IBM Personal Computer (English Wikipedia)

Sandler, Corey (November 1984). "IBM: Colossus of Armonk". Creative Computing. p. 298. Retrieved February 26, 2013.
Ahl, David H. (December 1984). "Top 12 computers of 1984". Creative Computing. Retrieved March 16, 2019.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Swaine, Michael (October 5, 1981). "Tom Swift Meets the Big Boys: Small Firms Beware". InfoWorld. p. 45. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
Bunnell, David (February–March 1982). "The Man Behind The Machine? / A PC Exclusive Interview With Software Guru Bill Gates". PC Magazine. p. 16. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
Blaxill, Mark; Eckardt, Ralph (2009). The Invisible Edge: Taking Your Strategy to the Next Level Using Intellectual Property. Penguin Group. pp. 195–198. ISBN 9781591842378.
Scott, Greg (October 1988). ""Blue Magic": A Review". U-M Computing News. 3 (19): 12–15.
Freiberger, Paul (August 23, 1982). "Bill Gates, Microsoft and the IBM Personal Computer". InfoWorld. p. 22. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
U-M Computing News. Computing Center. 1988.
"Let's Keep Those Systems Open". InfoWorld. InfoWorld Media Group, Inc. August 23, 1982. p. 21 – via Google Books.
Porter, Martin (September 18, 1984). "Ostracized PC1 Designer Still Ruminates 'Why?'". PC Magazine. p. 33. Retrieved October 25, 2013.
Bartimo, Jim (November 5, 1984). "Mainframe BUNCH Goes Micro". InfoWorld. pp. 47–50. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
Mace, Scott (October 5, 1981). "Where You Can Go to Purchase the New Computers". InfoWorld. p. 49. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
McMullen, Barbara E.; John F. (February 21, 1984). "Apple Charts The Course For IBM". PC Magazine. p. 122. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
"Billion Dollar Baby". PC. February–March 1982. p. 5. Retrieved February 25, 2016.
Bunnell, David (February 3, 1982). "Flying Upside Down". PC Magazine. p. 10. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
Edlin, Jim; Bunnell, David (February–March 1982). "IBM's New Personal Computer: Taking the Measure / Part One". PC Magazine. p. 42. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
Burton, Kathleen (March 1983). "Anatomy of a Colossus, Part III". PC. p. 467. Retrieved March 30, 2014.
Watt, Peggy; McGeever, Christine (January 14, 1985). "Macintosh Vs. IBM PC At One Year". InfoWorld. pp. 16–17. Retrieved December 28, 2014.
Markoff, John (August 23, 1982). "Competition and innovation mark IBM add-in market". InfoWorld. p. 20. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
Porter, Martin (September 18, 1984). "Ostracized PC1 Designer Still Ruminates 'Why?'". PC Magazine. Vol. 3, no. 18. p. 33. Retrieved October 25, 2013 – via Google Books.
"PCommuniques". PC Magazine. February–March 1982. p. 5. Retrieved October 20, 2013.
Rohlfs, Jeffrey H. (2003). Bandwagon Effects in High-technology Industries. MIT Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780262681384 – via Google Books.
Henderson, Harry (2009). Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology. Infobase Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-4381-1003-5.
Graves, Michael W. (September 17, 2004). A+ Guide to PC Hardware Maintenance and Repair. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4018-5230-6.
Freiberger, Paul (October 5, 1981). "Some Confusion at the Heart of IBM Microcomputer / Which Operating System Will Prevail?". InfoWorld. pp. 50–51. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
Bunnell, David (April–May 1982). "Boca Diary". PC Magazine. p. 22. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
Edlin, Jim (June–July 1982). "CP/M Arrives". PC Magazine. p. 43. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
"PCommuniques". PC Magazine. February 1983. p. 53. Retrieved October 21, 2013.
Rosch, Winn L. (November 1983). "IBM's Post-PC Image". IBM Eye. PC. Vol. 2, no. 6. pp. 131–133. Retrieved September 25, 2025.

bricklin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"IBM PC Announcement 1981". www.bricklin.com. Retrieved October 4, 2020.

cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

Musil, Steven (October 28, 2013). "William Lowe, the 'father of the IBM PC,' dies at 72". CNet. Retrieved January 8, 2015.

edn.com (Global: low place; English: 9,190^th place)

John Titus (September 15, 2001). "Whence Came the IBM PC". edn.com. Retrieved October 13, 2020.

ejumpcut.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Papson, Stephen (April 1990). "The IBM tramp". Jump Cut: A Review of Contemporary Media (35): 66–72.

hbr.org (Global: 4,164^th place; English: 2,641^st place)

Elder, Tait (July 1989). "New Ventures: Lessons from Xerox and IBM". Harvard Business Review. Retrieved January 20, 2015.

ibm.com (Global: 1,369^th place; English: 968^th place)

ibm.com

"IBM Archives: The birth of the IBM PC". www.ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
"IBM Archives: The birth of the IBM PC". www.ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
"IBM Color Display, 5153 Model 1 For IBM Personal Computer" (Announcement letter). IBM. February 4, 1983. 183-002.

