Human rights violations by the CIA (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Human rights violations by the CIA" in English language version.

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aclu.org

"Background Paper on CIA's Combined Use of Interrogation Techniques". 30 December 2004. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
Fact sheet: Extraordinary rendition, American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved 29 March 2007 (in English)

amnesty.org

"'Rendition' and secret detention: A global system of human rights violations", Amnesty International, January 1, 2006
"CIA rendition victims challenge Romania and Lithuania at Europe's human rights court". www.amnesty.org. 29 June 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

ap.org

"THE DETENTION OF AP PHOTOGRAPHER BILAL HUSSEIN". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2016.

archive.org

McCoy, Alfred (2007). A Question of Torture: CIA Interrogation, from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Henry Holt & Co. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-8050-8248-7.
Grey, Stephen (2006), Ghost Plane: The True Story of the CIA Torture Program, St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-36023-8
See, e.g., Wise, David (14 April 1991). "A People Betrayed: Twice before, Washington let Kurds die to promote foreign-policy designs. Now it's the Bush Administration doing the deed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 February 2016. cf. Mitchel, Timothy (2002). Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. University of California Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780520928251. One of [Critchfield's] first actions, in February 1960, according to a later Congressional investigation, was an attempt to murder the president [sic] of Iraq, General Abd al-Karim Qasim. cf. Wilford, Hugh (2013). America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Basic Books. p. 290. ISBN 9780465019656. They did, however, entertain various suggestions for covert action against the new Iraqi leader, Abd al-Karim Qasim, among them a scheme proposed by the CIA's Health Alteration Committee involving a poisoned handkerchief. cf. Weiner, Tim (2008). Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. Doubleday. p. 163. ISBN 9780307455628. Another failed assassination plot, using a poisoned handkerchief ... was endorsed all the way up the CIA's chain of command. cf. Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Zed Books. p. 98. ISBN 9781842773697. cf. Powers, Thomas (1979). The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms & the CIA. Knopf. pp. 160–164. ISBN 9780394507774.
Sciolino, Elaine (1991). The Outlaw State: Saddam Hussein's Quest for Power and the Gulf Crisis. John Wiley & Sons. p. 161. ISBN 9780471542995. The target was Colonel Fadhil Abbas al-Mahdawi, the brutal, pro-Soviet head of the People's Court who had been targeting pro-American Iraqis, according to Hermann F. Eilts, former ambassador to Saudi Arabia and Egypt, who spent most of his career in the Arab world.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"Bush admits to CIA secret prisons", BBC News, BBC News Online, 7 September 2006, retrieved 15 April 2007

berkeley.edu

Yoo, John (4 January 2005), "Commentary: Behind the 'torture memos', As attorney general confirmation hearings begin for Alberto Gonzales, Boalt Law School professor John Yoo defends wartime policy", UC Berkeley News

cbsnews.com

Dershowitz, Alan (20 September 2002), "Legal Torture? Civil Libertarian Believes Torture Will Be Used In War On Terrorism", 60 Minutes, archived from the original on 8 June 2002

cia.gov

Thiessen, Mark (9 August 2024). "CIA and Interrogations —Today's Debate and the Historical Discussion" (PDF). cia.gov/readingroom. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2024.

ciponline.org

Eastern Caribbean Overview, Center for International Policy

cnn.com

Bush: Top terror suspects to face tribunals, CNN / AP, 6 September 2006, archived from the original on 11 September 2006, retrieved 6 September 2006

docs.google.com

"US strikes in Yemen, 2002 to present". Google Docs.

doi.org

SHIRAZ, ZAKIA (2011). Gustafson, Kristian; Haslam, Jonathan; Qureshi, Lubna Z. (eds.). "CIA Intervention in Chile and the Fall of the Allende Government in 1973". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 603–613. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000855. ISSN 0021-8758. JSTOR 23016792. S2CID 144737906.
MELLEY, TIMOTHY (2011). "Brain Warfare: The Covert Sphere, Terrorism, and the Legacy of the Cold War". Grey Room. 45 (45): 19–40. doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00048. ISSN 1526-3819. JSTOR 41342501. S2CID 57564751.

