India (English Wikipedia)

Frost, Darrel R. (2015). "Duttaphrynus beddomii (Günther, 1876)". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 13 September 2015.

and.nic.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

forest.and.nic.in

Department of Environment and Forests 1988. Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 with Amendments Made in 1988 (PDF). Department of Environment and Forests, Government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. 1988. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.

antrocom.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

Prusty, Jayashree (2025). "Socio-cultural life and transition of Gond tribe, Nawarangpur, Odisha" (PDF). Antrocom Journal of Anthropology. 21 (1): 115–128.

aphapublications.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

ajph.aphapublications.org

Bhattacharya, S. (2004). "Uncertain advances: a review of the final phases of the smallpox eradication program in India, 1960–1980". American Journal of Public Health. 94 (11): 1875–1883.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Tritsch 2001, pp. 11–12. Tritsch, M. F. (2001). Wildlife of India. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-711062-9.
Tritsch 2001, p. 12: "India has two natural zones of thorn forest, one in the rain shadow area of the Deccan Plateau east of the Western Ghats, and the other in the western part of the Indo-Gangetic plain. Growth is limited only by moisture availability in these areas, so with irrigation the fertile alluvial soil of Punjab and Haryana has been turned into India's prime agricultural area. Much of the thorn forest covering the plains probably had savannah-like features now no longer visible." Tritsch, M. F. (2001). Wildlife of India. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-711062-9.
Tritsch 2001, p. 14. Tritsch, M. F. (2001). Wildlife of India. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-711062-9.
Tritsch 2001, p. 15: "Before it was so heavily settled and intensively exploited, the Punjab was dominated by thorn forest interspersed by rolling grasslands which were grazed on by millions of Blackbuck, accompanied by their dominant predator, the Cheetah. Always keen hunters, the Moghul princes kept tame cheetahs which were used to chase and bring down the Blackbuck. Today the Cheetah is extinct in India and the severely endangered Blackbuck no longer exists in the Punjab." Tritsch, M. F. (2001). Wildlife of India. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-711062-9.
Dyson & Visaria 2005, pp. 115–129. Dyson, T.; Visaria, P. (2005). "Migration and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects". In Dyson, T.; Casses, R.; Visaria, L. (eds.). Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928382-8.
Bourbaki 1998, p. 46: "...our decimal system, which (by the agency of the Arabs) is derived from Hindu mathematics, where its use is attested already from the first centuries of our era. It must be noted moreover that the conception of zero as a number and not as a simple symbol of separation) and its introduction into calculations, also count amongst the original contribution of the Hindus." Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer-Verlag, 301 pages. ISBN 978-3-540-64767-6.
Bourbaki 1998, p. 49: Modern arithmetic was known during medieval times as "Modus Indorum" or method of the Indians. Leonardo of Pisa wrote that compared to method of the Indians all other methods is a mistake. This method of the Indians is none other than our very simple arithmetic of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Rules for these four simple procedures was first written down by Brahmagupta during the 7th century AD. "On this point, the Hindus are already conscious of the interpretation that negative numbers must have in certain cases (a debt in a commercial problem, for instance). In the following centuries, as there is a diffusion into the West (by intermediary of the Arabs) of the methods and results of Greek and Hindu mathematics, one becomes more used to the handling of these numbers, and one begins to have other "representation" for them which are geometric or dynamic." Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer-Verlag, 301 pages. ISBN 978-3-540-64767-6.
Bourbaki 1998, p. 126: "As for trigonometry, it is disdained by geometers and abandoned to surveyors and astronomers; it is these latter (Aristarchus, Hipparchus, Ptolemy) who establish the fundamental relations between the sides and angles of a right angled triangle (plane or spherical) and draw up the first tables (they consist of tables giving the chord of the arc cut out by an angle $\theta <\pi$ on a circle of radius r, in other words the number $2r\sin \left(\theta /2\right)$ ; the introduction of the sine, more easily handled, is due to Hindu mathematicians of the Middle Ages)." Bourbaki, Nicolas (1998). Elements of the History of Mathematics. Berlin, Heidelberg, and New York: Springer-Verlag, 301 pages. ISBN 978-3-540-64767-6.

bangladeshsociology.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pathania, Rajni (January 2020). "Literacy in India: Progress and Inequality" (PDF). bangladeshsociology.org. 17 (1). Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

Biswas, Soutik (29 September 2016). "What divorce and separation tell us about modern India". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 March 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2021.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

Rowlatt, Justin (12 May 2020). "India's carbon emissions fall for first time in four decades". BBC News. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2020.
Biswas, Soutik (4 April 2018). "The myth of the Indian vegetarian nation". BBC. Archived from the original on 8 August 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2025.
Datta, Devangshu (13 December 2024). "How the Indian teenager became youngest world chess champion". BBC News. Retrieved 4 September 2026.
"India men's hockey ends 41-years Olympic drought". BBC News. 5 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2026.

biodiversitya-z.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Megadiverse Countries. Biodiversity A–Z, UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2021.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

- Petraglia & Allchin 2007, p. Petraglia, Michael D.; Allchin, Bridget (2007). "Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent". In Michael Petraglia; Bridget Allchin (eds.). The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4020-5562-1.
- - Dyson 2018, pp. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  - - Jamison & Brereton 2020, pp. 2, 4–5 Jamison, Stephanie; Brereton, Joel (2020). The Rigveda. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-063339-4.
    - - Dyson 2018, p. 25 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
      - Dyson 2018, pp. 16–17 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        
        Fisher 2018, pp. 67–68 Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        
        Dyson 2018, pp. 16–17 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        
        Ludden 2014, pp. 28–29 Ludden, D. (2014). India and South Asia: A Short History (2nd, revised ed.). Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-936-1.
        
        Dyson 2018, p. 20 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        
        Ludden 2014, p. 52 Ludden, D. (2014). India and South Asia: A Short History (2nd, revised ed.). Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-936-1.
        
