Hyena (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Hyena" in English language version.

Last modified: 14:19:49, 31 July 2026 (UTC)

Ref.Un. Ref.Website

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4029doi.org

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abc.net.au (Global: 120^th place; English: 70^th place)

Salleh, Anna (4 April 2005). "Marsupial has the deadliest bite". abc.net.au. Retrieved 24 January 2013.

adsabs.harvard.edu (Global: 14^th place; English: 9^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Palmqvist, P.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Pérez-Claros, J. A.; Torregrosa, V.; Figueiridio, B.; Jiménez-Arenas, J. M.; Patrocinio Espigares, M.; Ros-Montoya, Sergio; De Renzi, M. (2011). "The giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris: Modelling the bone-cracking behavior of an extinct carnivore". Quaternary International. 243 (#1): 61. Bibcode:2011QuInt.243...61P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.035. hdl:10630/33571.
Iannucci, Alessio; Mecozzi, Beniamino; Sardella, Raffaele; Iurino, Dawid Adam (November 2021). "The extinction of the giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris and a reappraisal of the Epivillafranchian and Galerian Hyaenidae in Europe: Faunal turnover during the Early–Middle Pleistocene Transition". Quaternary Science Reviews. 272 107240. Bibcode:2021QSRv..27207240I. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107240.
Varela, Sara; Lobo, Jorge M.; Rodríguez, Jesús; Batra, Persaram (August 2010). "Were the Late Pleistocene climatic changes responsible for the disappearance of the European spotted hyena populations? Hindcasting a species geographic distribution across time". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (17–18): 2027–2035. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2027V. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.017.
Figueirido, Borja; Jack Tseng, Zhijie; Martín-Serra, Alberto (2013). "Skull Shape Evolution In Durophagous Carnivorans". Evolution. 67 (7): 1975–93. Bibcode:2013Evolu..67.1975F. doi:10.1111/evo.12059. hdl:10630/32909. PMID 23815654.
Werdelin, Lars (March 1996). "Community-wide character displacement in Miocene hyaenas". Lethaia. 29 (1): 97–106. Bibcode:1996Letha..29...97W. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01843.x.
Wang, X.; Tsang, Z.J.; et al. (February 2020). "A new species of Tungurictis Colbert, 1939 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the middle Miocene of Junggar Basin, northwestern China and the early divergence of basal hyaenids in East Asia". Geodiversitas. 42 (3): 29–45. Bibcode:2020Geodv..42...29W. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a3.
Turner, A.; Antón, M.; Werdelin, L. (September 2008). "Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil Hyaenidae of Europe". Geobios. 41 (5): 677–687. Bibcode:2008Geobi..41..677T. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.01.001.
Koepfli, K.-P.; Jenks, S. M.; Eizirik, E.; Zahirpour, T.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2006). "Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae: Relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (3): 603–620. Bibcode:2006MolPE..38..603K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.017. PMID 16503281.
Therrien, François (2005). "Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behavior of extinct predators". Journal of Zoology. 267 (3): 249–270. Bibcode:2005JZoo..267..249T. doi:10.1017/S0952836905007430.
East, M.L. (18 December 2001). "Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas". PNAS. 98 (26): 15026–31. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9815026E. doi:10.1073/pnas.261411898. PMC 64977. PMID 11742089.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (7 October 2015). "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity". PLOS ONE. 10 (10) e0137679. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1037679F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137679. PMC 4621877. PMID 26444876.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (29 February 2016). "Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in a wild spotted hyenas". Functional Ecology. 30 (9): 1549–1557. Bibcode:2016FuEco..30.1549F. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12638. PMC 5098940. PMID 27833242.

