Indo-Aryan migrations (English Wikipedia)

Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Archived 9 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.3: "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."
Lubotsky, Alexander (2020). "What language was spoken by the people of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex?", in Paul W. Kroll and Jonathan A. Silk (eds.), 'At the Shores of the Sky': Asian Studies for Albert Hoffstädt, Brill, Leiden/Boston, p. 6: "The breakdown of the Indo-Iranian branch into Indian and Iranian occurred somewhere between 2000 and 1600 bce, when future Indians left their tribesmen and crossed the Hindu Kush on their way to India..."
Gopnik, Hilary, (2017). "The Median Confederacy", in Touraj Daryaee (ed.), King of the Seven Climes: A History of the Ancient Iranian World (3000 BCE - 651 CE), Ancient Iran Series, Vol. IV, UCI-Jordan Center for Persian Studies, p. 40: "...We can say for certain that the neighboring Assyrians recognized a group of people that they identified as coming from the 'land of the Medes' (māt madayya) as early as the reign of Shalmaneser III (858–824 BCE), and it is almost certain that Indo-Iranian-speaking peoples had settled in Western Iran at least some 500 years —if not 1,000 years—earlier than this..."
Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Archived 9 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.28: ".... The Fyodorovka dates in the north of the forest- steppe Tobol region are close to the dates in the Southern Transurals and lie in the interval of the 20th–16th centuries BC...Fyodorovka culture, in general, is synchronous with Alakul..."
Novák, Mirko, (2013). "Upper Mesopotamia in the Mittani Period", in Archéologie et Histoire de la Syrie I, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden, p. 349.
Singh, R.N., Cameron Petrie et al., (2013). "Recent Excavations at Alamgirpur, Meerut District: A Preliminary Report", in Man and Environment 38(1), pp. 32-54.

antiquity.ac.uk

Kuznetsov 2006. Kuznetsov, P. F. (2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity. 80 (309): 638–645. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00094096. S2CID 162580424. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.

archaeologyonline.net

Kivisild et al. (2000), An Indian Ancestry, p.271 Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine (referring to Kivisild et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry")
admin (29 April 2014). "To Revert to the Theory of 'Aryan Invasion' (Part 1)".

archive.org

Latham, as cited in Mallory 1989, p. 152 Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
Witzel 2005, p. 348. Witzel, Michael (2005), "Indocentrism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
Witzel 2005. Witzel, Michael (2005), "Indocentrism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
Witzel 2005, pp. 342–343. Witzel, Michael (2005), "Indocentrism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
Witzel 2005, p. 347. Witzel, Michael (2005), "Indocentrism", in Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (eds.), The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history, Routledge
Mallory & Mair 2000. Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000), The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-05101-6
Mallory 1989. Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
Mallory 1989, pp. 152–153. Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
Mallory 1989, pp. 177–185. Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
Mallory 1989:62 Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
Mallory (1989) Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
Mallory 1989, pp. 42–43. Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
Thapar 1996, p. 23-24. Thapar, Romila (January–March 1996), "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics" (PDF), Social Scientist, 24 (1–3): 3–29, doi:10.2307/3520116, JSTOR 3520116
Mallory & Mair (2000)^{[page needed]}
Mallory (1989)^{[page needed]}
Studien zu den Bogazkoy-Texten 41 (1995)
Thieme, as cited in Bryant (2001:136) Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000), The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-05101-6 Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7. Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
Burrow as cited in Mallory (1989). Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7.
Bryant (2001:131)
Mallory (1989)
Mallory & Mair (2000)
Burrow, as cited in Mallory (1989)
Boyce and Gnoli, as cited in Bryant (2001:132) Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4. Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7. Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000), The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-05101-6 Mallory, J.P. (1989), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7. Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
Bryant (2001:133)
Gnoli, Boyce, Skjaervo, and Witzel, as cited in Bryant (2001:133)
Humbach and Gnoli, as cited in Bryant (2001:327)
Mallory & Mair (2000) Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4. Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4. Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4. Mallory, J. P.; Mair, Victor H. (2000), The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West, London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-05101-6

archive.today

Kuznetsov 2006. Kuznetsov, P. F. (2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity. 80 (309): 638–645. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00094096. S2CID 162580424. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.

arxiv.org

Haak et al. 2015. Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.

books.google.com

See:
- Duperron, Anquetil (1808), Histoire et mémoires de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, de 1701 à 1793, imprimerie royale
- Comparing the Harappan and Gandhara cultures, Kennedy states: "Our multivariate approach does not define the biological identity of an ancient Aryan population, but it does indicate that the Indus Valley and Gandhara peoples shared a number of craniometric, odontometric and discrete traits that point to a high degree of biological affinity." Kennedy in Erdosy 1995, p. 49 Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Kennedy: "Have Aryans been identified in the prehistoric skeletal record from South Asia? Biological anthropology and concepts of ancient races", in Erdosy 1995 at p. 49. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Kennedy: "there is no evidence of demographic disruptions in the north-western sector of the Subcontinent during and immediately after the decline of the Harappan culture. If Vedic Aryans were a biological entity represented by the skeletons from Timargarha, then their biological features of cranial and dental anatomy were not distinct to a marked degree from what we encountered in the ancient Harappans." Kennedy in Erdosy 1995, p. 54 Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Beckwith 2009, p. 32. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Beckwith 2009, p. 33. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Beckwith 2009, p. 29. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Beckwith 2009. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Sharma, Ram Sharan (1999). Advent of the Aryans in India. Manohar Publishers & Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7304-263-8.
- Auroux, Sylvain (2000). History of the Language Sciences. Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. p. 1156. ISBN 3-11-016735-2.
- Patil, Narendranath B. (2003). The Variegated Plumage: Encounters with Indian Philosophy : a Commemoration Volume in Honour of Pandit Jankinath Kaul "Kamal". Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 249. ISBN 9788120819535.
- Trautmann 2006, p. 203 Trautmann, Thomas R. (2006) [1997]. Aryans and British India (2nd Indian ed.). New Delhi: YODA Press. ISBN 81-902272-1-1., originally published as Trautmann, Thomas R. (1997), Aryans and British India, Vistaar
- Trautmann 2006, p. 183. Trautmann, Thomas R. (2006) [1997]. Aryans and British India (2nd Indian ed.). New Delhi: YODA Press. ISBN 81-902272-1-1., originally published as Trautmann, Thomas R. (1997), Aryans and British India, Vistaar
- Erdosy 1995, p. 16. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Schmidt, Karl (2015). An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1317476818.
- Mallory, James (1997). "The Homelands of the Indo-Europeans". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.). Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations. London: Routledge. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9781134828777. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
- Erdosy (1995:18) Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Beckwith 2009, p. 30, 31. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Róna-Tas, András. "The Reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the Genetic Question." In: The Turkic Languages, pp. 67–80. 1998.
- Beckwith 2009, pp. 32–34. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Beckwith 2009, p. 33 note 20. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Beckwith 2009, pp. 376–377. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Erdosy 1995, p. 139. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Erdosy 1995, p. 54. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Kennedy 2000, p. 312; Mallory & Adams 1997, pp. 103, 310 Kennedy, Kenneth A. R. (2000), God-apes and Fossil Men: Paleoanthropology of South Asia, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 9780472110131 Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (1997), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Taylor & Francis
- Erdosy 1995, p. 5. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Erdosy 1995, p. 24. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Erdosy 1995, p. 23. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Erdosy 1995. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Erdosy 1995, pp. 5–6. Erdosy, George, ed. (1995), The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-014447-5
- Beckwith 2009, pp. 29–38. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Beckwith 2009, pp. 84–85. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Loewe & Shaughnessy 1999, p. 83–88. Loewe, Michael; Shaughnessy, Edward L. (1999), The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC, Cambridge University Press, pp. 87–88, ISBN 978-0-5214-7030-8, retrieved 1 November 2013
- Beckwith 2009, pp. 380–383 Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Beckwith 2009, pp. 6–7 Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1400829941, retrieved 30 December 2014
- Andronov 2003, p. 299. Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (2003), A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3-447-04455-4
- Amanat, Abbas; Vejdani, Farzin (13 February 2012), Iran Facing Others: Identity Boundaries in a Historical Perspective, Springer, p. 189, ISBN 9781137013408
- Brooke, John L. (2014), Climate Change and the Course of Global History: A Rough Journey, Cambridge University Press, p. 296, ISBN 978-0-521-87164-8
- Gupta 2007, pp. 108–109. Gupta, Tania Das (2007), Race and Racialization: Essential Readings, Canadian Scholars' Press, ISBN 9781551303352
- Thapar 2006. Thapar, Romila (2006). India: Historical Beginnings and the Concept of the Aryan. National Book Trust. ISBN 9788123747798.

