Humanitas (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Humanitas" in English language version.

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attalus.org

  • Pliny the Younger. "To Tiro". Epistulae. IX.5.
    • See Yavetz, Zvi (1988). Plebs and Princeps. Transaction Publishers. p. 102.

doi.org

  • Peter Gay's citation of the phrase, Cum musis, etc., refers to an anecdote in the Tusculan Disputations, in which Cicero recounts how during a visit to Syracuse, in Sicily, he had chanced to discover the tomb of Archimedes, at that time unknown to the inhabitants of the city, but which he, Cicero, recognized from its description in a line of poetry he had memorized; and he contrasted the enduring fame of Archimedes, the mathematician, to the obloquy of the notorious Sicilian tyrant Dionysius the Elder, buried nearby: “Who is there who has had anything at all to do with the Muses, that is, with humanity and learning, who would not prefer to be this mathematician rather than that tyrant? If we look into their manner of life and employment, the mind of the one was nourished by seeking out and pondering theories, accompanied by the delight in his cleverness, which is the sweetest sustenance of souls, that of the other in murder and wrongdoing, accompanied by fear both day and night” (TD 5.64–5). This anecdote is one of the sources for the humanist commonplace that poetry is a more lasting monument than stone. See Jaeger, Mary (2002). "Cicero and Archimedes Tomb". The Journal of Roman Studies. 92: 51–52. doi:10.2307/3184859. JSTOR 3184859. S2CID 162402665. The incident is recalled by Wordsworth:

    Call Archimedes from his buried tomb
    Upon the plain of vanished Syracuse,
    And feelingly the Sage shall make report
    How insecure, how baseless in itself,
    Is the Philosophy, whose sway depends
    On mere material instruments;—how weak
    Those arts, and high inventions, if unpropped
    By virtue.—He, sighing with pensive grief,
    Amid his calm abstractions, would admit
    That not the slender privilege is theirs
    To save themselves from blank forgetfulness!

    — "The Parsonage", in William Wordsworth, The Excursion (Book Eighth, lines 220–230)

jstor.org

  • Peter Gay's citation of the phrase, Cum musis, etc., refers to an anecdote in the Tusculan Disputations, in which Cicero recounts how during a visit to Syracuse, in Sicily, he had chanced to discover the tomb of Archimedes, at that time unknown to the inhabitants of the city, but which he, Cicero, recognized from its description in a line of poetry he had memorized; and he contrasted the enduring fame of Archimedes, the mathematician, to the obloquy of the notorious Sicilian tyrant Dionysius the Elder, buried nearby: “Who is there who has had anything at all to do with the Muses, that is, with humanity and learning, who would not prefer to be this mathematician rather than that tyrant? If we look into their manner of life and employment, the mind of the one was nourished by seeking out and pondering theories, accompanied by the delight in his cleverness, which is the sweetest sustenance of souls, that of the other in murder and wrongdoing, accompanied by fear both day and night” (TD 5.64–5). This anecdote is one of the sources for the humanist commonplace that poetry is a more lasting monument than stone. See Jaeger, Mary (2002). "Cicero and Archimedes Tomb". The Journal of Roman Studies. 92: 51–52. doi:10.2307/3184859. JSTOR 3184859. S2CID 162402665. The incident is recalled by Wordsworth:

    Call Archimedes from his buried tomb
    Upon the plain of vanished Syracuse,
    And feelingly the Sage shall make report
    How insecure, how baseless in itself,
    Is the Philosophy, whose sway depends
    On mere material instruments;—how weak
    Those arts, and high inventions, if unpropped
    By virtue.—He, sighing with pensive grief,
    Amid his calm abstractions, would admit
    That not the slender privilege is theirs
    To save themselves from blank forgetfulness!