        Ludden 2014, p. 86 Ludden, D. (2014). India and South Asia: A Short History (2nd, revised ed.). Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-936-1.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 54–55 "A further key to Akbar's successes were the administrative reforms that created an enduring framework for rule. ...Nobles were awarded ranks, known as mansab, demarcated decimally, and were expected to provide horsemen according to the rank number for the emperor's use. They were appointed to positions in two parallel hierarchies, one with civil responsibilities and one military – thus a check on each other – at levels from district, to province, to centre, throughout the empire. ... Even a relatively centralized empire like this, however, was limited in its reach into local communities. Mughal officials typically negotiated for delivery of the revenue demand with lineage heads and chieftains, homogenized in Mughal usage as zamindars (land-holders)." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 127–128 " Changes essential to the modern state, including the unification of sovereignty, ... introduced during the same period ... The date 1848 as starting point for the 'modern state' in India ..." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Peers 2013, p. 76 "... (the proclamation) kept faith with the principles of liberal imperialism and appeared to hold out the promise that British rule would benefit Indians and Britons alike. But as is too often the case ... the failure on the part of the British to live up to the wording of the proclamation would later be used by Indian nationalists as proof of the hollowness of imperial principles" Peers, D. M. (2013). India Under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88286-2. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 127–128 "Modern technological changes, among them canals, railways, and telegraph were introduced into India within years of their introduction in Europe" Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Hay, Stephen N.; Bary, William Theodore De (1988). "Nationalism Takes Root: The Moderates". Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan. Columbia University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-231-06414-9. "Under these circumstances, it was not long before the seed idea of nationalism, planted by their reading of Western books, began to take root in the minds of intelligent and energetic Indians."
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 158 " after 1857 ... these decades were marked by a rich profusion and elaboration of voluntary organizations; a surge in publication of newspapers, pamphlets and posters; and the writing of fiction and poetry as well as political, philosophical, and historical non-fiction. With this activity, a new level of public life emerged, ranging from meetings and processions to politicized street theatre ..." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Marshall, P. J. (2001). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7. The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress.
        Chiriyankandath, James (2016). Parties and Political Change in South Asia. Routledge. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-317-58620-3. South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 202: "The year 1919 was a watershed in the modern history of India. [...] By its end the Montagu–Chelmsford reforms... were enacted. [...] The year, however, also brought the repressive Rowlatt bills and the catastrophe of the Amritsar massacre. For many, if not most, Indians the reforms had become a poisoned chalice. They chose instead a novel course of political action, that of 'non-violent non-cooperation', and a new leader, Mohandas K. Gandhi, only recently returned from twenty years in South Africa. Gandhi would endure as a lasting symbol of moral leadership for the entire world community." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Stein 2010, p. 289: "Gandhi was the leading genius of the later and ultimately successful campaign for India's independence" Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        
        Copland 2001, pp. 71–78 Copland, I. (2001). India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 267 "All were agreed that the new India must be a democratic land, with universal suffrage and freedom of press and speech" Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 268–269. "The Congress Party under Nehru's leadership was committed ... to the principles of secularism ... and Nehru was determined that India should be a secular state. ... Indian secularism sought to engage with, and so sustain, all of India's various religions." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 267–268 "The new constitution ... outlawed untouchability, but of greater importance ... was the reservation of seats in the legislatures for the former untouchables, and with them the depressed forest tribes. These groups were listed on a special schedule in the constitution, and so became known as ‘Scheduled Castes and Tribes’... The members of these castes stood for election in regular constituencies where they alone were allowed to be candidates. ... these reservations grew to include preferential access to educational institutions and the administrative services." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 275–276 " Confronted with Nehru's obstinate opposition, the Andhra leader Potti Sriramalu began a fast to the death in October 1952. In December Sriramalu died; three days later the government agreed to establish an Andhra state. Once begun, the process of reorganization could not be stopped. A States Reorganization Commission was set up, and its report, implemented in 1956, brought into existence a comprehensively reordered India, divided into fourteen states on the basis of language. ... States reorganization encouraged a new regional linguistic politics, yet at the same time, by peaceably accommodating an intensely felt popular sentiment, the move helped stem separatist enthusiasm." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 288 "Buoyed by this electoral triumph, Mrs Gandhi ... abolished the privy purses that had been awarded to India's princes in 1947 to sweeten the pill of states' integration." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Dyson 2018, p. 172 "Table 8.1 Demographic estimates for India 1921–1971. 1951: 361.0 million, 1961: 439.1 million, 1971: 548.2 million." Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Fisher 2018, pp. 207–209 "Bihar or Uttar Pradesh, ... display gender inequalities in access to life-chances larger than those of most countries in sub-Saharan Africa" Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Fisher 2018, pp. 230–231 "Changes in the globe's climate are increasingly affecting India, which is particularly vulnerable (like Pakistan and Bangladesh). Many fauna and flora species are facing extinction and the distribution of surviving species is shifting." Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Karanth & Gopal 2005, p. 374"... the traditional social ethos in most parts of India is remarkably tolerant of wildlife damage compared with elsewhere ..." Karanth, K. Ullas; Gopal, Rajesh (2005). "An ecology-based policy framework for human-tiger coexistence in India". In Rosie Woodroffe; Simon Thirgood; Alan Rabinowitz (eds.). People and Wildlife, Conflict Or Co-existence?. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53203-7.
        Kuiper 2010, p. 86. Kuiper, K., ed. (2010). The Culture of India. Britannica Educational Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61530-203-1. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
        Jha, Dwijendra Narayan (2014). Rethinking Hindu Identity. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-317-49034-0.
        Singh 2017, p. 253. Singh, Upinder (2017). Political Violence in Ancient India. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-98128-7.
        Paturi, Joseph; Patterson, Roger (2016). "Hinduism (with Hare Krishna)". In Hodge, Bodie; Patterson, Roger (eds.). World Religions & Cults Volume 2: Moralistic, Mythical and Mysticism Religions. United States: New Leaf Publishing Group. pp. 59–60. ISBN 978-0-89051-922-6. The actual term Hindu first occurs as a Persian geographical term for the people who lived beyond the Indus River. The term Hindu originated as a geographical term and did not refer to a religion. Later, Hindu was taken by European languages from the Arabic term al-Hind, which referred to the people who lived across the Indus River. This Arabic term was itself taken from the Persian term Hindū, which refers to all Indians. By the 13th century, Hindustan emerged as a popular alternative name for India, meaning the "land of Hindus."
        Lowe, John J. (2017). Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-19-879357-1. The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.
        Dyson 2018, p. 28 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Dyson 2018, p. 1: "Modern human beings—Homo sapiens—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. [...] it is virtually certain that there were Homo sapiens in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present." Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Wright 2010, pp. 45–51. Wright, Rita P. (2010). The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57219-4. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
        Wright 2010, p. 107. Wright, Rita P. (2010). The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57219-4. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
        Wright 2010, pp. 145–146. Wright, Rita P. (2010). The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-57219-4. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
        Dyson 2018, pp. 16, 25. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Evans, Nicholas (2009). Dying Words: Endangered languages and what they have to tell us. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 27–. ISBN 978-0-631-23305-3.
        Lowe, John J. (2017). Transitive Nouns and Adjectives: Evidence from Early Indo-Aryan. Oxford University Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-19-879357-1. The term 'Epic Sanskrit' refers to the language of the two great Sanskrit epics, the Mahābhārata and the Rāmāyaṇa. ... It is likely, therefore, that the epic-like elements found in Vedic sources and the two epics that we have are not directly related, but that both drew on the same source, an oral tradition of storytelling that existed before, throughout, and after the Vedic period.
        Stein 2010, pp. 21, 61–62. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Dyson 2018, pp. 16–17. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Stein 2010, p. 73. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Fisher 2018, p. 72. Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Robb 2011, pp. 68–69. Robb, P. (2011). A History of India. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2.
        Stein 2010, pp. 93–94. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, p. 98. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, pp. 100–101. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, p. 99. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, pp. 115–116. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, pp. 116–117. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, p. 118. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, pp. 118–119. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, pp. 121–123. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        
        Ludden 2014, p. 85 Ludden, D. (2014). India and South Asia: A Short History (2nd, revised ed.). Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-936-1.
        