fas.org

"U.S. Security", Congressional Record: S2874 [Senate], 5 March 1992
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "RESULTS IN BRIEF", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "Appendix II. U.S. Assistance Provided to Foreign Police ANTITERRORISM ASSISTANCE", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "CONCERNS ON MANAGEMENT OF ASSISTANCE", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "Appendix I. Legislative Exemptions to the Prohibition on U.S. Assistance to Foreign Police", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "Appendix III. Countries Receiving Police Assistance", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "Appendix II. U.S. Assistance Provided to Foreign Police: INTERNATIONAL NARCOTICS CONTROL", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "INVESTIGATIVE AND INTERNATIONAL POLICE TRAINING", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "COUNTERTERRORISM AND MILITARY ASSISTANCE", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters
U.S. General Accounting Office, National Security and International Affairs Division (5 March 1992), "Appendix II. U.S. Assistance Provided to Foreign Police: DIFFICULTIES IN DETERMINING COST AND EXTENT OF ASSISTANCE", Foreign Aid: Police Training and Assistance; report to Congressional requesters

fff.org

Bovard, James (4 June 2004), "Terrorism Debacles in the Reagan Administration", The Future of Freedom Foundation, retrieved 27 April 2006

go.com

abcnews.go.com

"REPORT: Two CIA Black Site Prisons in Lithuania". ABC News. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
"CIA's Harsh Interrogation Techniques Described", ABC News, 18 November 2005

gwu.edu

"CIA, Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual – 1983", The National Security Archive, pp. part I (pp. 1–67) – part II (pp. 68–124), retrieved 12 May 2006
"CIA, KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation, July 1963", The National Security Archive, pp. part 1 (pp. 1–60) – part II (pp. 61–112) – part III (pp. 113–128), retrieved 26 April 2006
Blanton, William, ed. (8 May 1973), Memorandum for the Executive Secretary, CIA Management Committee. Subject: Potentially Embarrassing Agency Activities, vol. George Washington University National Security Archives Electronic Briefing Book No. 222, "The CIA's Family Jewels"
Blanton, William, ed. (15 February 1972), Memorandum for the Executive Director, Subject: John Roselli, vol. George Washington University National Security Archives Electronic Briefing Book No. 222, "The CIA's Family Jewels"
Prados, John (3 November 2003), JFK and the Diem Coup, vol. George Washington University National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 101
Justice Department Memo, 1975; National Security Archive

nsarchive.gwu.edu

"Summary of Facts: Investigation of CIA Involvement in Plans to Assassinate Foreign Leaders". United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States. 5 June 1975. pp. 6–8. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
Prados, John; Jimenez-Bacardi, Arturo (29 February 2016). "Gerald Ford White House Altered Rockefeller Commission Report in 1975; Removed Section on CIA Assassination Plots". National Security Archive. Retrieved 14 July 2017.

history-matters.com

United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (20 November 1975). "Alleged Assassination Plots involving Foreign Leaders". p. 181. Retrieved 1 February 2016.

hrw.org

Pitter, Laura (1 December 2015). "No More Excuses". Human Rights Watch.
"Ghost Prisoner: Two Years in Secret CIA Detention", HRW Publications, 19 (1(G)), February 2007
"US: Secret CIA Prisoners Still Missing;Washington Should Reveal Fate of People 'Disappeared' by US", Human Rights Watch, 27 February 2007

huffingtonpost.com

"New CIA Docs Detail Brutal 'Extraordinary Rendition' Process". Huffington Post. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2010.