aliftaa.jo (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ruling on Eating the Meat of Hyena". Fatwa Department of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. August 23, 2009. Retrieved February 8, 2025.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Macdonald 1992, pp. 119–144 Macdonald, David (1992). The Velvet Claw: A Natural History of the Carnivores. New York: Parkwest. ISBN 0-563-20844-9.
Heptner & Sludskii 1992, p. 3 Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation.
Pocock 1941, pp. 62–63 Pocock, R. I. (1941). Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2. Taylor and Francis.
Heptner & Sludskii 1992, pp. 4–5 Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation.
Daniel Johnson (1827) Sketches of Indian Field Sports: With Observations on the Animals; Also an Account of Some of the Customs of the Inhabitants; with a Description of the Art of Catching Serpents, as Practiced by the Conjoors and Their Method of Curing Themselves when Bitten: with Remarks on Hydrophobia and Rabid Animals p. 45-46, R. Jennings, 1827
Stevenson-Hamilton, James (1917) Animal life in Africa, Vol. 1, p.95, London : William Heinemann
Richardson, Philip K.R.; Bearder, Simon (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 154–159. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
Heptner & Sludskii 1992, p. 38 Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation.
Pocock 1941, p. 72 Pocock, R. I. (1941). Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2. Taylor and Francis.
Pocock 1941, p. 73 Pocock, R. I. (1941). Fauna of British India: Mammals Volume 2. Taylor and Francis.
Rosevear 1974, p. 350 Rosevear, Donovan Reginald (1974). The carnivores of West Africa. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-565-00723-8.
Heptner & Sludskii 1992, pp. 40–42 Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation.
Heptner & Sludskii 1992, pp. 31–33 Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation.
Rosevear 1974, pp. 343–344 Rosevear, Donovan Reginald (1974). The carnivores of West Africa. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). ISBN 0-565-00723-8.
Bright, Michael (2006). Beasts of the Field: The Revealing Natural History of Animals in the Bible. Pavilion Books. pp. 127–129. ISBN 1-86105-831-4.
"The Cobler's Prophecy, by Robert Wilson". archive.org. Retrieved 2025-10-11.
Heptner & Sludskii 1992, p. 36 Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation.
Heptner & Sludskii 1992, p. 46 Heptner, V. G.; Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation.

arizona.edu (Global: 1,520^th place; English: 1,044^th place)

u.arizona.edu

Stiner, Mary C (December 2004). "Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy" (PDF). Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 23 (2): 771–785. INIST 16840038. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2019.

bucknell.edu (Global: 671^st place; English: 1,144^th place)

departments.bucknell.edu

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

discovery.com (Global: 2,064^th place; English: 1,414^th place)

dsc.discovery.com

Viegas, Jennifer (10 February 2009). "Oldest Human Hair Found in Fossilized Dung". Discovery News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2020.

diva-portal.org (Global: 2,734^th place; English: 2,594^th place)