    — "The Parsonage", in William Wordsworth, The Excursion (Book Eighth, lines 220–230)

oremus.org

bible.oremus.org

  • For example, Ernst Robert Curtius recounts that "St. Jerome furnished the Middle Ages with an oft repeated argument for utilizing antique learning in the service of Christianity: In Deuteronomy 21:12: If a Hebrew desires to marry a heathen slave, he shall cut her hair and her nails. In like manner the Christian who loves secular learning shall purify it from all errors. Then it is worthy to serve God." St. Augustine "in his allegorical exposition of Exodus 3:22 and 12:35: When they went out of Egypt the Israelites took gold and silver vessels with them, thus the Christian must rid pagan learning of what is superfluous and pernicious, that he may place it in the service of truth." See Curtius, Ernst Robert (1973) [1953]. European Literature in the Latin Middle Ages. Bollingen Series. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 40 and passim.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

  • Peter Gay's citation of the phrase, Cum musis, etc., refers to an anecdote in the Tusculan Disputations, in which Cicero recounts how during a visit to Syracuse, in Sicily, he had chanced to discover the tomb of Archimedes, at that time unknown to the inhabitants of the city, but which he, Cicero, recognized from its description in a line of poetry he had memorized; and he contrasted the enduring fame of Archimedes, the mathematician, to the obloquy of the notorious Sicilian tyrant Dionysius the Elder, buried nearby: “Who is there who has had anything at all to do with the Muses, that is, with humanity and learning, who would not prefer to be this mathematician rather than that tyrant? If we look into their manner of life and employment, the mind of the one was nourished by seeking out and pondering theories, accompanied by the delight in his cleverness, which is the sweetest sustenance of souls, that of the other in murder and wrongdoing, accompanied by fear both day and night” (TD 5.64–5). This anecdote is one of the sources for the humanist commonplace that poetry is a more lasting monument than stone. See Jaeger, Mary (2002). "Cicero and Archimedes Tomb". The Journal of Roman Studies. 92: 51–52. doi:10.2307/3184859. JSTOR 3184859. S2CID 162402665. The incident is recalled by Wordsworth:

    Call Archimedes from his buried tomb
    Upon the plain of vanished Syracuse,
    And feelingly the Sage shall make report
    How insecure, how baseless in itself,
    Is the Philosophy, whose sway depends
    On mere material instruments;—how weak
    Those arts, and high inventions, if unpropped
    By virtue.—He, sighing with pensive grief,
    Amid his calm abstractions, would admit
    That not the slender privilege is theirs
    To save themselves from blank forgetfulness!

    — "The Parsonage", in William Wordsworth, The Excursion (Book Eighth, lines 220–230)

standardebooks.org

  • The opening chapter of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations enumerates some of them: Quae enim tanta gravitas, quae tanta constantia, magnitudo animi, probitas, fides, quae tam excellens in omni genere virtus in ullis fuit, ut sit cum maioribus nostris comparanda? "For what weight of character, what firmness, magnanimity, probity, good faith, what surpassing virtue of any type, has been found in any people to such a degree as to make them the equals of our ancestors?" (Tusculanae Disputationes 1.2). Of the Roman political virtues, Richard Bauman judges clemency as the most important. See Bauman, Richard A. (2000). Human Rights in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge. p. 21.
  • Peter Gay's citation of the phrase, Cum musis, etc., refers to an anecdote in the Tusculan Disputations, in which Cicero recounts how during a visit to Syracuse, in Sicily, he had chanced to discover the tomb of Archimedes, at that time unknown to the inhabitants of the city, but which he, Cicero, recognized from its description in a line of poetry he had memorized; and he contrasted the enduring fame of Archimedes, the mathematician, to the obloquy of the notorious Sicilian tyrant Dionysius the Elder, buried nearby: “Who is there who has had anything at all to do with the Muses, that is, with humanity and learning, who would not prefer to be this mathematician rather than that tyrant? If we look into their manner of life and employment, the mind of the one was nourished by seeking out and pondering theories, accompanied by the delight in his cleverness, which is the sweetest sustenance of souls, that of the other in murder and wrongdoing, accompanied by fear both day and night” (TD 5.64–5). This anecdote is one of the sources for the humanist commonplace that poetry is a more lasting monument than stone. See Jaeger, Mary (2002). "Cicero and Archimedes Tomb". The Journal of Roman Studies. 92: 51–52. doi:10.2307/3184859. JSTOR 3184859. S2CID 162402665. The incident is recalled by Wordsworth:

    Call Archimedes from his buried tomb
    Upon the plain of vanished Syracuse,
    And feelingly the Sage shall make report
    How insecure, how baseless in itself,
    Is the Philosophy, whose sway depends
    On mere material instruments;—how weak
    Those arts, and high inventions, if unpropped
    By virtue.—He, sighing with pensive grief,
    Amid his calm abstractions, would admit
    That not the slender privilege is theirs
    To save themselves from blank forgetfulness!