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 41 Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        
        Ludden 2014, p. 85 Ludden, D. (2014). India and South Asia: A Short History (2nd, revised ed.). Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-936-1.
        Robb 2011, pp. 97–98. Robb, P. (2011). A History of India. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2.
        Stein 2010, p. 159. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Robb 2011, pp. 108–109. Robb, P. (2011). A History of India. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 15. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 17. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Stein 2010, pp. 164. Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 58–59. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 78–82. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Robb 2011, pp. 115–117. Robb, P. (2011). A History of India. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2.
        Ludden 2014, pp. 151–154. Ludden, D. (2014). India and South Asia: A Short History (2nd, revised ed.). Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-85168-936-1.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 85–90. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 103–110. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        
        Stein 2010, p. 231 Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 127–128 Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Brown 1994, p. -89 "Further west in Muzaffarnagar district, bordering Meerut where the sepoy mutiny started, there was comparative tranquility, particularly in the prosperous upland area irrigated by the Ganges Canal." Brown, J. M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. The Short Oxford History of the Modern World (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 132–133 "Although limited in its impact to specific areas, Dalhousie energetically encouraged extension of irrigation canal systems. His years in office saw the completion of approximately 500 miles of the Ganges Canal, a source of irrigation water for a vast hinterland, with all the disruptions, both positive and negative, that such a resource brought. In the long term, the most obvious negative consequence was to be salinization of vast areas as the excess water drew salt on to the surface of the irrigated land." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        
        Peers 2006, p. 64 Peers, D. M. (2006). India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-31738-3.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, pp. 100–103. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1.
        Brown 1994, pp. 85–86. Brown, J. M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. The Short Oxford History of the Modern World (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9.
        Peers 2006, p. 67 "Christian missionaries had become more active in northern India which fed fears that Indian relgious practices were under threat. British actions like the introduction of the Widow Remarriage Act ... fueled these suspicions." Peers, D. M. (2006). India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-31738-3.
        Peers 2006, p. 67 "The effects of land revenue settlements also needed to be factored in, for not only did the overall demand grow, which hit many hard, but the increased commercialization of the Indian economy had benefitted some at the expense of others. Those zamindars and taluqdars who had lost out under British rule often joined the rebels as a means to reestablish their wealth and status ..." Peers, D. M. (2006). India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-31738-3.
        >Peers 2006, p. 67 "Indian elites were also becoming more disillusioned with British rule. What many viewed as arrogance and a lack of respect for their customary rights was dramatically confirmed for them when Lord Dalhousie introduced his doctrine of lapse. In his rush to modernize India, Dalhousie had embarked on an ambitious plan of annexing the territories of Indian princes for he believed that princely states were one of the major obstacles to Indian improvement." Peers, D. M. (2006). India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885. Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-31738-3.
        Brown 1994, pp. 89, 91 "(p. 89) Take, for example, the idea that the North-Western Provinces and Oudh were disturbed by fear of a threat to religion from particular reforms and from the spread of new education. ... Evidence from the localities does not suggest that fears of an attack on religion were a prominent cause of disaffection. Etawah district, where a school tex had recently been levied and nearly 200 schools opened in two years, remained in the words of the District Magistrate and Collector, 'pre-eminent for loyalty'. ... (p. 91) Yet there does not seem to be any simple or automatic correlation between high assessment, recent poverty and land loss, indebtedness and the incidents of rebellion." Brown, J. M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. The Short Oxford History of the Modern World (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9.
        
        Brown 1994, p. 94 Brown, J. M. (1994). Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy. The Short Oxford History of the Modern World (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873113-9.
        