nrm.diva-portal.org

Vinuesa, V.; Madurell-Malapeira, J.; et al. (April 2016). "A new skull of Hyaenictis Gaudry, 1861 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) shows incipient adaptations to durophagy". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 24 (2): 207–219. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9334-0.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Vats, Rajeev; Thomas, Simion (7 May 2015). "A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11 38. doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0001-y. PMC 4472419. PMID 25947365.
Palmqvist, P.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Pérez-Claros, J. A.; Torregrosa, V.; Figueiridio, B.; Jiménez-Arenas, J. M.; Patrocinio Espigares, M.; Ros-Montoya, Sergio; De Renzi, M. (2011). "The giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris: Modelling the bone-cracking behavior of an extinct carnivore". Quaternary International. 243 (#1): 61. Bibcode:2011QuInt.243...61P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.035. hdl:10630/33571.
Iannucci, Alessio; Mecozzi, Beniamino; Sardella, Raffaele; Iurino, Dawid Adam (November 2021). "The extinction of the giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris and a reappraisal of the Epivillafranchian and Galerian Hyaenidae in Europe: Faunal turnover during the Early–Middle Pleistocene Transition". Quaternary Science Reviews. 272 107240. Bibcode:2021QSRv..27207240I. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.107240.
Varela, Sara; Lobo, Jorge M.; Rodríguez, Jesús; Batra, Persaram (August 2010). "Were the Late Pleistocene climatic changes responsible for the disappearance of the European spotted hyena populations? Hindcasting a species geographic distribution across time". Quaternary Science Reviews. 29 (17–18): 2027–2035. Bibcode:2010QSRv...29.2027V. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.04.017.
Westbury, Michael V; Le Duc, Diana; Duchêne, David A; Krishnan, Arunkumar; Prost, Stefan; Rutschmann, Sereina; Grau, Jose H; Dalén, Love; Weyrich, Alexandra; Norén, Karin; Werdelin, Lars; Dalerum, Fredrik; Schöneberg, Torsten; Hofreiter, Michael (23 August 2021). "Ecological Specialization and Evolutionary Reticulation in Extant Hyaenidae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (9): 3884–3897. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab055. PMC 8382907. PMID 34426844.
Figueirido, Borja; Jack Tseng, Zhijie; Martín-Serra, Alberto (2013). "Skull Shape Evolution In Durophagous Carnivorans". Evolution. 67 (7): 1975–93. Bibcode:2013Evolu..67.1975F. doi:10.1111/evo.12059. hdl:10630/32909. PMID 23815654.
Pérez-Claros, Juan A. (25 November 2022). "An ecomorphological characterization of the percrocutoid hyaenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 42 (5) e2197972. doi:10.1080/02724634.2023.2197972.
Xiong, Wuyang (1 May 2022). "New species of Percrocuta (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the early middle Miocene of Tongxin, China". Historical Biology. 35 (5): 799–820. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2067757.
Barret, Paul Z.; Hopkins, Samatha S. B. (2024). "Mosaic evolution underlies feliform morphological disparity". Proc. R. Soc. B. 291 (2028) 20240756. doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.0756. PMC 11321862. PMID 39137889.
Pérez-Claros, J. A (2024). "Unravelling the origin of the brown hyena (Parahyena brunnea) and its evolutionary and paleoecological implications for the Pachycrocuta lineage". Palaeontologia Electronica. doi:10.26879/1372.
Coca-Ortega, C.; Pérez-Claros, J.A. (January 2019). "Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition". PeerJ. 6 e6238: 6:e6238. doi:10.7717/peerj.6238. PMC 6330948. PMID 30648005.
Werdelin, Lars (March 1996). "Community-wide character displacement in Miocene hyaenas". Lethaia. 29 (1): 97–106. Bibcode:1996Letha..29...97W. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01843.x.
Wang, X.; Tsang, Z.J.; et al. (February 2020). "A new species of Tungurictis Colbert, 1939 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) from the middle Miocene of Junggar Basin, northwestern China and the early divergence of basal hyaenids in East Asia". Geodiversitas. 42 (3): 29–45. Bibcode:2020Geodv..42...29W. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a3.
Turner, A.; Antón, M.; Werdelin, L. (September 2008). "Taxonomy and evolutionary patterns in the fossil Hyaenidae of Europe". Geobios. 41 (5): 677–687. Bibcode:2008Geobi..41..677T. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2008.01.001.
Tseng, Z.J.; Stynder, D. (March 2011). "Mosaic functionality in a transitional ecomorphology: skull biomechanics in stem Hyaeninae compared to modern South African carnivorans". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 102 (3): 540–559. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01602.x.
Vinuesa, V.; Madurell-Malapeira, J.; et al. (April 2016). "A new skull of Hyaenictis Gaudry, 1861 (Carnivora, Hyaenidae) shows incipient adaptations to durophagy". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 24 (2): 207–219. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9334-0.
Tseng, Z. Jack (2022). "A new aardwolf-line fossil hyena from Middle and Late Miocene deposits of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 60 (2): 81–116. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.211025.
Werdelin, L.; Solounias, Nikos (1991). "The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution" (PDF). Fossils and Strata. 30: 1–104. doi:10.18261/8200374815-1991-01. ISBN 82-00-37481-5.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
Koepfli, K.-P.; Jenks, S. M.; Eizirik, E.; Zahirpour, T.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2006). "Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae: Relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (3): 603–620. Bibcode:2006MolPE..38..603K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.017. PMID 16503281.
Therrien, François (2005). "Mandibular force profiles of extant carnivorans and implications for the feeding behavior of extinct predators". Journal of Zoology. 267 (3): 249–270. Bibcode:2005JZoo..267..249T. doi:10.1017/S0952836905007430.
Wroe, S.; McHenry, C.; Thomason, J. (2005). "Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1563): 619–625. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986. PMC 1564077. PMID 15817436.
East, M.L. (18 December 2001). "Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas". PNAS. 98 (26): 15026–31. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9815026E. doi:10.1073/pnas.261411898. PMC 64977. PMID 11742089.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (7 October 2015). "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity". PLOS ONE. 10 (10) e0137679. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1037679F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137679. PMC 4621877. PMID 26444876.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (29 February 2016). "Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in a wild spotted hyenas". Functional Ecology. 30 (9): 1549–1557. Bibcode:2016FuEco..30.1549F. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12638. PMC 5098940. PMID 27833242.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (15 January 2012). "Development of a hyena immunology toolbox". Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 145 (1–2): 110–9. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.016. PMC 3273618. PMID 22173276.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (2 February 2014). "Characterization of toll-like receptors 1-10 in spotted hyenas". Veterinary Research Communications. 38 (2): 165–70. doi:10.1007/s11259-014-9592-3. PMC 4112752. PMID 24488231.
Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). "The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia". Asian Folklore Studies. 57 (2): 331–344. doi:10.2307/1178757. JSTOR 1178757. Gale A54895703 ProQuest 224529147.
Abi-Said, Mounir R. (2021). Reviled as a grave-robber : The ecology and conservation of striped hyaenas in the human-dominated landscapes of Lebanon (Thesis). doi:10.22024/UniKent/01.02.86346.^{[page needed]}
Taljaard-Gilson, Gerda (2018). "Symbolic values of the dog in Afrikaans literature". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde. 55 (3). doi:10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.55i3.5506.