britannica.com

cambridge.org

Lindner, Stephan, (2020). "Chariots in the Eurasian Steppe: a Bayesian approach to the emergence of horse-drawn transport in the early second millennium BC", in Antiquity, Vol 94, Issue 374, April 2020, p. 367: "...The 12 calibrated radiocarbon dates belonging to the Sintashta horizon range between 2050 and 1760 cal BC (at 95.4% confidence; Epimakhov & Krause 2013: 137). These dates correlate well with the seven AMS-sampled Sintashta graves in the associated KA-5cemetery, which date to 2040–1730 cal BC (95.4% confidence...)".

ceon.pl

depot.ceon.pl

Allentoft et al. 2015. Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; et al. (2015), "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia", Nature, 522 (7555): 167–172, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A, doi:10.1038/nature14507, PMID 26062507, S2CID 4399103

chinaknowledge.de

"Chinese History – Wusun 烏孫". Chinaknowledge. Retrieved 1 January 2015.

cn.edu

web.cn.edu

Wheeler, Kip. "The Sanskrit Connection: Keeping Up With the Joneses". Dr.Wheeler's Website. Retrieved 16 April 2013.

comp-archaeology.org

Baldia, Maximilian O (2006). "The Corded Ware/Single Grave Culture". Archived from the original on 31 January 2002.

csen.org

Koryakova 1998b. Koryakova, L. (1998b). "An Overview of the Andronovo Culture: Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia". The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). Retrieved 16 September 2010.
Koryakova 1998a. Koryakova, L. (1998a). "Sintashta-Arkaim Culture". The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). Retrieved 16 September 2010.

dienekes.blogspot.nl

The "original mixture event of ANI and ASI" may have been the spread of Dravidian languages to the south, followed by the (still ongoing) Sanskritization of India.^[255] Note that Asko Parpola proposes that the Harappans spoke Proto-Dravidian language,^{[web 21]} and Mikhail Andronov proposes that the Proto-Dravidian language was introduced by migrations at the beginning of the third millennium BCE.^[256] See Dieneke's blogspot, "560K SNP study reveals dual rigin of Indian populations (Reich et al. 2009)" and Razib Khan (8 August 2013), "Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, and waves of admixture (migration?)" for various proposals and discussions, and this chart for the complexities of the Indian (and European) genepool.

discovermagazine.com

blogs.discovermagazine.com

The "original mixture event of ANI and ASI" may have been the spread of Dravidian languages to the south, followed by the (still ongoing) Sanskritization of India.^[255] Note that Asko Parpola proposes that the Harappans spoke Proto-Dravidian language,^{[web 21]} and Mikhail Andronov proposes that the Proto-Dravidian language was introduced by migrations at the beginning of the third millennium BCE.^[256] See Dieneke's blogspot, "560K SNP study reveals dual rigin of Indian populations (Reich et al. 2009)" and Razib Khan (8 August 2013), "Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, and waves of admixture (migration?)" for various proposals and discussions, and this chart for the complexities of the Indian (and European) genepool.
Razib Khan (2013), "Indo-Aryans, Dravidians, and waves of admixture (migration?)", Gene expression