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 102–103 Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Stein 2010, p. 227 " In 1858, following the Mutiny and seemingly as a direct outcome, the East India Company was dismantled and its powers of government passed directly to the British Crown. In many ways, this was no more than a belated rationalization of a situation that had long been developing. Divested of its monopolistic economic powers in 1813, and all trade operations in 1833, the Company's political position was hedged in by the supervision of Westminster, exercised through the Board of Control. By 1850 little remained of the once mighty Honourable Company beyond its stockholders." Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, p. 227 "... in transferring authority from a chartered mercantile company, the British also made it clear that their Indian territories constituted and were to be governed as a unitary state. They had established a power which could in the future be taken over en bloc by other bodies. Hence, although at first the change seemed to bring no dramatic changes on he ground in India, it marked the passage there from the modern to the contemporary state." Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 103–108. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Robb 2011, pp. 199–200 "Many of the new professionals, and also urban merchants who were involved in the export trade and with factory production, began to engage in public life in close association or in parallel with Europeans. They became accustomed to representing particular interests on a host of educational boards and charities, and on quasi-public bodies … With rising incomes and ambitions, they formed their own pressure groups to serve their communities and to lobby government, replicating the European societies’ constitutions, subscriptions, officers, meetings, and minutes. In the early 1880, they witnessed bitter controversies among non-official Europeans over the Ilbert Bill and the Bengal Tenancy Act, and noted again how government policy could be modified by orchestrated campaigns; they believed British Liberals susceptible to such pressure from Indians." Robb, P. (2011). A History of India. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2.
        Robb 2011, pp. 200–201 "…They were followed by the 'true start', the foundation of the Indian National Congress, in 1885. The Congress was an organization of the intelligentsia and the new professionals, with some backing from princes and merchants. It could not have existed without the English language, the telegraph, and the railway; a nucleus of leaders had met while studying in London. It professed empire loyalty and admiration for Western technology and British liberties. It espoused the class interests of those who sought government jobs and a voice in law-making. It also advanced ideals of representation, of the elite’s responsibilities to the public, and of the national interest, especially to fiscal and economic policy – stressing official culpability for famines, for example, and objecting to the high cost of the army and the home charges." Robb, P. (2011). A History of India. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-34549-2.
        Stein 2010, p. 249 "Roads, canals and railways all hastened the tempo of commercialization in British India, and a burst of export expansion during the 1860s led to prosperity, especially where cotton could be grown. In the early 1860s, cotton acreage quickly expanded in response to a fivefold increase in cotton prices as stocks curtailed by the American Civil War were replaced. When that war ended, the price for cotton retreated, as did prices for export wheat from northern India, as a result of competition from the United States, Canada, Australia and Argentina, where mechanization of wheat production had begun. By the 1890s, railways were carrying a large proportion of hardy and cheap food grains to distant markets, and producers were caught up in credit pressures previously unknown. With the ending of the isolation of their local markets, small farmers had to finance their debts in the risky export trade or lose their land." Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, p. 251 "...During the last thirty years of the century the dreadful toll increased: 1873–4 in Bengal and eastern India affecting a quarter of a million; 1876–78, involving 36 million in parts of the Ganges plain again and also Madras, Bombay, Mysore and Hyderabad, with deaths of 3.5 million. The century ended with two other massive outbreaks of famine and disease nearly everywhere on the subcontinent, with more fearsome death counts: 1896–7, affecting 96 million and causing the excess deaths of over 5 million, and again in 1899–1900, with 60 million affected and another 5 million dying prematurely." Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, pp. 247–248 "Those who governed India during the later nineteenth century were certain that markets would set prices, determine supplies and distribute benefits. They were certain too that there was little for the state to do; even the provision of education was left to Indians themselves and to missionary bodies. As in Britain, railways and transport canals were initially constructed by private enterprise, but whereas the risks of such enterprise in Britain were borne by British investors, in India it was Indian cultivators, the principal taxpayers, who bore the risks, though not the gains." Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 126 "One success story was the large-scale development of ‘canal colonies’ in the Punjab, where assured water on newly cultivated soils made possible a vast expansion in the output of wheat, sugar cane, and maize. Commercial cropping characterized an increasing proportion of production for internal consumption as well as the export market." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006). A Concise History of Modern India (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-68225-1.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 132 " But the cost of moving goods fell dramatically; the value of the railway in providing famine relief was critical" Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 160–161 "The rail lines also, however, made possible the beginnings of Indian-owned industry." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 163 "India made extraordinary sacrifices for the war effort. Well over a million Indians were recruited into the army, serving in France and especially in the Middle East, with a heavy cost of lives on all fronts. The contribution of Indian revenues was also substantial, with demands going up approximately 10 to 15 per cent in each year from 1916 to 1918. External markets were disrupted. In 1918 the monsoon failed with resultant food scarcity. The price of food grains almost doubled; the price of imported goods almost tripled. The war years were a boon to some of India’s key indigenous industries, particularly cotton textiles and iron and steel. But for the population as a whole, this was a period of acute distress, intensified by the spread in 1918 of the worldwide influenza pandemic." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 174–175 "Gandhi offered India’s political elite … a compelling strategy of political action. While a few moderates still clung to constitutional protest, the failure of such a strategy, after the Amritsar massacre, was only too obvious. So too had the populist politics of the ‘street’outlived their usefulness. … Furthermore, as a moralist who sought class harmony, Gandhi offered the educated elite a critical reassurance. The Congress leadership were not Marxists, and they dared not put their own dominance at risk by stirring up class animosities. With Gandhi they had a leader who could at once appeal effectively to those outside the narrow constituency of the educated, and yet contain any potential threat to their own predominance in society." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        
        Misra, Maria (2008). Vishnu's Crowded Temple: India Since the Great Rebellion. Yale University Press. p. 174. ISBN 978-0-300-14523-6. In 1928 the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), an out-growth of the older revolutionary tradition of the Punjab, was founded in Lahore. Led by a charismatic 22-year-old student, Bhagat Singh, it departed from its pre-war terrorist lineage by adopting Marxist militant atheism as its ideology. The HSRA favoured acts of 'exemplary' revolutionary violence.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 194–195 "... the 1932 Communal Award sought to give special treatment, including separate electorates, to a variety of so-called ‘minorities’. These included above all the untouchables, who had begun to organize themselves under B. R. Ambedkar … in opposition to Gandhi … a compromise was reached in which separate electorates restricted to untouchable voters were replaced by seats reserved for untouchables in the various Indian legislatures. … the Communal Award was followed by the Government of India Act, 1935. … it made provision for a federal centre and, doing away with dyarchy, substantially extended provincial autonomy, with ministers responsible to their local legislatures now in charge of all branches of the government.” Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 196 "With the elections under the 1935 Act, Congress began the process of transforming itself from a mass movement into a political party. In a stunning triumph, winning 758 of some 1,500 seats in the various provincial legislatures, the Congress in 1937 formed governments in seven provinces, including Madras, Bombay, the Central Provinces, Bihar, and UP." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 203–204 "The unilateral declaration of war, a provocative act of the sort that had so often characterized British policy in India, was a tactical blunder. So too, arguably, was the resignation of the Congress ministries, which set in motion a protracted series of negotiations and acts of civil-disobedience that were to culminate in the climactic August ‘rising’ of 1942. During the later 1930s Britain and India had been drifting slowly towards an amicable parting of ways. Britain’s stake in India had been declining as economic nationalism took hold around the world, while on the political front, after 1937, Congress politicians had demonstrated an ability to govern that augured well for an independent India. The coming of the war, with the resignation of the Congress ministries, changed everything." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 207 "The renewed disaffection of the Congress, from the initial resignation of the ministries through the subsequent abortive negotiations to the final upheaval of ‘Quit India’, forced the British to look elsewhere for support for the war, and even opened up an opportunity, some thought, to regain the political initiative, and so arrange a transfer of power to groups more accommodating than the Congress. Most prominent among the beneficiaries was the Muslim League. In 1940, when the League adopted Pakistan as its goal for the political evolution of their community, the idea had been in existence for only a decade." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Copland 2001, p. 71 "One measure of the success of Jinnah's reinvigoration of the Muslim League was the party's showing in the by-elections for the provincial assemblies. Between 1937 and 1945 it won fifty-five out of fifty-seven by-elections for the Muslim-reserved constituencies. ... However, the real turning point for the new Muslim League came with the general elections of December 1945 and January 1946. Despite facing a rejuvenated Congress, the League won four-fifths of all the Muslim-reserved seats on offer, enough to take the party into office in Sind and Bengal and within a whisker of political power in the Punjab. The result left no one, not least the British, in any doubt about where the locus of power within the Muslim community now lay. (p. 72) In most respects, the League's success in the elections of 1945–1946 can be interpreted as a clear Muslim mandate for Pakistan." Copland, I. (2001). India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire. Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-38173-5.
        