etymonline.com (Global: 669^th place; English: 670^th place)

ὕαινα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus. Etymologically, this is a feminine of ὕς "swine", possibly due to its bristles.

gale.com (Global: 914^th place; English: 441^st place)

go.gale.com

Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). "The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia". Asian Folklore Studies. 57 (2): 331–344. doi:10.2307/1178757. JSTOR 1178757. Gale A54895703 ProQuest 224529147.
Glickman, Stephen E. (1995). "The Spotted Hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: Reputation is Everything". Social Research. 62 (3): 501–537. JSTOR 40971108. Gale A17909878.

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

gutenberg.org (Global: 629^th place; English: 427^th place)

"The Duchess of Malfi, by John Webster". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2025-01-25.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Palmqvist, P.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Pérez-Claros, J. A.; Torregrosa, V.; Figueiridio, B.; Jiménez-Arenas, J. M.; Patrocinio Espigares, M.; Ros-Montoya, Sergio; De Renzi, M. (2011). "The giant hyena Pachycrocuta brevirostris: Modelling the bone-cracking behavior of an extinct carnivore". Quaternary International. 243 (#1): 61. Bibcode:2011QuInt.243...61P. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.12.035. hdl:10630/33571.
Figueirido, Borja; Jack Tseng, Zhijie; Martín-Serra, Alberto (2013). "Skull Shape Evolution In Durophagous Carnivorans". Evolution. 67 (7): 1975–93. Bibcode:2013Evolu..67.1975F. doi:10.1111/evo.12059. hdl:10630/32909. PMID 23815654.

hyaenidae.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hyaena Specialist Group - Spotted Hyena: Diet and Foraging Archived 2011-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. Hyaenidae.org. Retrieved on 2015-11-06.

ilmhub.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

qna.ilmhub.com

"Ruling on consuming hyena meat".

inist.fr (Global: 3,275^th place; English: 4,190^th place)

pascal-francis.inist.fr

Stiner, Mary C (December 2004). "Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy" (PDF). Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 23 (2): 771–785. INIST 16840038. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2019.

iucn.org (Global: 3,361^st place; English: 2,917^th place)

data.iucn.org

Mills & Hofer 1998, p. iv Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 96 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 1 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 21 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 97 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 25 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). "The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia". Asian Folklore Studies. 57 (2): 331–344. doi:10.2307/1178757. JSTOR 1178757. Gale A54895703 ProQuest 224529147.
Glickman, Stephen E. (1995). "The Spotted Hyena from Aristotle to the Lion King: Reputation is Everything". Social Research. 62 (3): 501–537. JSTOR 40971108. Gale A17909878.

maktabahalbakri.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"#368: Eating Hyena". maktabahalbakri.com. April 25, 2022. Archived from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2025.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

shakespeare.mit.edu

"As You Like It: Entire Play". shakespeare.mit.edu. Retrieved 2025-01-25.