dnaindia.com

dnaindia.com, New research debunks Aryan invasion theory

doi.org

Hemphill: "the data provide no support for any model of massive migration and gene flow between the oases of Bactria and the Indus Valley. Rather, patterns of phonetic affinity best conform to a pattern of long-standing, but low-level bidirectional mutual exchange. Hemphill (1998). "Biological Affinities and Adaptations of Bronze Age Bactrians: III. An initial craniometric assessment". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 106 (3): 329–348. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199807)106:3<329::aid-ajpa6>3.0.co;2-h. PMID 9696149.; Hemphill (1999). "Biological Affinities and Adaptations of Bronze Age Bactrians: III. A Craniometric Investigation of Bactrian Origins". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 108 (2): 173–192. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199902)108:2<173::aid-ajpa4>3.0.co;2-3. PMID 9988380.
Reich et al. (2009) excluded the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers from their analysis in order to avoid interference. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Reich et al. (2009): "We analyze 25 diverse groups to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the "Ancestral North Indians" (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans^{[contradictory]}, while the other, the "Ancestral South Indians" (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other." Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Moorjani et al. (2013): "Most Indian groups descend from a mixture of two genetically divergent populations: Ancestral North Indians (ANI) related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI) not closely related to groups outside the subcontinent." Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Moorjani et al. (2013): "We report genome-wide data from 73 groups from the Indian subcontinent and analyze linkage disequilibrium to estimate ANI-ASI mixture dates ranging from about 1,900 to 4,200 years ago. In a subset of groups, 100% of the mixture is consistent with having occurred during this period. These results show that India experienced a demographic transformation several thousand years ago, from a region in which major population mixture was common to one in which mixture even between closely related groups became rare because of a shift to endogamy." Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Anthony & Ringe 2015. Anthony, David; Ringe, Don (2015), "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives", Annual Review of Linguistics, 1: 199–219, doi:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812
Basu et al. 2003, p. 2287. Basu (2003), "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure", Genome Research, 13 (10): 2277–2290, doi:10.1101/gr.1413403, PMC 403703, PMID 14525929
Metspalu et al. 2011. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Reich et al. 2009. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Moorjani et al. 2013. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Kivisild et al. 1999. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 2003. Kivisild, T.; et al. (February 2003), "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations", American Journal of Human Genetics, 72 (2): 313–332, doi:10.1086/346068, PMC 379225, PMID 12536373
Sharma et al. 2005. Sharma, S.; Saha, A.; Rai, E.; Bhat, A.; Bamezai, R. (2005), "Human mtDNA hypervariable regions, HVR I and II, hint at deep common maternal founder and subsequent maternal gene flow in Indian population groups", Journal of Human Genetics, 50 (10): 497–506, doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0284-2, PMID 16205836.
Sahoo et al. 2006. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1594. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1598. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Moorjani et al. 2013, pp. 422–423. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Itan, Yuval; Jones, Bryony L.; Ingram, Catherine JE; Swallow, Dallas M.; Thomas, Mark G. (9 February 2010). "A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-36. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2834688. PMID 20144208.
Gallego Romero 2011, p. 9. Gallego Romero, Irene; et al. (2011), "Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 29 (1): 249–60, doi:10.1093/molbev/msr190, PMID 21836184
Lazaridis et al. 2016. Lazaridis, Iosif (2016), "The genetic structure of the world's first farmers", bioRxiv 10.1101/059311
Jones 2016. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Basu et al. 2016. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Tandon, R. K.; Joshi, Y. K.; Singh, D. S.; Narendranathan, M.; Balakrishnan, V.; Lal, K. (1 May 1981). "Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 34 (5): 943–946. doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.5.943. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 7234720.
Witzel, Michael (11 October 2016). "Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 1 (4): 1–26 Seiten. doi:10.11588/EJVS.1995.4.823.
Demkina 2017. Demkina, T.S. (2017), "Paleoecological crisis in the steppes of the Lower Volga region in the Middle of the Bronze Age (III–II centuries BC)", Eurasian Soil Science, 50 (7): 791–804, Bibcode:2017EurSS..50..791D, doi:10.1134/S1064229317070018, S2CID 133638705
Risley, Herbert Hope (1891). "The Study of Ethnology in India". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 20. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 253. doi:10.2307/2842267. JSTOR 2842267.
Mallory 2012, p. 152. Mallory, J.P. (2012), "Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands" (PDF), Journal of Language Relationship, 9: 145–154, doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-090113, S2CID 212689004
Mallory 2012, pp. 149–152. Mallory, J.P. (2012), "Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands" (PDF), Journal of Language Relationship, 9: 145–154, doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-090113, S2CID 212689004
Haak et al. 2015. Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Allentoft et al. 2015. Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; et al. (2015), "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia", Nature, 522 (7555): 167–172, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A, doi:10.1038/nature14507, PMID 26062507, S2CID 4399103
Kuznetsov 2006. Kuznetsov, P. F. (2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity. 80 (309): 638–645. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00094096. S2CID 162580424. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.
Hanks & Linduff 2009. Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (2009). "Late Prehistoric Mining, Metallurgy, and Social Organization in North Central Eurasia". In Hanks, B.; Linduff, K. (eds.). Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals, and Mobility. Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–167. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511605376.005. ISBN 978-0-511-60537-6.
Diakonoff, Kuz'mina & Ivantchik 1995:473 Diakonoff, Igor M.; Kuz'mina, E. E.; Ivantchik, Askold I. (1995), "Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 473–477, doi:10.2307/606224, JSTOR 606224.
Narasimhan et al. 2018. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Anthony, David; Mallory, James; Reich, David (2018), The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia, bioRxiv 10.1101/292581, doi:10.1101/292581, hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0
Parpola 2020, p. 186. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 176, 191. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 191. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 191-192. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 192. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 194. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Burrow 1973. Burrow, T. (1973), "The Proto-Indoaryans", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 105 (2): 123–140, doi:10.1017/S0035869X00130837, JSTOR 25203451, S2CID 162454265
Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos. 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.
Holloway 2002. Holloway, Ralph L. (November 2002), "Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99 (23): 14622–14623, Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914622H, doi:10.1073/pnas.242622399, PMC 137467, PMID 12419854.
Thapar 1996, p. 23-24. Thapar, Romila (January–March 1996), "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics" (PDF), Social Scientist, 24 (1–3): 3–29, doi:10.2307/3520116, JSTOR 3520116
Renfrew 1992, pp. 453–454. Renfrew, Colin (1992), "Archaeology, genetics and linguistic diversity", Man, 27 (3): 445–478, doi:10.2307/2803924, JSTOR 2803924
Renfrew 1992, p. 454. Renfrew, Colin (1992), "Archaeology, genetics and linguistic diversity", Man, 27 (3): 445–478, doi:10.2307/2803924, JSTOR 2803924
Segurel, Laure; Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Lafosse, Sophie; Laurent, Romain; Bon, Céline; Fabre, Alexandre; Hegay, Tatyana; Heyer, Evelyne (8 June 2020). "Why and when was lactase persistence selected for? Insights from Central Asian herders and ancient DNA". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): e3000742. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000742. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 7302802. PMID 32511234.
Romero, Irene G (2012). "Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share Their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence". Molecular Biology and Evolution. pp. 249–260. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr190. PMID 21836184. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 496. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 497. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, pp. 497–498. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 493. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
Mahal, David G. (2021). "Y-DNA genetic evidence reveals several different ancient origins in the Brahmin population". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 296 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01725-2. ISSN 1617-4615. PMID 32978661. S2CID 253981863.
Basu et al. 2003. Basu (2003), "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure", Genome Research, 13 (10): 2277–2290, doi:10.1101/gr.1413403, PMC 403703, PMID 14525929
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 741. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 731. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Moorjani et al. 2013, p. 429. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Metspalu et al. 2011, pp. 734–735. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 739. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 740. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1331. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1332. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 1999, pp. 1332–1333. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Moorjani et al. 2013, p. 430. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Narasimhan et al. 2019. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 11. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Shinde et al. 2019, p. 6. Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; et al. (2019), "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", Cell, 179 (3): 729–735.e10, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048, PMC 6800651, PMID 31495572
Shinde et al. 2019, p. 4. Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; et al. (2019), "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", Cell, 179 (3): 729–735.e10, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048, PMC 6800651, PMID 31495572
Margaryan, Ashot; Derenko, Miroslava; Hovhannisyan, Hrant; Malyarchuk, Boris; Heller, Rasmus; Khachatryan, Zaruhi; Avetisyan, Pavel; Badalyan, Ruben; Bobokhyan, Arsen; Melikyan, Varduhi; Sargsyan, Gagik; Piliposyan, Ashot; Simonyan, Hakob; Mkrtchyan, Ruzan; Denisova, Galina; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Willerslev, Eske; Allentoft, Morten E. (July 2017). "Eight Millennia of Matrilineal Genetic Continuity in the South Caucasus". Current Biology. 27 (13): 2023–2028.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.087. PMID 28669760.
Fu et al. 2016. Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Petr, Martin; et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.
Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 5. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Mascarenhas et al. 2015, p. 9. Mascarenhas, Desmond D.; Raina, Anupuma; Aston, Christopher E.; Sanghera, Dharambir K. (2015), "Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage", BioMed Research International, 2015: 1–16, doi:10.1155/2015/651415, PMC 4605215, PMID 26491681
Narasimhan et al. 2018, p. 15. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Anthony, David; Mallory, James; Reich, David (2018), The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia, bioRxiv 10.1101/292581, doi:10.1101/292581, hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1333. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Underhill, PA; Myres, NM; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, RJ; Lin, AA; Chow, CE; Semino, O; Battaglia, V; Kutuev, I; Järve, M; Chaubey, G; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; Mehdi, SQ; Sengupta, S; Rogaev, EI; Khusnutdinova, EK; Pshenichnov, A; Balanovsky, O; Balanovska, E; Jeran, N; Augustin, DH; Baldovic, M; Herrera, RJ; Thangaraj, K; Singh, V; Singh, L; Majumder, P; Rudan, P; Primorac, D; Villems, R; Kivisild, T (2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
Underhill 2015. Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
Sahoo et al. 2006, p. 843. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Cordeaux et al. 2004, p. 1125. Cordeaux, Richard; Deepa, Edwin; Vishwanathan, H.; Stoneking, Mark (2004), "Genetic Evidence for the Demic Diffusion of Agriculture to India", Science, 304 (5674): 1125, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.486.6510, doi:10.1126/science.1095819, PMID 15155941, S2CID 32528388
Sahoo et al. 2006, pp. 845–846. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Sengupta 2006. Sengupta, S.; et al. (2006), "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists", American Journal of Human Genetics, 78 (2): 201–221, doi:10.1086/499411, PMC 1380230, PMID 16400607, retrieved 3 December 2007.
Sharma et al. 2009. Sharma, Swarkar; et al. (2009), "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1 substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system" (PDF), Journal of Human Genetics, 54 (1): 47–55, doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2, PMID 19158816, S2CID 22162114
Underhill 2015, p. 124. Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
Palanichamy 2015, p. 638. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Palanichamy 2015, p. 645. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Palanichamy 2015. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Poznik 2016, p. 7. Poznik (2016), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", Nature Genetics, 48 (6): 593–599, doi:10.1038/ng.3559, PMC 4884158, PMID 27111036
Moorjani et al. 2013, pp. 429–430. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Jones 2016, p. 1. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Jones 2016, p. 5. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1597. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Silva et al. 2017. Silva, Marina; et al. (2017), "A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17 (1): 88, doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9, PMC 5364613, PMID 28335724
Wells 2001. Wells, R.S. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98 (18): 10244–10249, Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W, doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098, PMC 56946, PMID 11526236
Pamjav 2012. Pamjav (December 2012), "Brief communication: New Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149 (4): 611–615, doi:10.1002/ajpa.22167, PMID 23115110
Underhill, Peter A (2014). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. PMC 4266736. PMID 24667786.
Giosan, L.; et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (26): E1688–E1694. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375.
Clift, P. D.; et al. (2012). "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River". Geology. 40 (3): 211–214. Bibcode:2012Geo....40..211C. doi:10.1130/G32840.1.
Madella, Marco; Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration". Quaternary Science Reviews. 25 (11–12): 1283–1301. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.1283M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012.
MacDonald, Glen (2011). "Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline". Quaternary International. 229 (1–2): 140–148. Bibcode:2011QuInt.229..140M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012.
Saraswathy, Kallur N. (2010). "Brief communication: Allelic and haplotypic structure at the DRD2 locus among five North Indian caste populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 141 (4): 651–657. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21246. PMID 20091846.
Zerjal; et al. (September 2002). "A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia". Am J Hum Genet. 71 (3): 466–482. doi:10.1086/342096. PMC 419996. PMID 12145751.

edge.org

Edge (2016), The Genomic Ancient DNA Revolution. A New Way to Investigate the Past. A Conversation With David Reich [2.1.16]

eshiusa.org

Vishal Agarwal (2005), On Perceiving Aryan Migrations in Vedic Ritual Texts. Purātattva, issue 36, p.155-165 Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine

eurogenes.blogspot.com

See also: ""Heavily sex-biased" population dispersals into the Indian Subcontinent (Silva et al. 2017)". Eurogenes Blog. 28 March 2017.