www-03.ibm.com

"IBM 5120". IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on March 11, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
"The birth of the IBM PC". IBM Archives. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on August 14, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2014.

ieee.org (Global: 912^th place; English: 722^nd place)

spectrum.ieee.org

Rhines, Walden C. (June 22, 2017). "The Inside Story of Texas Instruments' Biggest Blunder: The TMS9900 Microprocessor". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved July 8, 2017.
"The Inside Story of Texas Instruments' Biggest Blunder: The TMS9900 Microprocessor - IEEE Spectrum".

lowendmac.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Origin of the IBM PC". Low End Mac. August 12, 2006. Retrieved October 4, 2020.

minuszerodegrees.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

4116 class RAM One bank used nine of these chips (eight 16-kilobit chips = 16 kilobytes, plus one chip for parity).
4164 class RAM – One bank used nine of these chips (eight 64-kilobit chips = 64 kilobytes, plus one chip for parity).
"Minuszerodegrees.net".
"IBM 5150 - Memory Map of the 640 KB to 1 MB Area (the 'Upper Memory Area')". minuszerodegrees.net. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025.
"minuszerodegrees.net". www.minuszerodegrees.net. Retrieved October 3, 2020.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Pollack, Andrew (August 13, 1981). "Big I.B.M.'s Little Computer". The New York Times. p. D2. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
Pollack, Andrew (27 March 1983). "Big I.B.M. Has Done It Again". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
Sanger, David E. (August 5, 1985). "Philip Estridge Dies in Jet Crash; Guided Ibm Personal Computer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
Kleinfield, N. R. (October 31, 1981). "I.B.M.'s Venture into Retailing". The New York Times. p. 2.33. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015.
Sanger, David E. (July 7, 1985). "The Changing Image of I.B.M." The New York Times. p. Section 6, Page 13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
Hayes, Thomas C. (October 24, 1983). "Eagle Computer Stays in the Race". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2015.

oldcomputers.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Obsolete Technology Website". Retrieved August 14, 2008.

paul-atkinson-design.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Atkinson, P, (2013) DELETE: A Design History of Computer Vapourware Archived March 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.

pcmag.com (Global: 1,442^nd place; English: 915^th place)

Gates, Bill (March 25, 1997). "Interview: Bill Gates, Microsoft". PC Magazine (Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller. Archived from the original on August 23, 2001. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
"Remembering the Beginning". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on February 6, 2002. Retrieved September 4, 2020.

pcworld.com (Global: 1,889^th place; English: 1,323^rd place)

McCracken, Harry (August 27, 2007). "The Most Collectible PCs of All Time". PCWorld. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.

seasip.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Dual-Head operation on vintage PCs". www.seasip.info. Retrieved August 16, 2020.

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

content.time.com

Greenwald, John (July 11, 1983). "The Colossus That Works". TIME. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2019.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"IBM 5120". IBM. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on March 11, 2005. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
"IBM Archives: The birth of the IBM PC". www.ibm.com. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 4, 2024. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
Atkinson, P, (2013) DELETE: A Design History of Computer Vapourware Archived March 1, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Gates, Bill (March 25, 1997). "Interview: Bill Gates, Microsoft". PC Magazine (Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller. Archived from the original on August 23, 2001. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
"Remembering the Beginning". PC Magazine. Archived from the original on February 6, 2002. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
Greenwald, John (July 11, 1983). "The Colossus That Works". TIME. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved May 18, 2019.
"The birth of the IBM PC". IBM Archives. January 23, 2003. Archived from the original on August 14, 2006. Retrieved June 13, 2014.
Kleinfield, N. R. (October 31, 1981). "I.B.M.'s Venture into Retailing". The New York Times. p. 2.33. Archived from the original on May 24, 2015.
"IBM 5150 - Memory Map of the 640 KB to 1 MB Area (the 'Upper Memory Area')". minuszerodegrees.net. Archived from the original on April 9, 2025.
McCracken, Harry (August 27, 2007). "The Most Collectible PCs of All Time". PCWorld. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2017.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Pollack, Andrew (August 13, 1981). "Big I.B.M.'s Little Computer". The New York Times. p. D2. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
Pollack, Andrew (27 March 1983). "Big I.B.M. Has Done It Again". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 4 October 2020.
Sanger, David E. (August 5, 1985). "Philip Estridge Dies in Jet Crash; Guided Ibm Personal Computer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
Sanger, David E. (July 7, 1985). "The Changing Image of I.B.M." The New York Times. p. Section 6, Page 13. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 11, 2020.

IBM Personal Computer (English Wikipedia)

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oldcomputers.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

paul-atkinson-design.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

pcmag.com (Global: 1,442nd place; English: 915th place)

pcworld.com (Global: 1,889th place; English: 1,323rd place)

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time.com (Global: 84th place; English: 63rd place)

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cnet.com (Global: 447^th place; English: 345^th place)

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nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

pcmag.com (Global: 1,442^nd place; English: 915^th place)

pcworld.com (Global: 1,889^th place; English: 1,323^rd place)

time.com (Global: 84^th place; English: 63^rd place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)