humanrightsfirst.org

"Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri". Human Rights First. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

ijrcenter.org

"European Court of Human Rights". International Justice Resource Center. 10 July 2014. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

independent.co.uk

"Inside Romania's secret CIA prison". The Independent. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

informationclearinghouse.info

Stockwell, John (October 1987), "The Secret Wars of the CIA, a lecture", Information Clearing House, archived from the original on 29 June 2010, retrieved 16 January 2008

jstor.org

SHIRAZ, ZAKIA (2011). Gustafson, Kristian; Haslam, Jonathan; Qureshi, Lubna Z. (eds.). "CIA Intervention in Chile and the Fall of the Allende Government in 1973". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 603–613. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000855. ISSN 0021-8758. JSTOR 23016792. S2CID 144737906.
Johnson, Douglas A.; Mora, Alberto; Schmidt, Averell (2016). "The Strategic Costs of Torture: How "Enhanced Interrogation" Hurt America". Foreign Affairs. 95 (5): 121–132. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 43946963.
MELLEY, TIMOTHY (2011). "Brain Warfare: The Covert Sphere, Terrorism, and the Legacy of the Cold War". Grey Room. 45 (45): 19–40. doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00048. ISSN 1526-3819. JSTOR 41342501. S2CID 57564751.
Plaw, Avery; Fricker, Matthew S.; Williams, Brian Glyn (2011). "Practice Makes Perfect?: The Changing Civilian Toll of CIA Drone Strikes in Pakistan". Perspectives on Terrorism. 5 (5/6): 51–69. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26298539.
SANDMAN, JOSHUA H. (1986). "Analyzing Foreign Policy Crisis Situations: The Bay of Pigs". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 16 (2): 310–316. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 40574652.

latimes.com

See, e.g., Wise, David (14 April 1991). "A People Betrayed: Twice before, Washington let Kurds die to promote foreign-policy designs. Now it's the Bush Administration doing the deed". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 February 2016. cf. Mitchel, Timothy (2002). Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. University of California Press. p. 148. ISBN 9780520928251. One of [Critchfield's] first actions, in February 1960, according to a later Congressional investigation, was an attempt to murder the president [sic] of Iraq, General Abd al-Karim Qasim. cf. Wilford, Hugh (2013). America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Basic Books. p. 290. ISBN 9780465019656. They did, however, entertain various suggestions for covert action against the new Iraqi leader, Abd al-Karim Qasim, among them a scheme proposed by the CIA's Health Alteration Committee involving a poisoned handkerchief. cf. Weiner, Tim (2008). Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. Doubleday. p. 163. ISBN 9780307455628. Another failed assassination plot, using a poisoned handkerchief ... was endorsed all the way up the CIA's chain of command. cf. Blum, William (2003). Killing Hope: US Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. Zed Books. p. 98. ISBN 9781842773697. cf. Powers, Thomas (1979). The Man Who Kept the Secrets: Richard Helms & the CIA. Knopf. pp. 160–164. ISBN 9780394507774.

lawg.org

Haugaard, Lisa (18 February 1997), "Declassified Army and CIA Manuals Used in Latin America: An Analysis of Their Content", Latin America Working Group, archived from the original on 19 April 2006, retrieved 26 April 2006
"Declassified Army and CIA Manuals", Latin American Working Group, 30 July 2006, archived from the original on 6 June 2013, retrieved 26 April 2006

middlebury.edu

segue.middlebury.edu

"International Law PSCI 0236 > International Law PSCI 0236 > Introduction", middlebury.edu, retrieved 5 September 2006^{[permanent dead link]}

mtholyoke.edu

"Chapter 4, "The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May–November, 1963"", The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 2, Beacon Press, 1971, pp. 201–276, archived from the original on 24 April 2008, retrieved 1 March 2008

nbcnews.com

Windrem, Robert (9 December 2014). "CIA Paid Torture Teachers More Than $80 Million". NBC News. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.

ndu.edu

Call, Charles T., "9: Institutional Learning within ICITAP", in Robert B. Oakley; Michael J. Dziedzic; Eliot M. Goldberg (eds.), Policing the New World Disorder: Peace Operations and Public Security, National Defense University, archived from the original on 16 April 2008, retrieved 24 October 2016

newyorker.com

"How Did Abu Zubaydah Lose His Eye?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

nps.edu

Gleghorn, Todd E. (September 2003), Exposing the Seams: the Impetus for Reforming US Counterintelligence (PDF), Naval Postgraduate School, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011, retrieved 2 November 2007