eurogenes.blogspot.nl

See also Eurogenes Blogspot, The crisis.
See also eurogenes.blogspot, The genetic structure of the world's first farmers (Lazaridis et al. preprint) .
See also Eurogenes Blog, "Heavily sex-biased" population dispersals into the Indian Subcontinent.
See also Eurogenes Blogspot, The crisis.

friendsofsouthasia.org

FOSA, Recent findings in Archeogenetics and the Aryan Migration Theory

gisdevelopment.net

The Saraswati:- Where lies the mystery

gnxp.com

Narasimhan et al.: "[One possibility is that] Iranian farmer–related ancestry in this group was characteristic of the Indus Valley hunter-gatherers in the same way as it was characteristic of northern Caucasus and Iranian plateau hunter-gatherers. The presence of such ancestry in hunter-gatherers from Belt and Hotu Caves in northeastern Iran increases the plausibility that this ancestry could have existed in hunter-gatherers farther east."^[231]
Shinde et al. (2019) note that these Iranian people "had little if any genetic contribution from [...] western Iranian farmers or herders";^[232] they split from each other more than 12,000 years ago.^[233]
See also Razib Kkan, The Day of the Dasa: "...it may, in fact, be the case that ANI-like quasi-Iranians occupied northwest South Asia for a long time, and AHG populations hugged the southern and eastern fringes, during the height of the Pleistocene."

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Narasimhan et al. 2018. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Anthony, David; Mallory, James; Reich, David (2018), The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia, bioRxiv 10.1101/292581, doi:10.1101/292581, hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0
Fu et al. 2016. Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Petr, Martin; et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.
Narasimhan et al. 2018, p. 15. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Anthony, David; Mallory, James; Reich, David (2018), The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia, bioRxiv 10.1101/292581, doi:10.1101/292581, hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Reich et al. (2009) excluded the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers from their analysis in order to avoid interference. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Reich et al. (2009): "We analyze 25 diverse groups to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the "Ancestral North Indians" (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans^{[contradictory]}, while the other, the "Ancestral South Indians" (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other." Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Reich et al. 2009. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Sahoo et al. 2006. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1594. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1598. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Jones 2016. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Basu et al. 2016. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Demkina 2017. Demkina, T.S. (2017), "Paleoecological crisis in the steppes of the Lower Volga region in the Middle of the Bronze Age (III–II centuries BC)", Eurasian Soil Science, 50 (7): 791–804, Bibcode:2017EurSS..50..791D, doi:10.1134/S1064229317070018, S2CID 133638705
Haak et al. 2015. Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Allentoft et al. 2015. Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; et al. (2015), "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia", Nature, 522 (7555): 167–172, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A, doi:10.1038/nature14507, PMID 26062507, S2CID 4399103
Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos. 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.
Holloway 2002. Holloway, Ralph L. (November 2002), "Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99 (23): 14622–14623, Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914622H, doi:10.1073/pnas.242622399, PMC 137467, PMID 12419854.
Fu et al. 2016. Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Petr, Martin; et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.
Sahoo et al. 2006, p. 843. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Sahoo et al. 2006, pp. 845–846. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Jones 2016, p. 1. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Jones 2016, p. 5. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1597. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Wells 2001. Wells, R.S. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98 (18): 10244–10249, Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W, doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098, PMC 56946, PMID 11526236
Giosan, L.; et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (26): E1688–E1694. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375.
Clift, P. D.; et al. (2012). "U-Pb zircon dating evidence for a Pleistocene Sarasvati River and capture of the Yamuna River". Geology. 40 (3): 211–214. Bibcode:2012Geo....40..211C. doi:10.1130/G32840.1.
Madella, Marco; Fuller, Dorian (2006). "Palaeoecology and the Harappan Civilisation of South Asia: a reconsideration". Quaternary Science Reviews. 25 (11–12): 1283–1301. Bibcode:2006QSRv...25.1283M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.10.012.
MacDonald, Glen (2011). "Potential influence of the Pacific Ocean on the Indian summer monsoon and Harappan decline". Quaternary International. 229 (1–2): 140–148. Bibcode:2011QuInt.229..140M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2009.11.012.

people.fas.harvard.edu

Witzel 2001, p. 27. Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115
Witzel 2001, p. 21. Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115
Witzel 2001, p. 22. Witzel, Michael (2001), "Autochthonous Aryans? The Evidence from Old Indian and Iranian Texts" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 7 (3): 1–115
Witzel 2003 Witzel, Michael (December 2003), "Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia" (PDF), Sino-Platonic Papers, 129: 1–70

scholar.harvard.edu

Narasimhan et al. 2019. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 11. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 5. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661

genepath.med.harvard.edu

Chakravarti, Aravinda (24 September 2009). "Tracing India's invisible lthreads" (PDF). Nature (News & Views). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.

genetics.med.harvard.edu

Srinath Perur (December 2013), The origins of Indians. What our genes are telling us., Fountain Ink Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine

ias.ac.in

Tripathi, Jayant K.; Tripathi, K.; Bock, Barbara; Rajamani, V.; Eisenhauer, A. (25 October 2004). "Is River Ghaggar, Saraswati? Geochemical Constraints" (PDF). Current Science. 87 (8).

ibtl.in

ITBL, Aryan Invasion Theory used for Divide and Convert: Exposed by fresh Genetic research

indianexpress.com

Rajesh Kochhar (2017), "The Aryan chromosome", The Indian Express

inference-review.com

Wendy Doniger (2017), "Another Great Story"", review of Asko Parpola's The Roots of Hinduism; in: Inference, International Review of Science, Volume 3, Issue 2

intoday.in

indiatoday.intoday.in

Metspalu et al (2011): "However, any nonmarginal migration from Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent should have also introduced readily apparent signals of East Asian ancestry into India (see Figure 2B). Because this ancestry component is absent from the region, we have to conclude that if such a dispersal event nevertheless took place, it occurred before the East Asian ancestry component reached Central Asia. The demographic history of Central Asia is, however, complex, and although it has been shown that demic diffusion coupled with influx of Turkic speakers during historical times has shaped the genetic makeup of Uzbeks75 [...] it is not clear what was the extent of East Asian ancestry in Central Asian populations prior to these events.^[224] See also Dinesh C. Sharma (2011), "Indians are not descendants of Aryans, says new study", India Today
"Indians are not descendants of Aryans, says new study".
India Today, Indians are not descendants of Aryans, says new study

jes.su

ras.jes.su

Tkachev, Vitaly V. (2020). "Radiocarbon Chronology of the Sintashta Culture Sites in the Steppe Cis-Urals". Russian Archaeology. 2: 31–44. The author presents the results of radiocarbon dating of burials from the Sintashta cemetery near Mount Berezovaya (Bulanovo) and Tanabergen II in the steppe Cis-Urals. The series consists of 10 calibrated radiocarbon dates, three of which were obtained using AMS accelerated technology. As a result of the implementation of statistical procedures, a chronological interval for the functioning of necropolises was established within the c. 2200–1770 BCE

jolr.ru

Mallory 2012, p. 152. Mallory, J.P. (2012), "Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands" (PDF), Journal of Language Relationship, 9: 145–154, doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-090113, S2CID 212689004
Mallory 2012, pp. 149–152. Mallory, J.P. (2012), "Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands" (PDF), Journal of Language Relationship, 9: 145–154, doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-090113, S2CID 212689004

journal.fi

Parpola, Asko, (2020). "Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages", in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, p.188: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture(c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."
Parpola, Asko, (2020). "Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages", in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, p.188: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..."
Parpola 2020, p. 186. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 176, 191. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 191. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 191-192. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 192. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.
Parpola 2020, p. 194. Parpola, Asko (2020). "Royal "Chariot" Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages". Studia Orientalia Electronica. 8: 176. doi:10.23993/store.98032.