        Fisher 2018, pp. 173–174 Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Fisher 2018, p. 198 " She nationalized fourteen major banks, tried to abolish the princes' privy purses (blocked temporarily by the Supreme Court), and pushed provinces for land redistribution from large landowners to the tiller. In the 1971 Parliamentary election, she won a sweeping victory based on her promise of Garibi hatao ("abolish poverty"). She then enhanced her strength by India's dramatic military victory in the December 1971 war that created Bangladesh out of East Pakistan." Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Fisher 2018, p. 83, " East of the lower Indus lay the inhospitable Rann of Kutch and Thar Desert. East of the upper Indus lay the more promising but narrow corridor between the Himalayan foothills on the north and the Thar Desert and Aravalli Mountains on the south. At the strategic choke point, just before reaching the fertile, well-watered Gangetic plain, sat Delhi. On this site, where life giving streams running off the most northern spur of the rocky Aravalli ridge flowed into the Jumna river, and where the war-horse and war-elephant trade intersected, a series of dynasties built fortified capitals." Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Duff 1993, p. 353. Duff, D. (1993). Holmes Principles of Physical Geology (4th ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7487-4381-0.
        Basu & Xavier 2017, p. 78. Basu, Mahua; Xavier, Savarimuthu (2017). Fundamentals of Environmental Studies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-87051-8.
        Mcgrail et al. 2003, p. 257. Mcgrail, Sean; Blue, Lucy; Kentley, Eric; Palmer, Colin (2003). Boats of South Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-43130-4.
        Basak 1983, p. 24. Basak, R. K. (1983). Botanical Survey of India: Account of Its Establishment, Development, and Activities. India. Department of Environment. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
        Venkataraman, Krishnamoorthy; Sivaperuman, Chandrakasan (2018). "Biodiversity Hotspots in India". In Sivaperuman, Chandrakasan; Venkataraman, Krishnamoorthy (eds.). Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management. Springer. p. 5. ISBN 978-981-10-6605-4.
        Jha, Raghbendra (2018). Facets of India's Economy and Her Society Volume II: Current State and Future Prospects. Springer. p. 198. ISBN 978-1-349-95342-4.
        Goyal, Anupam (2006). The WTO and International Environmental Law: Towards Conciliation. Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-567710-2. Quote: "The Indian government successfully argued that the medicinal neem tree is part of traditional Indian knowledge. (page 295)"
        Hughes, Julie E. (2013). Animal Kingdoms. Harvard University Press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-674-07480-4. At same time, the leafy pipal trees and comparative abundance that marked the Mewari landscape fostered refinements unattainable in other lands.
        Ameri, Marta (2018). "Letting the Pictures Speak: An Image-Based Approach to the Mythological and Narrative Imagery of the Harappan World". In Ameri, Marta; Costello, Sarah Kielt; Jamison, Gregg; Scott, Sarah Jarmer (eds.). Seals and Sealing in the Ancient World: Case Studies from the Near East, Egypt, the Aegean, and South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–157. ISBN 978-1-108-17351-3. Quote: "The last of the centaurs has the long, wavy, horizontal horns of a markhor, a human face, a heavy-set body that appears bovine, and a goat tail ... This figure is often depicted by itself, but it is also consistently represented in scenes that seem to reflect the adoration of a figure in a pipal tree or arbour and which may be termed ritual. These include fully detailed scenes like that visible in the large 'divine adoration' seal from Mohenjo-daro."
        Paul Gwynne (2011). World Religions in Practice: A Comparative Introduction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-4443-6005-9. The tree under which Sakyamuni became the Buddha is a peepal tree (Ficus religiosa).
        Crame & Owen 2002, p. 142. Crame, J. A.; Owen, A. W. (2002). Palaeobiogeography and Biodiversity Change: The Ordovician and Mesozoic–Cenozoic Radiations. Geological Society Special Publication. Geological Society of London. ISBN 978-1-86239-106-2. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
        Lovette, Irby J.; Fitzpatrick, John W. (2016). Handbook of Bird Biology. John Wiley & Sons. p. 599. ISBN 978-1-118-29105-4.
        Spear 1990, p. 242. Spear, Percival (1990) [1978]. History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-140-13836-8.
        Spear 1990, p. 243. Spear, Percival (1990) [1978]. History of India, Volume 2: From the sixteenth century to the twentieth century. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-140-13836-8.
        Sharma 2007, p. 49. Sharma, B. K. (2007). Introduction to the Constitution of India (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-81-203-3246-1.
        Dinkel, Jürgen (2018). The Non-Aligned Movement: Genesis, Organization and Politics (1927–1992). Brill. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-90-04-33613-1.
        Rorabacher 2010, pp. 35–39. Rorabacher, J. A. (2010). Hunger and Poverty in South Asia. Gyan. ISBN 978-81-212-1027-0.
        Dyson & Visaria 2005, pp. 115–129. Dyson, T.; Visaria, P. (2005). "Migration and Urbanisation: Retrospect and Prospects". In Dyson, T.; Casses, R.; Visaria, L. (eds.). Twenty-First Century India: Population, Economy, Human Development, and the Environment. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928382-8.
        Ratna 2007, pp. 271–272. Ratna, U. (2007). "Interface Between Urban and Rural Development in India". In Dutt, A. K.; Thakur, B. (eds.). City, Society, and Planning. Vol. 1. Concept. ISBN 978-81-8069-459-2.
        Scott, Allen J.; Garofoli, Gioacchino (2007). Development on the Ground: Clusters, Networks and Regions in Emerging Economies. Routledge. p. 208. ISBN 978-1-135-98422-9.
        Moseley, Christopher (10 March 2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79640-2.
        Lerner, Hanna (2016). "The Indian Founding: A Comparative Perspective". In Choudhry, Sujit; Khosla, Madhav; Mehta, Pratap Bhanu (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution. Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-19-870489-8. Ultimately, it was the pragmatic consensus-seeking approach that triumphed. On 14 September 1949, after three years of debate, the assembly overwhelmingly approved a compromise resolution, known as the Munshi—Ayyangar formula, which later became Articles 343-51 of the Indian Constitution. Instead of declaring a 'national language', Hindi was labelled the 'official language of the Union', while English was to continue to be used 'for all official purposes'. It was decided that this arrangement would apply for fifteen years, during which time Hindi was to be progressively introduced into official use. What would happen at the end of this interim period was left undetermined, with the Constitution providing for the establishment of a parliamentary committee to examine the issue in the future. In addition, the Constitution recognised fourteen other languages for official use (listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution). ... Fifteen years after the enactment of the Constitution, Hindi was still not widely used by the Union government. Following a series of violent riots in non-Hindi-speaking States in the 1960s, Parliament renounced the ideal of an Indian national language. In 1965, when the fifteen-year interim period prescribed by the Constitution elapsed, the government announced that English would remain the de facto formal language of India.
        Isaka, Riho (2021). Language, Identity, and Power in Modern India: Gujarat, c. 1850–1960. Routledge New Horizons in South Asian Studies. Routledge. pp. 126–197. ISBN 978-1-000-46858-8. Partition may have 'killed' Hindustani, but it had a marked effect on the debates regarding the position of English and provincial languages in the Constitution. The Hindi protagonists became even more insistent on establishing Hindi as the sole national language and imposing it on the non-Hindi-speaking regions to enhance 'national unity'. In addition, these leaders even began to argue that the Devanagari form of numerals should be used instead of the international form. This was firmly opposed by members from South India. To solve the continuing dispute among the Assembly members, (K. M.) Munshi and N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar, a Tamil member of the Assembly, drew up detailed language provisions. These, in the words of the latter, represented a 'compromise between opinions not easily reconcilable' (Constituent Assembly Debates 1X 1966: 1319). The provisions were proposed to the Congress on 2nd September 1949 and engendered a heated discussion. It was eventually decided that they would be proposed in the Assembly by Munshi, Ayyangar, and Bhimrao Ambedkar (the Chairman of the Drafting Committee) in their personal capacities, not as an official proposal on behalf of the Drafting Committee.
        Annamalai, E. (2008). "Contexts of multilingualism". In Braj B. Kachru; Yamuna Kachru; S. N. Sridhar (eds.). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2. Some of the migrated languages ... such as Sanskrit and English, remained primarily as a second language, even though their native speakers were lost.
        Gazzola, Michele; Wickström, Bengt-Arne (2016). The Economics of Language Policy. MIT Press. pp. 469–. ISBN 978-0-262-03470-8. The Eighth Schedule recognizes India's national languages as including the major regional languages as well as others, such as Sanskrit and Urdu, which contribute to India's cultural heritage. ... The original list of fourteen languages in the Eighth Schedule at the time of the adoption of the Constitution in 1949 has now grown to twenty-two.
        Groff, Cynthia (2017). The Ecology of Language in Multilingual India: Voices of Women and Educators in the Himalayan Foothills. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 58–. ISBN 978-1-137-51961-0. As Mahapatra says: "It is generally believed that the significance for the Eighth Schedule lies in providing a list of languages from which Hindi is directed to draw the appropriate forms, style and expressions for its enrichment" ... Being recognized in the Constitution, however, has had significant relevance for a language's status and functions.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 154 "They were in part the product of Sir Charles Wood's Education Dispatch of 1854, further evidence of Dalhousie's modernizing impulse that had also set in place the first three Indian universities, one in each presidency capital, inaugurated in the fateful year of 1857." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Béteille 2002, pp. 136–137. Quote: "Caste: Caste has been described as the fundamental social institution of India. Sometimes the term is used metaphorically to refer to rigid social distinctions or extreme social exclusiveness wherever found, and some authorities have used the term 'colour-caste system' to describe the stratification based on race in the United States and elsewhere. But it is among the Hindus in India that we find the system in its most fully developed form although analogous forms exist among Muslims, Christians. Sikhs and other religious groups in South Asia. It is an ancient institution, having existed for at least 2,000 years among the Hindus who developed not only elaborate caste practices hut also a complex theory to explain and justify those practices (Dumont 1970). The theory has now lost much of its force although many of the practices continue." Béteille, André (2002). "Caste". In Barnard, Alan; Spencer, Jonathan (eds.). Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York; London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28558-2.
        Makar 2007. Makar, E. M. (2007). An American's Guide to Doing Business in India. Adams. ISBN 978-1-59869-211-2.
        Jones & Ramdas 2005, p. 111. Jones, G.; Ramdas, K. (2005). (Un)tying the Knot: Ideal and Reality in Asian Marriage. National University of Singapore Press. ISBN 978-981-05-1428-0.
        Cullen-Dupont 2009, p. 96. Cullen-Dupont, K. (July 2009). Human Trafficking. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8160-7545-4.
        Agarwal, Bina (1994). A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. ISBN 978-0-521-42926-9. Mayer's (1960: 219) observation for central India would not be inaccurate for most communities in the subcontinent: "A man's tie with his sister is accounted very close. The two have grown up together, at an age when there is no distinction made between the sexes. And later, when the sister marries, the brother is seen as her main protector, for when her father has died to whom else can she turn if there is trouble in her conjugal household.(Adrian C. Mayer, Caste and kinship in Central India (1960)" The parental home, and after the parents' death the brother's home, often offers the only possibility of temporary or longer-term support in case of divorce, desertion, and even widowhood, especially for a woman without adult sons. Her dependence on this support is directly related to economic and social vulnerability.
        Coleman, Leo (2017). A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi. Cornell University Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-5017-0791-9. Quote: Rakhi and its local performances in Kishan Garhi were part of a festival in which connections between out-marrying sisters and village-resident brothers were affirmed. In the "traditional" form of this rite, according to Marriott, sisters exchanged with their brothers to ensure their ability to have recourse—at a crisis, or during childbearing—to their natal village and their relatives there even after leaving for their husband's home. For their part, brothers engaging in these exchanges affirmed the otherwise hard-to-discern moral solidarity of the natal family, even after their sister's marriage.
        Stein 2010, p. 156 "(p. 156) The successes of the Muslim regimes that led to the subordination of ... the subcontinent by 1500 obscure a more historically significant development: the formation of a synthetic Indo-Islamic culture." Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, p. 157 "(W)ithin the mainstream of the two cultures of Islam and Hinduism, both sides in the encounter harboured heterodox devotionalisms ... Unlike the great splits that had riven Islam, however, the various regional forms of Shaivite and Vaishnavite devotionalism always followed the religious guidance of bhrahman priests, some of whom took part in the devotional movements. ... By 1200 CE, the preservers of Muslim orthodoxy, ..., had come to accept reluctantly that a similar devotional current had made its home in Islam, in both the Islamic heartland and the conquered territories. Sufism, the mystic devotionalism of Islam, cut across the baffling indigenous sacred array of India." Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Stein 2010, p. 157 "Mass piety among the Hindus, proved receptive to the sermons of Sufi masters (pirs); a number of them became their disciples and then went on to enter a seminary to imbibe the mystical way of the pir. The tenets of Hindu and Muslim mystics were similar enough that the ground was ripe for syncretic movements involving adherents of both religions." Stein, B. (2010). Arnold, D. (ed.). A History of India (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-9509-6.
        Rowland 1970, pp. 185–198, 252, 385–466. Rowland, Benjamin (1970). The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-056102-9.
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        Harle 1994, pp. 22–24. Harle, James C. (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.
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        Blurton 1993, p. 151. Blurton, T. Richard (1993). Hindu Art. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39189-5.
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        Harle 1994, pp. 372–382, 400–406. Harle, James C. (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.
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        Blurton 1993, p. 211. Blurton, T. Richard (1993). Hindu Art. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-39189-5.
        Bishnupriya Dutt; Urmimala Sarkar Munsi (2010). Engendering Performance: Indian Women Performers in Search of an Identity. SAGE Publications. p. 216. ISBN 978-81-321-0612-8.
        Frank Burch Brown (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Religion and the Arts. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–196. ISBN 978-0-19-972103-0., Quote: All of the dances considered to be part of the Indian classical canon (Bharata Natyam, Chhau, Kathak, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Mohiniattam, Odissi, Sattriya, and Yakshagana) trace their roots to religious practices (...) the Indian diaspora has led to the translocation of Hindu dances to Europe, North America and the world."
        Tarlo 1996, p. 26 Tarlo, E. (1996). Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-78976-7. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
        Tarlo 1996, pp. 26–28 Tarlo, E. (1996). Clothing Matters: Dress and Identity in India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-78976-7. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
        Alkazi, Roshen (2002). "Evolution of Indian Costume as a result of the links between Central Asia and India in ancient and medieval times". In Rahman, Abdur (ed.). India's Interaction with China, Central and West Asia. Oxford University Press. pp. 464–484. ISBN 978-0-19-565789-0.
        Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011). Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set. Oxford University Press. p. 1272. ISBN 978-0-19-960110-3. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
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        Shukla, Pravina (2015). The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India. Indiana University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-253-02121-2.
        Dwyer, Rachel (2014). Bollywood's India: Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India. Reaktion Books. pp. 244–245. ISBN 978-1-78023-304-8.
        Panjabi, Camellia (1995). The Great Curries of India. Simon and Schuster. pp. 158–. ISBN 978-0-684-80383-8. The Muslim influenced breads of India are leavened, like naan, Khamiri roti, ...
        Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.
        Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7. Chapatis are made from finely milled whole-wheat flour, called chapati flour or atta, and water. The dough is rolled into thin rounds which vary in size from region to region and then cooked without fat or oil on a slightly curved griddle called a tava.
        Tamang, J. P.; Fleet, G. H. (2009). "Yeasts Diversity in Fermented Foods and Beverages". In Satyanarayana, T.; Kunze, G. (eds.). Yeast Biotechnology: Diversity and Applications. Springer. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4020-8292-4. Idli is an acid-leavened and steamed cake made by bacterial fermentation of a thick batter made from coarsely ground rice and dehulled black gram. Idli cakes are soft, moist and spongy, have desirable sour flavour, and is eaten as breakfast in South India. Dosa batter is very similar to idli batter, except that both the rice and black gram are finely ground. The batter is thinner than that of idli and is fried as a thin, crisp pancake and eaten directly in South India.
        Jhala, Angma Day (2015). Royal Patronage, Power and Aesthetics in Princely India. Routledge. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-317-31657-2. With the ascent of the Mughal Empire in sixteenth-century India, Turkic, Persian and Afghan traditions of dress, 'architecture and cuisine' were adopted by non-Muslim indigenous elites in South Asia. In this manner, Central Asian cooking merged with older traditions within the subcontinent, to create such signature dishes as biryani (a fusion of the Persian pilau and the spice-laden dishes of Hindustan), and the Kashmiri meat stew of Rogan Josh. It not only generated new dishes and entire cuisines, but also fostered novel modes of eating. Such newer trends included the consumption of Persian condiments, which relied heavily on almonds, pastries and quince jams, alongside Indian achars made from sweet limes, green vegetables and curds as side relishes during Mughlai meals.
        Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-19-967733-7.
        Sahakian, Marlyne; Saloma, Czarina; Erkman, Suren (2016). Food Consumption in the City: Practices and patterns in urban Asia and the Pacific. Taylor & Francis. p. 50. ISBN 978-1-317-31050-1.
        Collingham, Elizabeth M. (2007). Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-19-532001-5.
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        Sengupta, Jayanta (2014). "India". In Freedman, Paul; Chaplin, Joyce E.; Albala, Ken (eds.). Food in Time and Place: The American Historical Association Companion to Food History. University of California Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-520-27745-8.