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Vats, Rajeev; Thomas, Simion (7 May 2015). "A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11 38. doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0001-y. PMC 4472419. PMID 25947365.
Westbury, Michael V; Le Duc, Diana; Duchêne, David A; Krishnan, Arunkumar; Prost, Stefan; Rutschmann, Sereina; Grau, Jose H; Dalén, Love; Weyrich, Alexandra; Norén, Karin; Werdelin, Lars; Dalerum, Fredrik; Schöneberg, Torsten; Hofreiter, Michael (23 August 2021). "Ecological Specialization and Evolutionary Reticulation in Extant Hyaenidae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (9): 3884–3897. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab055. PMC 8382907. PMID 34426844.
Figueirido, Borja; Jack Tseng, Zhijie; Martín-Serra, Alberto (2013). "Skull Shape Evolution In Durophagous Carnivorans". Evolution. 67 (7): 1975–93. Bibcode:2013Evolu..67.1975F. doi:10.1111/evo.12059. hdl:10630/32909. PMID 23815654.
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Coca-Ortega, C.; Pérez-Claros, J.A. (January 2019). "Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition". PeerJ. 6 e6238: 6:e6238. doi:10.7717/peerj.6238. PMC 6330948. PMID 30648005.
Koepfli, K.-P.; Jenks, S. M.; Eizirik, E.; Zahirpour, T.; Van Valkenburgh, B.; Wayne, R. K. (2006). "Molecular systematics of the Hyaenidae: Relationships of a relictual lineage resolved by a molecular supermatrix". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 38 (3): 603–620. Bibcode:2006MolPE..38..603K. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.017. PMID 16503281.
Wroe, S.; McHenry, C.; Thomason, J. (2005). "Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1563): 619–625. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986. PMC 1564077. PMID 15817436.
East, M.L. (18 December 2001). "Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas". PNAS. 98 (26): 15026–31. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9815026E. doi:10.1073/pnas.261411898. PMC 64977. PMID 11742089.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (7 October 2015). "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity". PLOS ONE. 10 (10) e0137679. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1037679F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137679. PMC 4621877. PMID 26444876.
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Flies, A.S.; et al. (15 January 2012). "Development of a hyena immunology toolbox". Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 145 (1–2): 110–9. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.016. PMC 3273618. PMID 22173276.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (2 February 2014). "Characterization of toll-like receptors 1-10 in spotted hyenas". Veterinary Research Communications. 38 (2): 165–70. doi:10.1007/s11259-014-9592-3. PMC 4112752. PMID 24488231.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Vats, Rajeev; Thomas, Simion (7 May 2015). "A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11 38. doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0001-y. PMC 4472419. PMID 25947365.
Westbury, Michael V; Le Duc, Diana; Duchêne, David A; Krishnan, Arunkumar; Prost, Stefan; Rutschmann, Sereina; Grau, Jose H; Dalén, Love; Weyrich, Alexandra; Norén, Karin; Werdelin, Lars; Dalerum, Fredrik; Schöneberg, Torsten; Hofreiter, Michael (23 August 2021). "Ecological Specialization and Evolutionary Reticulation in Extant Hyaenidae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 38 (9): 3884–3897. doi:10.1093/molbev/msab055. PMC 8382907. PMID 34426844.
Barret, Paul Z.; Hopkins, Samatha S. B. (2024). "Mosaic evolution underlies feliform morphological disparity". Proc. R. Soc. B. 291 (2028) 20240756. doi:10.1098/rspb.2024.0756. PMC 11321862. PMID 39137889.
Coca-Ortega, C.; Pérez-Claros, J.A. (January 2019). "Characterizing ecomorphological patterns in hyenids: a multivariate approach using postcanine dentition". PeerJ. 6 e6238: 6:e6238. doi:10.7717/peerj.6238. PMC 6330948. PMID 30648005.
Wroe, S.; McHenry, C.; Thomason, J. (2005). "Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1563): 619–625. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986. PMC 1564077. PMID 15817436.
East, M.L. (18 December 2001). "Regular exposure to rabies virus and lack of symptomatic disease in Serengeti spotted hyenas". PNAS. 98 (26): 15026–31. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9815026E. doi:10.1073/pnas.261411898. PMC 64977. PMID 11742089.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (7 October 2015). "Markedly Elevated Antibody Responses in Wild versus Captive Spotted Hyenas Show that Environmental and Ecological Factors Are Important Modulators of Immunity". PLOS ONE. 10 (10) e0137679. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1037679F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137679. PMC 4621877. PMID 26444876.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (29 February 2016). "Socioecological predictors of immune defenses in a wild spotted hyenas". Functional Ecology. 30 (9): 1549–1557. Bibcode:2016FuEco..30.1549F. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12638. PMC 5098940. PMID 27833242.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (15 January 2012). "Development of a hyena immunology toolbox". Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology. 145 (1–2): 110–9. doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.10.016. PMC 3273618. PMID 22173276.
Flies, A.S.; et al. (2 February 2014). "Characterization of toll-like receptors 1-10 in spotted hyenas". Veterinary Research Communications. 38 (2): 165–70. doi:10.1007/s11259-014-9592-3. PMC 4112752. PMID 24488231.