jstor.org

Risley, Herbert Hope (1891). "The Study of Ethnology in India". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 20. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 253. doi:10.2307/2842267. JSTOR 2842267.
Diakonoff, Kuz'mina & Ivantchik 1995:473 Diakonoff, Igor M.; Kuz'mina, E. E.; Ivantchik, Askold I. (1995), "Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 473–477, doi:10.2307/606224, JSTOR 606224.
Burrow 1973. Burrow, T. (1973), "The Proto-Indoaryans", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 105 (2): 123–140, doi:10.1017/S0035869X00130837, JSTOR 25203451, S2CID 162454265
Thapar 1996, p. 23-24. Thapar, Romila (January–March 1996), "The Theory of Aryan Race and India: History and Politics" (PDF), Social Scientist, 24 (1–3): 3–29, doi:10.2307/3520116, JSTOR 3520116
Renfrew 1992, pp. 453–454. Renfrew, Colin (1992), "Archaeology, genetics and linguistic diversity", Man, 27 (3): 445–478, doi:10.2307/2803924, JSTOR 2803924
Renfrew 1992, p. 454. Renfrew, Colin (1992), "Archaeology, genetics and linguistic diversity", Man, 27 (3): 445–478, doi:10.2307/2803924, JSTOR 2803924

laurasianacademy.com

ejvs.laurasianacademy.com

Witzel 1995. Witzel, Michael (1995), "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 1 (4): 1–26, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007
Witzel (1999)^{[page needed]} Witzel, Michael (1999), "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012

livescience.com

Choi, Charles (29 May 2012). "Huge Ancient Civilization's Collapse Explained". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 May 2016.

mpg.de

Mac-Planck Gesellschaft, A massive migration from the steppe brought Indo-European languages to Europe

nature.com

Sharma et al. 2009. Sharma, Swarkar; et al. (2009), "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1 substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system" (PDF), Journal of Human Genetics, 54 (1): 47–55, doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2, PMID 19158816, S2CID 22162114
Ewen Callaway (12 February 2015), European languages linked to migration from the east. Large ancient-DNA study uncovers population that moved westwards 4,500 years ago., Nature
Elie Dolgin (2009), Indian ancestry revealed. The mixing of two distinct lineages led to most modern-day Indians, Nature News