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- Raghavendra 2026 "After the linguistic reorganization of the states, the different regional language cinemas have had as their constituencies people of the associated with their respective languages. Tamil and Malayalam cinema cater to people from Tamil Nadu and Kerala respectively, and Kannada cinema caters to those from Karnataka state. … But the state is composed of different Kannada-speaking areas brought together in 1956 … Kannada cinema before 1956 was from the area corresponding to the princely state of Mysore …" Raghavendra, M. K. (2026). "The geopolitics of Kannada language cinema". In Gehlawat, Ajay; Beaster-Jones, Jayson (eds.). Routledge Handbook of South Asian Cinemas. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003497912-11. ISBN 978-1-032-80366-1.
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  - Fisher 2018, p. 198 " She nationalized fourteen major banks, tried to abolish the princes' privy purses (blocked temporarily by the Supreme Court), and pushed provinces for land redistribution from large landowners to the tiller. In the 1971 Parliamentary election, she won a sweeping victory based on her promise of Garibi hatao ("abolish poverty"). She then enhanced her strength by India's dramatic military victory in the December 1971 war that created Bangladesh out of East Pakistan." Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
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- Dyson 2018, pp. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
- - Dyson 2018, p. 25 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  - - Dyson 2018, pp. 16–17 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
    - - Fisher 2018, pp. 67–68 Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
      - Dyson 2018, pp. 16–17 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        
        Dyson 2018, p. 20 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 54–55 "A further key to Akbar's successes were the administrative reforms that created an enduring framework for rule. ...Nobles were awarded ranks, known as mansab, demarcated decimally, and were expected to provide horsemen according to the rank number for the emperor's use. They were appointed to positions in two parallel hierarchies, one with civil responsibilities and one military – thus a check on each other – at levels from district, to province, to centre, throughout the empire. ... Even a relatively centralized empire like this, however, was limited in its reach into local communities. Mughal officials typically negotiated for delivery of the revenue demand with lineage heads and chieftains, homogenized in Mughal usage as zamindars (land-holders)." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 127–128 " Changes essential to the modern state, including the unification of sovereignty, ... introduced during the same period ... The date 1848 as starting point for the 'modern state' in India ..." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 127–128 "Modern technological changes, among them canals, railways, and telegraph were introduced into India within years of their introduction in Europe" Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 158 " after 1857 ... these decades were marked by a rich profusion and elaboration of voluntary organizations; a surge in publication of newspapers, pamphlets and posters; and the writing of fiction and poetry as well as political, philosophical, and historical non-fiction. With this activity, a new level of public life emerged, ranging from meetings and processions to politicized street theatre ..." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 202: "The year 1919 was a watershed in the modern history of India. [...] By its end the Montagu–Chelmsford reforms... were enacted. [...] The year, however, also brought the repressive Rowlatt bills and the catastrophe of the Amritsar massacre. For many, if not most, Indians the reforms had become a poisoned chalice. They chose instead a novel course of political action, that of 'non-violent non-cooperation', and a new leader, Mohandas K. Gandhi, only recently returned from twenty years in South Africa. Gandhi would endure as a lasting symbol of moral leadership for the entire world community." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 267 "All were agreed that the new India must be a democratic land, with universal suffrage and freedom of press and speech" Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 268–269. "The Congress Party under Nehru's leadership was committed ... to the principles of secularism ... and Nehru was determined that India should be a secular state. ... Indian secularism sought to engage with, and so sustain, all of India's various religions." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 267–268 "The new constitution ... outlawed untouchability, but of greater importance ... was the reservation of seats in the legislatures for the former untouchables, and with them the depressed forest tribes. These groups were listed on a special schedule in the constitution, and so became known as ‘Scheduled Castes and Tribes’... The members of these castes stood for election in regular constituencies where they alone were allowed to be candidates. ... these reservations grew to include preferential access to educational institutions and the administrative services." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 275–276 " Confronted with Nehru's obstinate opposition, the Andhra leader Potti Sriramalu began a fast to the death in October 1952. In December Sriramalu died; three days later the government agreed to establish an Andhra state. Once begun, the process of reorganization could not be stopped. A States Reorganization Commission was set up, and its report, implemented in 1956, brought into existence a comprehensively reordered India, divided into fourteen states on the basis of language. ... States reorganization encouraged a new regional linguistic politics, yet at the same time, by peaceably accommodating an intensely felt popular sentiment, the move helped stem separatist enthusiasm." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 288 "Buoyed by this electoral triumph, Mrs Gandhi ... abolished the privy purses that had been awarded to India's princes in 1947 to sweeten the pill of states' integration." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Dyson 2018, p. 172 "Table 8.1 Demographic estimates for India 1921–1971. 1951: 361.0 million, 1961: 439.1 million, 1971: 548.2 million." Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Fisher 2018, pp. 207–209 "Bihar or Uttar Pradesh, ... display gender inequalities in access to life-chances larger than those of most countries in sub-Saharan Africa" Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Fisher 2018, pp. 230–231 "Changes in the globe's climate are increasingly affecting India, which is particularly vulnerable (like Pakistan and Bangladesh). Many fauna and flora species are facing extinction and the distribution of surviving species is shifting." Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        The Constitution of India (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice. 1 December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2012. Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.
        "Hindustan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
        Dyson 2018, p. 28 Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Dyson 2018, p. 1: "Modern human beings—Homo sapiens—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. [...] it is virtually certain that there were Homo sapiens in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present." Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Dyson 2018, pp. 16, 25. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Dyson 2018, pp. 16–17. Dyson, Tim (2018). A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-882905-8. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Fisher 2018, p. 72. Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 41 Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 15. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 17. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 58–59. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 78–82. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 85–90. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 103–110. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 127–128 Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 132–133 "Although limited in its impact to specific areas, Dalhousie energetically encouraged extension of irrigation canal systems. His years in office saw the completion of approximately 500 miles of the Ganges Canal, a source of irrigation water for a vast hinterland, with all the disruptions, both positive and negative, that such a resource brought. In the long term, the most obvious negative consequence was to be salinization of vast areas as the excess water drew salt on to the surface of the irrigated land." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 102–103 Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 103–108. Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 132 " But the cost of moving goods fell dramatically; the value of the railway in providing famine relief was critical" Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 160–161 "The rail lines also, however, made possible the beginnings of Indian-owned industry." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 163 "India made extraordinary sacrifices for the war effort. Well over a million Indians were recruited into the army, serving in France and especially in the Middle East, with a heavy cost of lives on all fronts. The contribution of Indian revenues was also substantial, with demands going up approximately 10 to 15 per cent in each year from 1916 to 1918. External markets were disrupted. In 1918 the monsoon failed with resultant food scarcity. The price of food grains almost doubled; the price of imported goods almost tripled. The war years were a boon to some of India’s key indigenous industries, particularly cotton textiles and iron and steel. But for the population as a whole, this was a period of acute distress, intensified by the spread in 1918 of the worldwide influenza pandemic." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 174–175 "Gandhi offered India’s political elite … a compelling strategy of political action. While a few moderates still clung to constitutional protest, the failure of such a strategy, after the Amritsar massacre, was only too obvious. So too had the populist politics of the ‘street’outlived their usefulness. … Furthermore, as a moralist who sought class harmony, Gandhi offered the educated elite a critical reassurance. The Congress leadership were not Marxists, and they dared not put their own dominance at risk by stirring up class animosities. With Gandhi they had a leader who could at once appeal effectively to those outside the narrow constituency of the educated, and yet contain any potential threat to their own predominance in society." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 194–195 "... the 1932 Communal Award sought to give special treatment, including separate electorates, to a variety of so-called ‘minorities’. These included above all the untouchables, who had begun to organize themselves under B. R. Ambedkar … in opposition to Gandhi … a compromise was reached in which separate electorates restricted to untouchable voters were replaced by seats reserved for untouchables in the various Indian legislatures. … the Communal Award was followed by the Government of India Act, 1935. … it made provision for a federal centre and, doing away with dyarchy, substantially extended provincial autonomy, with ministers responsible to their local legislatures now in charge of all branches of the government.” Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 196 "With the elections under the 1935 Act, Congress began the process of transforming itself from a mass movement into a political party. In a stunning triumph, winning 758 of some 1,500 seats in the various provincial legislatures, the Congress in 1937 formed governments in seven provinces, including Madras, Bombay, the Central Provinces, Bihar, and UP." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, pp. 203–204 "The unilateral declaration of war, a provocative act of the sort that had so often characterized British policy in India, was a tactical blunder. So too, arguably, was the resignation of the Congress ministries, which set in motion a protracted series of negotiations and acts of civil-disobedience that were to culminate in the climactic August ‘rising’ of 1942. During the later 1930s Britain and India had been drifting slowly towards an amicable parting of ways. Britain’s stake in India had been declining as economic nationalism took hold around the world, while on the political front, after 1937, Congress politicians had demonstrated an ability to govern that augured well for an independent India. The coming of the war, with the resignation of the Congress ministries, changed everything." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        Metcalf & Metcalf 2012, p. 207 "The renewed disaffection of the Congress, from the initial resignation of the ministries through the subsequent abortive negotiations to the final upheaval of ‘Quit India’, forced the British to look elsewhere for support for the war, and even opened up an opportunity, some thought, to regain the political initiative, and so arrange a transfer of power to groups more accommodating than the Congress. Most prominent among the beneficiaries was the Muslim League. In 1940, when the League adopted Pakistan as its goal for the political evolution of their community, the idea had been in existence for only a decade." Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02649-0. Archived from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
        