    — "The Parsonage", in William Wordsworth, The Excursion (Book Eighth, lines 220–230)

thelatinlibrary.com

tulliana.eu

  • The word occurs also in other Latin writers of the Classical period. For example, cultus atque humanitas ("culture and humanity"), meaning "civilization", appears in the opening sentences of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars (1.1.3), where Caesar calls the tribe of the Belgae the bravest, because farthest away from Romanized Southern France (Provence). It also occurs five times in the Rhetorica ad Herennium, for centuries erroneously attributed to Cicero but which in fact predates him. However, the concept was most fully elaborated by Cicero, who uses the word 299 times, accounting for about half of the 463 occurrences in all the other Classical Latin writers together. See Renato Oniga, L'Idea Latina Di Humanitas in Tulliana (2009) II. On the distinctly Roman cast of Cicero's adaptation of the concept of humanitas from the Greek paidea, Oniga cites a 1973 study by the German scholar Wolfgang Schadewaldt:

    ...l’essenza della humanitas romana sta propriamente nell’essere l’altra faccia di un insieme ordinato di valori molto precisi e severi, che facevano parte del codice di comportamento del cittadino romano fin dalle origini, e sono pressoché intraducibili in greco: la pietas (che è qualcosa di diverso dalla eusébeia), mores (che non coincidono esattamente con l’ethos), e poi la dignitas, la gravitas, l’integritas, e così via. L’idea di humanitas riassumeva in sé tuttiquesti valori... ma nello stesso tempo li sfumava, li rendeva meno rigidi e più universali.

    ...the essence of Roman humanitas is that it constitutes one of the aspects of an orderly complex of very distinct and severe values that had been part of the code of conduct of a Roman citizen from the outset and are virtually untranslatable in Greek: pietas (which is different from eusébeia), mores (which do not coincide exactly with ethos), and dignitas, gravitas, integritas, and so on. The idea of humanitas subsumed all these values... simultaneously blurring their outlines, rendering them less rigid and more universal.

    See Schadewaldt, Wolfgang (1973). "Humanitas Romana". In Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.). Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Vol. I.4. p. 47. For further discussion of Schadewaldt's essay, see also Bauman, Richard A. Human Rights in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge. pp. 21–27.

web.archive.org

  • The word occurs also in other Latin writers of the Classical period. For example, cultus atque humanitas ("culture and humanity"), meaning "civilization", appears in the opening sentences of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars (1.1.3), where Caesar calls the tribe of the Belgae the bravest, because farthest away from Romanized Southern France (Provence). It also occurs five times in the Rhetorica ad Herennium, for centuries erroneously attributed to Cicero but which in fact predates him. However, the concept was most fully elaborated by Cicero, who uses the word 299 times, accounting for about half of the 463 occurrences in all the other Classical Latin writers together. See Renato Oniga, L'Idea Latina Di Humanitas in Tulliana (2009) II. On the distinctly Roman cast of Cicero's adaptation of the concept of humanitas from the Greek paidea, Oniga cites a 1973 study by the German scholar Wolfgang Schadewaldt:

    ...l’essenza della humanitas romana sta propriamente nell’essere l’altra faccia di un insieme ordinato di valori molto precisi e severi, che facevano parte del codice di comportamento del cittadino romano fin dalle origini, e sono pressoché intraducibili in greco: la pietas (che è qualcosa di diverso dalla eusébeia), mores (che non coincidono esattamente con l’ethos), e poi la dignitas, la gravitas, l’integritas, e così via. L’idea di humanitas riassumeva in sé tuttiquesti valori... ma nello stesso tempo li sfumava, li rendeva meno rigidi e più universali.

    ...the essence of Roman humanitas is that it constitutes one of the aspects of an orderly complex of very distinct and severe values that had been part of the code of conduct of a Roman citizen from the outset and are virtually untranslatable in Greek: pietas (which is different from eusébeia), mores (which do not coincide exactly with ethos), and dignitas, gravitas, integritas, and so on. The idea of humanitas subsumed all these values... simultaneously blurring their outlines, rendering them less rigid and more universal.

    See Schadewaldt, Wolfgang (1973). "Humanitas Romana". In Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.). Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt. Vol. I.4. p. 47. For further discussion of Schadewaldt's essay, see also Bauman, Richard A. Human Rights in Ancient Rome. London: Routledge. pp. 21–27.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

  • Seneca, L.A. Moral letters to Lucilius. 95.33.