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hemphill: "the data provide no support for any model of massive migration and gene flow between the oases of Bactria and the Indus Valley. Rather, patterns of phonetic affinity best conform to a pattern of long-standing, but low-level bidirectional mutual exchange. Hemphill (1998). "Biological Affinities and Adaptations of Bronze Age Bactrians: III. An initial craniometric assessment". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 106 (3): 329–348. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199807)106:3<329::aid-ajpa6>3.0.co;2-h. PMID 9696149.; Hemphill (1999). "Biological Affinities and Adaptations of Bronze Age Bactrians: III. A Craniometric Investigation of Bactrian Origins". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 108 (2): 173–192. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199902)108:2<173::aid-ajpa4>3.0.co;2-3. PMID 9988380.
Reich et al. (2009) excluded the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers from their analysis in order to avoid interference. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Reich et al. (2009): "We analyze 25 diverse groups to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the "Ancestral North Indians" (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans^{[contradictory]}, while the other, the "Ancestral South Indians" (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other." Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Moorjani et al. (2013): "Most Indian groups descend from a mixture of two genetically divergent populations: Ancestral North Indians (ANI) related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI) not closely related to groups outside the subcontinent." Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Moorjani et al. (2013): "We report genome-wide data from 73 groups from the Indian subcontinent and analyze linkage disequilibrium to estimate ANI-ASI mixture dates ranging from about 1,900 to 4,200 years ago. In a subset of groups, 100% of the mixture is consistent with having occurred during this period. These results show that India experienced a demographic transformation several thousand years ago, from a region in which major population mixture was common to one in which mixture even between closely related groups became rare because of a shift to endogamy." Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Basu et al. 2003, p. 2287. Basu (2003), "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure", Genome Research, 13 (10): 2277–2290, doi:10.1101/gr.1413403, PMC 403703, PMID 14525929
Metspalu et al. 2011. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Reich et al. 2009. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Moorjani et al. 2013. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Kivisild et al. 1999. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 2003. Kivisild, T.; et al. (February 2003), "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations", American Journal of Human Genetics, 72 (2): 313–332, doi:10.1086/346068, PMC 379225, PMID 12536373
Sharma et al. 2005. Sharma, S.; Saha, A.; Rai, E.; Bhat, A.; Bamezai, R. (2005), "Human mtDNA hypervariable regions, HVR I and II, hint at deep common maternal founder and subsequent maternal gene flow in Indian population groups", Journal of Human Genetics, 50 (10): 497–506, doi:10.1007/s10038-005-0284-2, PMID 16205836.
Sahoo et al. 2006. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1594. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1598. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Moorjani et al. 2013, pp. 422–423. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Itan, Yuval; Jones, Bryony L.; Ingram, Catherine JE; Swallow, Dallas M.; Thomas, Mark G. (9 February 2010). "A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-36. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2834688. PMID 20144208.
Gallego Romero 2011, p. 9. Gallego Romero, Irene; et al. (2011), "Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence", Molecular Biology and Evolution, 29 (1): 249–60, doi:10.1093/molbev/msr190, PMID 21836184
Jones 2016. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Basu et al. 2016. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Tandon, R. K.; Joshi, Y. K.; Singh, D. S.; Narendranathan, M.; Balakrishnan, V.; Lal, K. (1 May 1981). "Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 34 (5): 943–946. doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.5.943. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 7234720.
Haak et al. 2015. Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Allentoft et al. 2015. Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; et al. (2015), "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia", Nature, 522 (7555): 167–172, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A, doi:10.1038/nature14507, PMID 26062507, S2CID 4399103
Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos. 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.
Holloway 2002. Holloway, Ralph L. (November 2002), "Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99 (23): 14622–14623, Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914622H, doi:10.1073/pnas.242622399, PMC 137467, PMID 12419854.
Segurel, Laure; Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Lafosse, Sophie; Laurent, Romain; Bon, Céline; Fabre, Alexandre; Hegay, Tatyana; Heyer, Evelyne (8 June 2020). "Why and when was lactase persistence selected for? Insights from Central Asian herders and ancient DNA". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): e3000742. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000742. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 7302802. PMID 32511234.
Romero, Irene G (2012). "Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share Their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence". Molecular Biology and Evolution. pp. 249–260. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr190. PMID 21836184. Retrieved 13 September 2022.
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 496. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 497. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, pp. 497–498. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 493. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
Mahal, David G. (2021). "Y-DNA genetic evidence reveals several different ancient origins in the Brahmin population". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 296 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01725-2. ISSN 1617-4615. PMID 32978661. S2CID 253981863.
Basu et al. 2003. Basu (2003), "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure", Genome Research, 13 (10): 2277–2290, doi:10.1101/gr.1413403, PMC 403703, PMID 14525929
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 741. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 731. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Moorjani et al. 2013, p. 429. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Metspalu et al. 2011, pp. 734–735. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 739. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 740. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1331. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1332. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 1999, pp. 1332–1333. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Moorjani et al. 2013, p. 430. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Narasimhan et al. 2019. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 11. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Shinde et al. 2019, p. 6. Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; et al. (2019), "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", Cell, 179 (3): 729–735.e10, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048, PMC 6800651, PMID 31495572
Shinde et al. 2019, p. 4. Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; et al. (2019), "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", Cell, 179 (3): 729–735.e10, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048, PMC 6800651, PMID 31495572
Margaryan, Ashot; Derenko, Miroslava; Hovhannisyan, Hrant; Malyarchuk, Boris; Heller, Rasmus; Khachatryan, Zaruhi; Avetisyan, Pavel; Badalyan, Ruben; Bobokhyan, Arsen; Melikyan, Varduhi; Sargsyan, Gagik; Piliposyan, Ashot; Simonyan, Hakob; Mkrtchyan, Ruzan; Denisova, Galina; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Willerslev, Eske; Allentoft, Morten E. (July 2017). "Eight Millennia of Matrilineal Genetic Continuity in the South Caucasus". Current Biology. 27 (13): 2023–2028.e7. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.087. PMID 28669760.
Fu et al. 2016. Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Petr, Martin; et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.
Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 5. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Mascarenhas et al. 2015, p. 9. Mascarenhas, Desmond D.; Raina, Anupuma; Aston, Christopher E.; Sanghera, Dharambir K. (2015), "Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage", BioMed Research International, 2015: 1–16, doi:10.1155/2015/651415, PMC 4605215, PMID 26491681
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1333. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Underhill, PA; Myres, NM; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, RJ; Lin, AA; Chow, CE; Semino, O; Battaglia, V; Kutuev, I; Järve, M; Chaubey, G; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; Mehdi, SQ; Sengupta, S; Rogaev, EI; Khusnutdinova, EK; Pshenichnov, A; Balanovsky, O; Balanovska, E; Jeran, N; Augustin, DH; Baldovic, M; Herrera, RJ; Thangaraj, K; Singh, V; Singh, L; Majumder, P; Rudan, P; Primorac, D; Villems, R; Kivisild, T (2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
Underhill 2015. Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
Sahoo et al. 2006, p. 843. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Cordeaux et al. 2004, p. 1125. Cordeaux, Richard; Deepa, Edwin; Vishwanathan, H.; Stoneking, Mark (2004), "Genetic Evidence for the Demic Diffusion of Agriculture to India", Science, 304 (5674): 1125, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.486.6510, doi:10.1126/science.1095819, PMID 15155941, S2CID 32528388
Sahoo et al. 2006, pp. 845–846. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Sengupta 2006. Sengupta, S.; et al. (2006), "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists", American Journal of Human Genetics, 78 (2): 201–221, doi:10.1086/499411, PMC 1380230, PMID 16400607, retrieved 3 December 2007.
Sharma et al. 2009. Sharma, Swarkar; et al. (2009), "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1 substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system" (PDF), Journal of Human Genetics, 54 (1): 47–55, doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2, PMID 19158816, S2CID 22162114
Underhill 2015, p. 124. Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
Palanichamy 2015, p. 638. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Palanichamy 2015, p. 645. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Palanichamy 2015. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Poznik 2016, p. 7. Poznik (2016), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", Nature Genetics, 48 (6): 593–599, doi:10.1038/ng.3559, PMC 4884158, PMID 27111036
Moorjani et al. 2013, pp. 429–430. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Jones 2016, p. 1. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Jones 2016, p. 5. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1597. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Silva et al. 2017. Silva, Marina; et al. (2017), "A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17 (1): 88, doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9, PMC 5364613, PMID 28335724
Wells 2001. Wells, R.S. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98 (18): 10244–10249, Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W, doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098, PMC 56946, PMID 11526236
Pamjav 2012. Pamjav (December 2012), "Brief communication: New Y-chromosome binary markers improve phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup R1a1", American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 149 (4): 611–615, doi:10.1002/ajpa.22167, PMID 23115110
Underhill, Peter A (2014). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. PMC 4266736. PMID 24667786.
Giosan, L.; et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (26): E1688–E1694. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375.
Saraswathy, Kallur N. (2010). "Brief communication: Allelic and haplotypic structure at the DRD2 locus among five North Indian caste populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 141 (4): 651–657. doi:10.1002/ajpa.21246. PMID 20091846.
Zerjal; et al. (September 2002). "A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia". Am J Hum Genet. 71 (3): 466–482. doi:10.1086/342096. PMC 419996. PMID 12145751.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Reich et al. (2009) excluded the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers from their analysis in order to avoid interference. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Reich et al. (2009): "We analyze 25 diverse groups to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the "Ancestral North Indians" (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans^{[contradictory]}, while the other, the "Ancestral South Indians" (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other." Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Moorjani et al. (2013): "Most Indian groups descend from a mixture of two genetically divergent populations: Ancestral North Indians (ANI) related to Central Asians, Middle Easterners, Caucasians, and Europeans; and Ancestral South Indians (ASI) not closely related to groups outside the subcontinent." Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Moorjani et al. (2013): "We report genome-wide data from 73 groups from the Indian subcontinent and analyze linkage disequilibrium to estimate ANI-ASI mixture dates ranging from about 1,900 to 4,200 years ago. In a subset of groups, 100% of the mixture is consistent with having occurred during this period. These results show that India experienced a demographic transformation several thousand years ago, from a region in which major population mixture was common to one in which mixture even between closely related groups became rare because of a shift to endogamy." Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Basu et al. 2003, p. 2287. Basu (2003), "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure", Genome Research, 13 (10): 2277–2290, doi:10.1101/gr.1413403, PMC 403703, PMID 14525929
Metspalu et al. 2011. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Reich et al. 2009. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Moorjani et al. 2013. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Kivisild et al. 2003. Kivisild, T.; et al. (February 2003), "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations", American Journal of Human Genetics, 72 (2): 313–332, doi:10.1086/346068, PMC 379225, PMID 12536373
Sahoo et al. 2006. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1594. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1598. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Moorjani et al. 2013, pp. 422–423. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Itan, Yuval; Jones, Bryony L.; Ingram, Catherine JE; Swallow, Dallas M.; Thomas, Mark G. (9 February 2010). "A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-36. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2834688. PMID 20144208.
Jones 2016. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Basu et al. 2016. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Haak et al. 2015. Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Holloway 2002. Holloway, Ralph L. (November 2002), "Head to head with Boas: Did he err on the plasticity of head form?", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99 (23): 14622–14623, Bibcode:2002PNAS...9914622H, doi:10.1073/pnas.242622399, PMC 137467, PMID 12419854.
Segurel, Laure; Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Lafosse, Sophie; Laurent, Romain; Bon, Céline; Fabre, Alexandre; Hegay, Tatyana; Heyer, Evelyne (8 June 2020). "Why and when was lactase persistence selected for? Insights from Central Asian herders and ancient DNA". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): e3000742. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000742. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 7302802. PMID 32511234.
Basu et al. 2003. Basu (2003), "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure", Genome Research, 13 (10): 2277–2290, doi:10.1101/gr.1413403, PMC 403703, PMID 14525929
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 741. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 731. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Moorjani et al. 2013, p. 429. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Metspalu et al. 2011, pp. 734–735. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 739. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 740. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Moorjani et al. 2013, p. 430. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Narasimhan et al. 2019. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 11. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Shinde et al. 2019, p. 6. Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; et al. (2019), "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", Cell, 179 (3): 729–735.e10, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048, PMC 6800651, PMID 31495572
Shinde et al. 2019, p. 4. Shinde, Vasant; Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; et al. (2019), "An Ancient Harappan Genome Lacks Ancestry from Steppe Pastoralists or Iranian Farmers", Cell, 179 (3): 729–735.e10, doi:10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.048, PMC 6800651, PMID 31495572
Fu et al. 2016. Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; Petr, Martin; et al. (2016). "The genetic history of Ice Age Europe". Nature. 534 (7606): 200–205. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..200F. doi:10.1038/nature17993. hdl:10211.3/198594. PMC 4943878. PMID 27135931.
Narasimhan et al. 2019, p. 5. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, N.J.; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; et al. (2019), "The Formation of Human Populations in South and Central Asia", Science, 365 (6457): eaat7487, doi:10.1126/science.aat7487, PMC 6822619, PMID 31488661
Mascarenhas et al. 2015, p. 9. Mascarenhas, Desmond D.; Raina, Anupuma; Aston, Christopher E.; Sanghera, Dharambir K. (2015), "Genetic and Cultural Reconstruction of the Migration of an Ancient Lineage", BioMed Research International, 2015: 1–16, doi:10.1155/2015/651415, PMC 4605215, PMID 26491681
Underhill, PA; Myres, NM; Rootsi, S; Metspalu, M; Zhivotovsky, LA; King, RJ; Lin, AA; Chow, CE; Semino, O; Battaglia, V; Kutuev, I; Järve, M; Chaubey, G; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; Mehdi, SQ; Sengupta, S; Rogaev, EI; Khusnutdinova, EK; Pshenichnov, A; Balanovsky, O; Balanovska, E; Jeran, N; Augustin, DH; Baldovic, M; Herrera, RJ; Thangaraj, K; Singh, V; Singh, L; Majumder, P; Rudan, P; Primorac, D; Villems, R; Kivisild, T (2010). "Separating the post-Glacial coancestry of European and Asian Y chromosomes within haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (4): 479–84. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2009.194. PMC 2987245. PMID 19888303.
Underhill 2015. Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
Sahoo et al. 2006, p. 843. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Sahoo et al. 2006, pp. 845–846. Sahoo, Sanghamitra; et al. (January 2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103 (4): 843–848, Bibcode:2006PNAS..103..843S, doi:10.1073/pnas.0507714103, PMC 1347984, PMID 16415161.
Sengupta 2006. Sengupta, S.; et al. (2006), "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists", American Journal of Human Genetics, 78 (2): 201–221, doi:10.1086/499411, PMC 1380230, PMID 16400607, retrieved 3 December 2007.
Underhill 2015, p. 124. Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a", European Journal of Human Genetics, 23 (1): 124–131, doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50, PMC 4266736, PMID 24667786
Poznik 2016, p. 7. Poznik (2016), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", Nature Genetics, 48 (6): 593–599, doi:10.1038/ng.3559, PMC 4884158, PMID 27111036
Moorjani et al. 2013, pp. 429–430. Moorjani, P.; Thangaraj, K.; Patterson, N.; Lipson, M.; Loh, P. R.; Govindaraj, P.; Singh, L. (2013), "Genetic evidence for recent population mixture in India", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 93 (3): 422–438, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.07.006, PMC 3769933, PMID 23932107
Jones 2016, p. 1. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Jones 2016, p. 5. Jones, Eppie R. (2016), "Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians", Nature Communications, 6: 8912, Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8912J, doi:10.1038/ncomms9912, PMC 4660371, PMID 26567969
Basu et al. 2016, p. 1597. Basu, Analabha; Sarkar-Roya, Neeta; Majumder, Partha P. (9 February 2016), "Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113 (6): 1594–1599, Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.1594B, doi:10.1073/pnas.1513197113, PMC 4760789, PMID 26811443
Silva et al. 2017. Silva, Marina; et al. (2017), "A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals", BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17 (1): 88, doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9, PMC 5364613, PMID 28335724
Wells 2001. Wells, R.S. (2001), "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98 (18): 10244–10249, Bibcode:2001PNAS...9810244W, doi:10.1073/pnas.171305098, PMC 56946, PMID 11526236
Underhill, Peter A (2014). "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a". European Journal of Human Genetics. 23 (1): 124–131. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50. PMC 4266736. PMID 24667786.
Giosan, L.; et al. (2012). "Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan Civilization". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 109 (26): E1688–E1694. Bibcode:2012PNAS..109E1688G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1112743109. PMC 3387054. PMID 22645375.
Zerjal; et al. (September 2002). "A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia". Am J Hum Genet. 71 (3): 466–482. doi:10.1086/342096. PMC 419996. PMID 12145751.

