Trull, T.J. (2016). Abnormal Psychology and Life: A Dimensional Approach. Cengage Learning. p. 395. ISBN 978-1-337-09810-6.
Stevenson, D.K.; Sunshine, P.; Benitz, W.E. (2003). Fetal and Neonatal Brain Injury: Mechanisms, Management and the Risks of Practice. Cambridge University Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-521-80691-6.
Dewhurst, John (2012). Dewhurst's Textbook of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-470-65457-6.
Urden, L.D.; Stacy, K.M.; Lough, M.E. (2013). Priorities in Critical Care Nursing – E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-0-323-29414-0.
Macmillan, Malcolm B. (2000). An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-13363-0.
Churchland, P.S. (1989). "Ch. 8". Neurophilosophy. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53085-9.
Lilienfeld, S.O.; Lynn, S.J.; Ruscio, J.; Beyerstein, B.L. (2011). 50 Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Shattering Widespread Misconceptions about Human Behavior. John Wiley & Sons. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-4443-6074-5.
Carrier, Martin; Mittelstrass, Jürgen (1991). Mind, Brain, Behavior: The Mind-body Problem and the Philosophy of Psychology [Geist, Gehirn, Verhalten]. Translated by Lindberg, Steven (revised and expanded English ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 11. ISBN 978-3-11-012876-5. Retrieved May 22, 2021. [...] the Aristotelian view that the soul resides primarily in the heart [...].
Cobb, Matthew (April 21, 2020). The Idea of the Brain: The Past and Future of Neuroscience. New York: Hachette UK (published 2020). ISBN 978-1-5416-4686-5. Retrieved May 22, 2021. [...] the ways in which we think about [the brain] are much richer than in the past, not simply because of the amazing facts we have discovered, but above all because of how we interpret them.
Jarrett, C. (November 17, 2014). Great Myths of the Brain. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-31271-1.
Bergfelder, Tim (2005). International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-productions in the 1960s. Berghahn Books. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-57181-538-5.
Swanson, Larry W. (August 12, 2014). Neuroanatomical Terminology: A Lexicon of Classical Origins and Historical Foundations. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534062-4.
Marshall, Louise H.; Magoun, Horace W. (March 9, 2013). Discoveries in the Human Brain: Neuroscience Prehistory, Brain Structure, and Function. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-475-74997-7.
Holtz, Anders; Levi, Richard (July 20, 2010). Spinal Cord Injury. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-970681-5.
Brady, Joseph V.; Nauta, Walle J. H. (October 22, 2013). Principles, Practices, and Positions in Neuropsychiatric Research: Proceedings of a Conference Held in June 1970 at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C., in Tribute to Dr. David Mckenzie Rioch upon His Retirement as Director of the Neuropsychiatry Division of That Institute. Elsevier. p. vii. ISBN 978-1-4831-5453-4.
Chatterjee, Anjan; Coslett, H. Branch (December 2013). The Roots of Cognitive Neuroscience: Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychology. OUP USA. pp. 337–8. ISBN 978-0-19-539554-9.
Bliss, Michael (October 1, 2005). Harvey Cushing: A Life in Surgery: A Life in Surgery. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 978-0-19-534695-4.
Glees, Paul (2005). The Human Brain. Cambridge University Press. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-521-01781-7.
Simpkins, C. Alexander; Simpkins, Annellen M. (2012). Neuroscience for Clinicians: Evidence, Models, and Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4614-4842-6.
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Bernstein, Douglas (2010). Essentials of Psychology. Cengage Learning. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-495-90693-3.
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Sharwood Smith, Mike (2017). Introducing Language and Cognition. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-1-107-15289-2.
Kolb, Bryan; Whishaw, Ian Q. (2013). Introduction to Brain and Behavior. Macmillan Higher Education. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-4641-3960-4.
Nieuwenhuys, Rudolf; ten Donkelaar, Hans J.; Nicholson, Charles (2014). The Central Nervous System of Vertebrates. Springer. p. 2127. ISBN 978-3-642-18262-4.
Lerner, Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth (2004). The Gale Encyclopedia of Science: Pheasants-Star. Gale. p. 3759. ISBN 978-0-7876-7559-2. As human's position changed and the manner in which the skull balanced on the spinal column pivoted, the brain expanded, altering the shape of the cranium.
Begun, David R. (2012). A Companion to Paleoanthropology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-118-33237-5.

cerebromente.org.br (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sabbatini, Renato M.E. "Sabbatini, R.M.E.: The Discovery of Bioelectricity. Nerve Conduction". www.cerebromente.org.br. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved June 10, 2017.

cnx.org (Global: low place; English: 9,494^th place)

"OpenStax CNX". cnx.org. Archived from the original on May 5, 2015. Retrieved May 5, 2015.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Cosgrove, K.P.; Mazure, C.M.; Staley, J.K. (2007). "Evolving knowledge of sex differences in brain structure, function, and chemistry". Biol Psychiatry. 62 (8): 847–855. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.001. PMC 2711771. PMID 17544382.
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Azevedo, F.; et al. (April 10, 2009). "Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 513 (5): 532–541. Bibcode:2009JComN.513..532A. doi:10.1002/cne.21974. PMID 19226510. S2CID 5200449. despite the widespread quotes that the human brain contains 100 billion neurons and ten times more glial cells, the absolute number of neurons and glial cells in the human brain remains unknown. Here we determine these numbers by using the isotropic fractionator and compare them with the expected values for a human-sized primate. We find that the adult male human brain contains on average 86.1 ± 8.1 billion NeuN-positive cells ("neurons") and 84.6 ± 9.8 billion NeuN-negative ("nonneuronal") cells.
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Sjöstedt, Evelina; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Häggmark, Anna; Mitsios, Nicholas; Nilsson, Peter; Pontén, Fredrik; Hökfelt, Tomas; Uhlén, Mathias (June 15, 2015). "Defining the human brain proteome using transcriptomics and antibody-based profiling with a focus on the cerebral cortex". PLOS ONE. 10 (6) e0130028. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030028S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0130028. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4468152. PMID 26076492.
Yankova, Galina; Bogomyakova, Olga; Tulupov, Andrey (November 1, 2021). "The glymphatic system and meningeal lymphatics of the brain: new understanding of brain clearance". Reviews in the Neurosciences. 32 (7): 693–705. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2020-0106. PMID 33618444.
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Daneman, R.; Zhou, L.; Kebede, A.A.; Barres, B.A. (November 25, 2010). "Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis". Nature. 468 (7323): 562–6. Bibcode:2010Natur.468..562D. doi:10.1038/nature09513. PMC 3241506. PMID 20944625.
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