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Frembgen, Jürgen W. (1998). "The Magicality of the Hyena: Beliefs and Practices in West and South Asia". Asian Folklore Studies. 57 (2): 331–344. doi:10.2307/1178757. JSTOR 1178757. Gale A54895703 ProQuest 224529147.

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Wuyang, Xiong (October 2019). "Basicranial morphology of Late Miocene Dinocrocuta gigantea (Carnivora: Hyaenidae) from Fugu, Shaanxi". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 57 (4): 274–307.
Tseng, Z. Jack (2022). "A new aardwolf-line fossil hyena from Middle and Late Miocene deposits of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China". Vertebrata PalAsiatica. 60 (2): 81–116. doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.211025.

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Begg, Colleen, Begg, Keith & Muemedi, Oscar (2007) Preliminary data on human - carnivore conflict in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique, particularly fatalities due to lion, spotted hyaena and crocodile Archived 2011-12-26 at the Wayback Machine, SGDRN (Sociedade para a Gestão e Desenvolvimento da Reserva do Niassa Moçambique)

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ὕαινα, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus. Etymologically, this is a feminine of ὕς "swine", possibly due to its bristles.

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Werdelin, L.; Solounias, Nikos (1991). "The Hyaenidae: taxonomy, systematics and evolution" (PDF). Fossils and Strata. 30: 1–104. doi:10.18261/8200374815-1991-01. ISBN 82-00-37481-5.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)

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Mills & Hofer 1998, p. iv Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 96 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 1 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Stiner, Mary C (December 2004). "Comparative ecology and taphonomy of spotted hyenas, humans, and wolves in Pleistocene Italy" (PDF). Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève. 23 (2): 771–785. INIST 16840038. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 May 2019.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 21 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Hyaena Specialist Group - Spotted Hyena: Diet and Foraging Archived 2011-02-04 at the Wayback Machine. Hyaenidae.org. Retrieved on 2015-11-06.
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 97 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
Viegas, Jennifer (10 February 2009). "Oldest Human Hair Found in Fossilized Dung". Discovery News. Archived from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
Begg, Colleen, Begg, Keith & Muemedi, Oscar (2007) Preliminary data on human - carnivore conflict in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique, particularly fatalities due to lion, spotted hyaena and crocodile Archived 2011-12-26 at the Wayback Machine, SGDRN (Sociedade para a Gestão e Desenvolvimento da Reserva do Niassa Moçambique)
Mills & Hofer 1998, p. 25 Mills, Gus; Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan (PDF). IUCN/SSC Hyena Specialist Group. ISBN 2-8317-0442-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2013.
"The Fear of Wolves: A Review of Wolf Attacks on Humans" (PDF). Norsk Institutt for Naturforskning. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
"Islamists authorise hyena meat in Southern Somalia". Somalilandpress. August 12, 2012. Archived from the original on 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2017-01-03.
"#368: Eating Hyena". maktabahalbakri.com. April 25, 2022. Archived from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2025.

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Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–548. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Roosevelt, Theodore (1910). African Game Trails: An Account of the African Wanderings of an American Hunter, Naturalist. New York: C. Scribner's sons. OCLC 173905.^{[page needed]}

Hyena (English Wikipedia)

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