pubmedcentral.nih.gov

Sengupta 2006. Sengupta, S.; et al. (2006), "Polarity and temporality of high-resolution y-chromosome distributions in India identify both indigenous and exogenous expansions and reveal minor genetic influence of Central Asian pastoralists", American Journal of Human Genetics, 78 (2): 201–221, doi:10.1086/499411, PMC 1380230, PMID 16400607, retrieved 3 December 2007.

nytimes.com

green.blogs.nytimes.com

Nuwer, Rachel (28 May 2012). "An Ancient Civilization, Upended by Climate Change". LiveScience. Retrieved 29 May 2012.

omilosmeleton.gr

Agarwal, Vishal (July–September 2006). "Is there Vedic evidence for the Indo-Aryan Immigration to India" (PDF). Dialogue (Journal of Astha Bharati). 8 (1): 122–145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008.

oup.com

academic.oup.com

Romero, Irene G (2012). "Herders of Indian and European Cattle Share Their Predominant Allele for Lactase Persistence". Molecular Biology and Evolution. pp. 249–260. doi:10.1093/molbev/msr190. PMID 21836184. Retrieved 13 September 2022.

phys.org

"Decline of Bronze Age 'megacities' linked to climate change".

psu.edu

citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

Cordeaux et al. 2004, p. 1125. Cordeaux, Richard; Deepa, Edwin; Vishwanathan, H.; Stoneking, Mark (2004), "Genetic Evidence for the Demic Diffusion of Agriculture to India", Science, 304 (5674): 1125, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.486.6510, doi:10.1126/science.1095819, PMID 15155941, S2CID 32528388

researchgate.net

Gyaneshwer Chaubey et al. (2008), Language Shift by Indigenous Population: A Model Genetic Study in South Asia, Int J Hum Genet, 8(1–2): 41–50 (2008) pdf
Cordeaux et al. 2004, p. 1125. Cordeaux, Richard; Deepa, Edwin; Vishwanathan, H.; Stoneking, Mark (2004), "Genetic Evidence for the Demic Diffusion of Agriculture to India", Science, 304 (5674): 1125, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.486.6510, doi:10.1126/science.1095819, PMID 15155941, S2CID 32528388

rit.edu

"New mathematical method shows how climate change led to the fall of an ancient civilization".

science.org

Ann Gibbons (2015), Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians, Science

scienceontheweb.net

turkic-languages.scienceontheweb.net

The Proto-Turkic Urheimat & The Early Migrations of the Turkic Peoples Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic from the archaeological perspective), 2009–2012.

scroll.in

Girish Shahane (September 14, 2019), Why Hindutva supporters love to hate the discredited Aryan Invasion Theory, Scroll.in

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Kivisild et al. 1999. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Demkina 2017. Demkina, T.S. (2017), "Paleoecological crisis in the steppes of the Lower Volga region in the Middle of the Bronze Age (III–II centuries BC)", Eurasian Soil Science, 50 (7): 791–804, Bibcode:2017EurSS..50..791D, doi:10.1134/S1064229317070018, S2CID 133638705
Mallory 2012, p. 152. Mallory, J.P. (2012), "Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands" (PDF), Journal of Language Relationship, 9: 145–154, doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-090113, S2CID 212689004
Mallory 2012, pp. 149–152. Mallory, J.P. (2012), "Twenty-first century clouds over Indo-European homelands" (PDF), Journal of Language Relationship, 9: 145–154, doi:10.31826/jlr-2013-090113, S2CID 212689004
Allentoft et al. 2015. Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; et al. (2015), "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia", Nature, 522 (7555): 167–172, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A, doi:10.1038/nature14507, PMID 26062507, S2CID 4399103
Kuznetsov 2006. Kuznetsov, P. F. (2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe". Antiquity. 80 (309): 638–645. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00094096. S2CID 162580424. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.
Burrow 1973. Burrow, T. (1973), "The Proto-Indoaryans", The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 105 (2): 123–140, doi:10.1017/S0035869X00130837, JSTOR 25203451, S2CID 162454265
Malik, Nishant (2020). "Uncovering transitions in paleoclimate time series and the climate driven demise of an ancient civilization". Chaos. 30 (8): 083108. Bibcode:2020Chaos..30h3108M. doi:10.1063/5.0012059. PMID 32872795. S2CID 221468124.
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 496. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 497. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, pp. 497–498. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
ArunKumar et al. 2015, p. 493. ArunKumar, GaneshPrasad; et al. (2015), "Genome-wide signatures of male-mediated migration shaping the Indian gene pool", Journal of Human Genetics, 60 (9): 493–9, doi:10.1038/jhg.2015.51, PMID 25994871, S2CID 8926804
Mahal, David G. (2021). "Y-DNA genetic evidence reveals several different ancient origins in the Brahmin population". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 296 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01725-2. ISSN 1617-4615. PMID 32978661. S2CID 253981863.
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1331. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1332. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 1999, pp. 1332–1333. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Kivisild et al. 1999, p. 1333. Kivisild; et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry of Indian and western-Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages", Current Biology, 9 (22): 1331–1334, doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(00)80057-3, PMID 10574762, S2CID 2821966
Cordeaux et al. 2004, p. 1125. Cordeaux, Richard; Deepa, Edwin; Vishwanathan, H.; Stoneking, Mark (2004), "Genetic Evidence for the Demic Diffusion of Agriculture to India", Science, 304 (5674): 1125, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.486.6510, doi:10.1126/science.1095819, PMID 15155941, S2CID 32528388
Sharma et al. 2009. Sharma, Swarkar; et al. (2009), "The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1 substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system" (PDF), Journal of Human Genetics, 54 (1): 47–55, doi:10.1038/jhg.2008.2, PMID 19158816, S2CID 22162114
Palanichamy 2015, p. 638. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Palanichamy 2015, p. 645. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Palanichamy 2015. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246

semanticscholar.org

Palanichamy 2015, p. 638. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Palanichamy 2015, p. 645. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246
Palanichamy 2015. Palanichamy, Malliya Gounder (2015), "West Eurasian mtDNA lineages in India: an insight into the spread of the Dravidian language and the origins of the caste system", Human Genetics, 134 (6): 637–647, doi:10.1007/s00439-015-1547-4, PMID 25832481, S2CID 14202246

springer.com

link.springer.com

Mahal, David G. (2021). "Y-DNA genetic evidence reveals several different ancient origins in the Brahmin population". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 296 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01725-2. ISSN 1617-4615. PMID 32978661. S2CID 253981863.