        Fisher 2018, pp. 173–174 Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
        Fisher 2018, p. 198 " She nationalized fourteen major banks, tried to abolish the princes' privy purses (blocked temporarily by the Supreme Court), and pushed provinces for land redistribution from large landowners to the tiller. In the 1971 Parliamentary election, she won a sweeping victory based on her promise of Garibi hatao ("abolish poverty"). She then enhanced her strength by India's dramatic military victory in the December 1971 war that created Bangladesh out of East Pakistan." Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
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        Fisher 2018, p. 83, " East of the lower Indus lay the inhospitable Rann of Kutch and Thar Desert. East of the upper Indus lay the more promising but narrow corridor between the Himalayan foothills on the north and the Thar Desert and Aravalli Mountains on the south. At the strategic choke point, just before reaching the fertile, well-watered Gangetic plain, sat Delhi. On this site, where life giving streams running off the most northern spur of the rocky Aravalli ridge flowed into the Jumna river, and where the war-horse and war-elephant trade intersected, a series of dynasties built fortified capitals." Fisher, Michael H. (2018). An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316276044. ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2. LCCN 2018021693. Archived from the original on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
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        "More than 63 million women 'missing' in India, statistics show". Associated Press via The Guardian. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2019. Quote: "More than 63 million women are "missing" statistically across India, and more than 21 million girls are unwanted by their families, government officials say. The skewed ratio of men to women is largely the result of sex-selective abortions, and better nutrition and medical care for boys, according to the government's annual economic survey, which was released on Monday. In addition, the survey found that "families where a son is born are more likely to stop having children than families where a girl is born".
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foreignpolicy.com (Global: 1,185^th place; English: 815^th place)