nytimes.com

Savage, Charlie (17 February 2009). "Obama's War on Terror May Resemble Bush's in Some Areas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
Baquet, Dean (7 August 2014). "The Executive Editor on the Word 'Torture'". New York Times. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Calls for Prosecution *The Editorial Board, NYT (21 December 2014). "Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2014. *Roth, Kenneth (12 December 2014). "The CIA torturers should be prosecuted". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 December 2014. *Wiener, Jon (12 December 2014). "Prosecute John Yoo, Says Law School Dean Erwin Chemerinsky". The Nation. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
Shane, Scott (11 July 2008). "Book Cites Secret Red Cross Report of C.I.A. Torture of Qaeda Captives (Published 2008)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
Rohter, Larry (5 April 2007), "Rights Groups Hail Arrests of 3 by U.S. in War Crimes", The New York Times

query.nytimes.com

Lemoyne, James (2 May 1987), "Honduras Army linked to death of 200 civilians", The New York Times

pbs.org

Brooks, David (12 December 2014). "Shields and Brooks on the CIA interrogation report, spending bill sticking point". PBS Newshour. Retrieved 14 December 2014. [T]he report ... cuts through the ocean of euphemism, the EITs, enhanced interrogation techniques, and all that. It gets to straight language. Torture — it's obviously torture. ... the metaphor and the euphemism is designed to dull the moral sensibility.

politico.eu

"European court finds Romania and Lithuania complicit in CIA torture". POLITICO. 31 May 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.

scholar.google.com

CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S. 159, 161–162 (1985)

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

SHIRAZ, ZAKIA (2011). Gustafson, Kristian; Haslam, Jonathan; Qureshi, Lubna Z. (eds.). "CIA Intervention in Chile and the Fall of the Allende Government in 1973". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 603–613. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000855. ISSN 0021-8758. JSTOR 23016792. S2CID 144737906.
MELLEY, TIMOTHY (2011). "Brain Warfare: The Covert Sphere, Terrorism, and the Legacy of the Cold War". Grey Room. 45 (45): 19–40. doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00048. ISSN 1526-3819. JSTOR 41342501. S2CID 57564751.

senate.gov

intelligence.senate.gov

This article incorporates public domain material from Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program (PDF). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.

slate.com

Siems, Larry (20 April 2012). "How America Came to Torture Its Prisoners". Slate. Retrieved 26 October 2014.

state.gov

2001-2009.state.gov

Draft Paper Prepared in the Department of Defense (19 May 1961), U.S. Policy for the Security of Latin America in the Sixties, vol. Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume XII, United States Department of State, FRUS 76
Kennedy, John F. (5 September 1961), National Security Action Memorandum No. 88: Training for Latin American Armed Forces, vol. Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume XII, United States Department of State, FRUS 80

theguardian.com

McGreal, Chris (5 April 2012). "Former senior Bush official on torture: 'I think what they did was wrong'". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
Tran, Mark (8 February 2008), "CIA admit 'waterboarding' al-Qaida suspects", The Guardian, London, retrieved 29 February 2008
Campbell, Duncan (26 November 2016). "Close but no cigar: how America failed to kill Fidel Castro". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
MacAskill, Ewen (5 May 2017). "The CIA has a long history of helping to kill leaders around the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 January 2019.

thenation.com

Calls for Prosecution *The Editorial Board, NYT (21 December 2014). "Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2014. *Roth, Kenneth (12 December 2014). "The CIA torturers should be prosecuted". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 December 2014. *Wiener, Jon (12 December 2014). "Prosecute John Yoo, Says Law School Dean Erwin Chemerinsky". The Nation. Retrieved 15 December 2014.

vice.com

"CIA-Backed 'Death Squads' Are Committing War Crimes in Afghanistan, Report Says". Vice. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2020.

washingtonpost.com

Priest, Dana (2 November 2005), "CIA Holds Terror Suspects in Secret Prisons", Washington Post, retrieved 19 February 2007
Calls for Prosecution *The Editorial Board, NYT (21 December 2014). "Prosecute Torturers and Their Bosses". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2014. *Roth, Kenneth (12 December 2014). "The CIA torturers should be prosecuted". The Washington Post. Retrieved 13 December 2014. *Wiener, Jon (12 December 2014). "Prosecute John Yoo, Says Law School Dean Erwin Chemerinsky". The Nation. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
Snow, Anita (27 June 2007). "CIA Plot to Kill Castro Detailed". The Washington Post. Washington, DC. AP.