thehindu.com

Joseph, Tony (16 June 2017). "How genetics is settling the Aryan migration debate". The Hindu.
The Hindu, Underlying language of Indus script, Proto-Dravidian: Asko Parpola

thewire.in

"Mapping the Consumption of Milk and Meat in India". The Wire. Retrieved 11 September 2022.

uchospitals.edu

sciencelife.uchospitals.edu

Rob Mitchum (2011), Lactose Tolerance in the Indian Dairyland, ScienceLife

ulb.ac.be

Roger Blench Archaeology and Language: methods and issues. In: A Companion To Archaeology. J. Bintliff ed. 52–74. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 2004.

uni-heidelberg.de

hasp.ub.uni-heidelberg.de

Witzel, Michael (11 October 2016). "Early Sanskritization. Origins and Development of the Kuru State". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 1 (4): 1–26 Seiten. doi:10.11588/EJVS.1995.4.823.

utexas.edu

Jonathan Slocum, What is Historical Linguistics? What are 'Indo-European' Languages?, The University of Texas at Austin Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine

voi.org

Elst 1999 with reference to L.N. Renou Elst, Koenraad (1999), Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-86471-77-7, archived from the original on 17 September 2018, retrieved 19 July 2007.
see e.g. Pargiter 1979, Talageri 1993, Talageri 2000, Bryant 2001, Elst 1999 Pargiter, F.E. (1979) [first published 1922], Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, New Delhi: Cosmo Talageri, Shrikant G. (1993), Aryan Invasion Theory and Indian Nationalism, ISBN 978-81-85990-02-6. Talageri, Shrikant G. (2000), The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7742-010-4, archived from the original on 30 September 2007, retrieved 15 May 2007. Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4. Elst, Koenraad (1999), Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-86471-77-7, archived from the original on 17 September 2018, retrieved 19 July 2007.

voiceofdharma.com

see e.g. Pargiter 1979, Talageri 1993, Talageri 2000, Bryant 2001, Elst 1999 Pargiter, F.E. (1979) [first published 1922], Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, New Delhi: Cosmo Talageri, Shrikant G. (1993), Aryan Invasion Theory and Indian Nationalism, ISBN 978-81-85990-02-6. Talageri, Shrikant G. (2000), The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7742-010-4, archived from the original on 30 September 2007, retrieved 15 May 2007. Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4. Elst, Koenraad (1999), Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-86471-77-7, archived from the original on 17 September 2018, retrieved 19 July 2007.

web.archive.org

Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Archived 9 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.3: "...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..."
Witzel 1995. Witzel, Michael (1995), "Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 1 (4): 1–26, archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007
Agarwal, Vishal (July–September 2006). "Is there Vedic evidence for the Indo-Aryan Immigration to India" (PDF). Dialogue (Journal of Astha Bharati). 8 (1): 122–145. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 May 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008.
Baldia, Maximilian O (2006). "The Corded Ware/Single Grave Culture". Archived from the original on 31 January 2002.
Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). "Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" Archived 9 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), p.28: ".... The Fyodorovka dates in the north of the forest- steppe Tobol region are close to the dates in the Southern Transurals and lie in the interval of the 20th–16th centuries BC...Fyodorovka culture, in general, is synchronous with Alakul..."
The Proto-Turkic Urheimat & The Early Migrations of the Turkic Peoples Archived 24 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine (Proto-Bulgaro-Turkic from the archaeological perspective), 2009–2012.
Chakravarti, Aravinda (24 September 2009). "Tracing India's invisible lthreads" (PDF). Nature (News & Views). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
Witzel (1999)^{[page needed]} Witzel, Michael (1999), "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)" (PDF), Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, vol. 5, no. 1, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2012
Elst 1999 with reference to L.N. Renou Elst, Koenraad (1999), Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-86471-77-7, archived from the original on 17 September 2018, retrieved 19 July 2007.
see e.g. Pargiter 1979, Talageri 1993, Talageri 2000, Bryant 2001, Elst 1999 Pargiter, F.E. (1979) [first published 1922], Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, New Delhi: Cosmo Talageri, Shrikant G. (1993), Aryan Invasion Theory and Indian Nationalism, ISBN 978-81-85990-02-6. Talageri, Shrikant G. (2000), The Rigveda: A Historical Analysis, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-7742-010-4, archived from the original on 30 September 2007, retrieved 15 May 2007. Bryant, Edwin (2001), The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4. Elst, Koenraad (1999), Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate, New Delhi: Aditya Prakashan, ISBN 978-81-86471-77-7, archived from the original on 17 September 2018, retrieved 19 July 2007.
Kivisild et al. (2000), An Indian Ancestry, p.271 Archived 4 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine (referring to Kivisild et al. (1999), "Deep common ancestry")
Jonathan Slocum, What is Historical Linguistics? What are 'Indo-European' Languages?, The University of Texas at Austin Archived 30 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine
Srinath Perur (December 2013), The origins of Indians. What our genes are telling us., Fountain Ink Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Vishal Agarwal (2005), On Perceiving Aryan Migrations in Vedic Ritual Texts. Purātattva, issue 36, p.155-165 Archived 4 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine

worldcat.org

Reich et al. (2009) excluded the Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman speakers from their analysis in order to avoid interference. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Reich et al. (2009): "We analyze 25 diverse groups to provide strong evidence for two ancient populations, genetically divergent, that are ancestral to most Indians today. One, the "Ancestral North Indians" (ANI), is genetically close to Middle Easterners, Central Asians, and Europeans^{[contradictory]}, while the other, the "Ancestral South Indians" (ASI), is as distinct from ANI and East Asians as they are from each other." Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Metspalu et al. 2011. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Reich et al. 2009. Reich, David; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Patterson, Nick; Price, Alkes L.; Singh, Lalji (2009), "Reconstructing Indian population history", Nature, 461 (7263): 489–494, Bibcode:2009Natur.461..489R, doi:10.1038/nature08365, ISSN 0028-0836, PMC 2842210, PMID 19779445
Itan, Yuval; Jones, Bryony L.; Ingram, Catherine JE; Swallow, Dallas M.; Thomas, Mark G. (9 February 2010). "A worldwide correlation of lactase persistence phenotype and genotypes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-36. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 2834688. PMID 20144208.
Tandon, R. K.; Joshi, Y. K.; Singh, D. S.; Narendranathan, M.; Balakrishnan, V.; Lal, K. (1 May 1981). "Lactose intolerance in North and South Indians". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 34 (5): 943–946. doi:10.1093/ajcn/34.5.943. ISSN 0002-9165. PMID 7234720.
Segurel, Laure; Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Lafosse, Sophie; Laurent, Romain; Bon, Céline; Fabre, Alexandre; Hegay, Tatyana; Heyer, Evelyne (8 June 2020). "Why and when was lactase persistence selected for? Insights from Central Asian herders and ancient DNA". PLOS Biology. 18 (6): e3000742. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000742. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 7302802. PMID 32511234.
Mahal, David G. (2021). "Y-DNA genetic evidence reveals several different ancient origins in the Brahmin population". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 296 (1): 67–78. doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01725-2. ISSN 1617-4615. PMID 32978661. S2CID 253981863.
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 741. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 731. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, pp. 734–735. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 739. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676
Metspalu et al. 2011, p. 740. Metspalu, Mait; Gallego Romero, Irene; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Mallick, Chandana Basu; Hudjashov, Georgi; Nelis, Mari; Mägi, Reedik; Metspalu, Ene; Remm, Maido; Pitchappan, Ramasamy; Singh, Lalji; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Villems, Richard; Kivisild, Toomas (2011), "Shared and Unique Components of Human Population Structure and Genome-Wide Signals of Positive Selection in South Asia", The American Journal of Human Genetics, 89 (6): 731–744, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.11.010, ISSN 0002-9297, PMC 3234374, PMID 22152676

zenodo.org

Risley, Herbert Hope (1891). "The Study of Ethnology in India". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 20. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 253. doi:10.2307/2842267. JSTOR 2842267.