frontiersin.org (Global: 3,332^nd place; English: 9,849^th place)

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

ias.ac.in (Global: 6,516^th place; English: 4,685^th place)

iea.org (Global: 3,027^th place; English: 2,709^th place)

imf.org (Global: 225^th place; English: 601^st place)

india.gov.in (Global: 2,869^th place; English: 2,030^th place)

indiatimes.com (Global: 31^st place; English: 19^th place)

indiatoday.in (Global: 167^th place; English: 82^nd place)

itis.gov (Global: 241^st place; English: 478^th place)

iucn.org (Global: 3,361^st place; English: 2,917^th place)

iucnredlist.org (Global: 39^th place; English: 71^st place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

lawmin.nic.in (Global: low place; English: 9,520^th place)

livemint.com (Global: 749^th place; English: 388^th place)

loc.gov (Global: 63^rd place; English: 47^th place)

mha.nic.in (Global: 3,861^st place; English: 2,526^th place)

nature.com (Global: 207^th place; English: 347^th place)

nclm.nic.in (Global: 5,628^th place; English: 3,879^th place)

news18.com (Global: 361^st place; English: 180^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

oed.com (Global: 743^rd place; English: 419^th place)

oup.com (Global: 292^nd place; English: 233^rd place)

ourworldindata.org (Global: 2,491^st place; English: 1,740^th place)

parliamentofindia.nic.in (Global: low place; English: 7,076^th place)

pewresearch.org (Global: 1,516^th place; English: 983^rd place)

pib.gov.in (Global: 1,636^th place; English: 765^th place)

ramsar.org (Global: 2,094^th place; English: 2,358^th place)

reuters.com (Global: 38^th place; English: 30^th place)

routledge.com (Global: 2,583^rd place; English: 1,549^th place)

s3waas.gov.in (Global: 9,593^rd place; English: 6,320^th place)

springer.com (Global: 182^nd place; English: 172^nd place)

statista.com (Global: 1,214^th place; English: 1,277^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

thehindu.com (Global: 72^nd place; English: 37^th place)

theprint.in (Global: 1,350^th place; English: 644^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

un.org (Global: 117^th place; English: 160^th place)

undp.org (Global: 638^th place; English: 1,294^th place)

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 170^th place)

unfpa.org (Global: 4,582^nd place; English: 4,580^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

who.int (Global: 213^th place; English: 314^th place)

worldbank.org (Global: 280^th place; English: 430^th place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)