web.archive.org

Stockwell, John (October 1987), "The Secret Wars of the CIA, a lecture", Information Clearing House, archived from the original on 29 June 2010, retrieved 16 January 2008
This article incorporates public domain material from Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency's Detention and Interrogation Program (PDF). United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
Savage, Charlie (17 February 2009). "Obama's War on Terror May Resemble Bush's in Some Areas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 23 July 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2010.
Bush: Top terror suspects to face tribunals, CNN / AP, 6 September 2006, archived from the original on 11 September 2006, retrieved 6 September 2006
Dershowitz, Alan (20 September 2002), "Legal Torture? Civil Libertarian Believes Torture Will Be Used In War On Terrorism", 60 Minutes, archived from the original on 8 June 2002
Windrem, Robert (9 December 2014). "CIA Paid Torture Teachers More Than $80 Million". NBC News. Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
Thiessen, Mark (9 August 2024). "CIA and Interrogations —Today's Debate and the Historical Discussion" (PDF). cia.gov/readingroom. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Haugaard, Lisa (18 February 1997), "Declassified Army and CIA Manuals Used in Latin America: An Analysis of Their Content", Latin America Working Group, archived from the original on 19 April 2006, retrieved 26 April 2006
Call, Charles T., "9: Institutional Learning within ICITAP", in Robert B. Oakley; Michael J. Dziedzic; Eliot M. Goldberg (eds.), Policing the New World Disorder: Peace Operations and Public Security, National Defense University, archived from the original on 16 April 2008, retrieved 24 October 2016
Gleghorn, Todd E. (September 2003), Exposing the Seams: the Impetus for Reforming US Counterintelligence (PDF), Naval Postgraduate School, archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011, retrieved 2 November 2007
"Chapter 4, "The Overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem, May–November, 1963"", The Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Volume 2, Beacon Press, 1971, pp. 201–276, archived from the original on 24 April 2008, retrieved 1 March 2008
"THE DETENTION OF AP PHOTOGRAPHER BILAL HUSSEIN". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2016.
"Declassified Army and CIA Manuals", Latin American Working Group, 30 July 2006, archived from the original on 6 June 2013, retrieved 26 April 2006

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

SHIRAZ, ZAKIA (2011). Gustafson, Kristian; Haslam, Jonathan; Qureshi, Lubna Z. (eds.). "CIA Intervention in Chile and the Fall of the Allende Government in 1973". Journal of American Studies. 45 (3): 603–613. doi:10.1017/S0021875811000855. ISSN 0021-8758. JSTOR 23016792. S2CID 144737906.
Johnson, Douglas A.; Mora, Alberto; Schmidt, Averell (2016). "The Strategic Costs of Torture: How "Enhanced Interrogation" Hurt America". Foreign Affairs. 95 (5): 121–132. ISSN 0015-7120. JSTOR 43946963.
Shane, Scott (11 July 2008). "Book Cites Secret Red Cross Report of C.I.A. Torture of Qaeda Captives (Published 2008)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 13 October 2020.
MELLEY, TIMOTHY (2011). "Brain Warfare: The Covert Sphere, Terrorism, and the Legacy of the Cold War". Grey Room. 45 (45): 19–40. doi:10.1162/GREY_a_00048. ISSN 1526-3819. JSTOR 41342501. S2CID 57564751.
Plaw, Avery; Fricker, Matthew S.; Williams, Brian Glyn (2011). "Practice Makes Perfect?: The Changing Civilian Toll of CIA Drone Strikes in Pakistan". Perspectives on Terrorism. 5 (5/6): 51–69. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26298539.
SANDMAN, JOSHUA H. (1986). "Analyzing Foreign Policy Crisis Situations: The Bay of Pigs". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 16 (2): 310–316. ISSN 0360-4918. JSTOR 40574652.