Indo-European migrations (English Wikipedia)

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Mallory 1999, pp. 108 f.. Mallory, J. P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
Mallory 1999, pp. 108, 244–250. Mallory, J. P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
Mallory 1999. Mallory, J. P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
Mallory 1999, p. 215. Mallory, J. P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
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Mallory 1999, p. 210. Mallory, J. P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
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Mallory 1999, pp. 210–211. Mallory, J. P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
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Mallory 1999, p. 250. Mallory, J. P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (reprint ed.), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-27616-7
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archive.today

Kuznetsov 2006. Kuznetsov, P. F. (2006), "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe", Antiquity, 80 (309): 638–645, doi:10.1017/S0003598X00094096, S2CID 162580424, archived from the original on 7 July 2012

arxiv.org

Haak 2015. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
Haak 2015, p. 3. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
Haak et al. 2015a, p. 138. Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015a), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Haak 2015, p. 11, figure 4c. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
Haak 2015, p. 1. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
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bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005

biorxiv.org

Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey; Wissgott, Antje; Brandt, Guido; Jeong, Choongwon; Cheronet, Olivia; Ferry, Matthew; Harney, Eadaoin; Keating, Denise; Mallick, Swapan (16 May 2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus". bioRxiv: 322347. doi:10.1101/322347. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E59B-E.
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Ringe (2006), p. 85: "Early Jastorf, at the end of the 7th century BCE, is almost certainly too early for the last common ancestor of the attested languages; but later Jastorf culture and its successors occupy so much territory that their populations are most unlikely to have spoken a single dialect, even granting that the expansion of the culture was relatively rapid. It follows that our reconstructed PGmc was only one of the dialects spoken by peoples identified archeologically, or by the Romans, as 'Germans'; the remaining Germanic peoples spoke sister dialects of PGmc."
Polomé (1992), p. 51: "...if the Jastorf culture and, probably, the neighboring Harpstedt culture to the west constitute the Germanic homeland (Mallory 1989: 87), a spread of Proto-Germanic northwards and eastwards would have to be assumed, which might explain both the archaisms and the innovative features of North Germanic and East Germanic, and would fit nicely with recent views locating the homeland of the Goths in Poland." Ringe, Donald A. (2006), From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Linguistic history of English, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-199-55229-0 Polomé, Edgar C. (1992), Lippi-Green, Rosina (ed.), Recent Developments in Germanic Linguistics, John Benjamins, ISBN 978-9-027-23593-0
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Beckwith 2009, pp. 59, 70–71. The dominant people in the western part of it, from the Altai of western Mongolia south through the Kroraina area around the Lop Nor to the Ch'i-lien Mountains, the northern outliers of the Tibetan Plateau, were Caucasoid in race; those in the northern region seem to have spoken North Iranian "Saka" languages or dialects, while those in the Kroraina area spoke Tokharian languages or dialects. Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009), Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-1-400-82994-1, retrieved 30 December 2014
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Sjögren (2020): "All the Bell Beaker male burials with sufficient data in our two cemeteries belong to a single Y-chromosome lineage, R1b-M269, which is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC. In the preceding and partly contemporary Corded Ware populations of central Europe, another Y-haplogroup dominated, R1a, although R1b also occurs albeit in small numbers."
Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males with R1b-M269,^[185] while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b,^[75] and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b.^[186] Malmström, Helena (9 October 2019), "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 286, no. 1912, Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528, PMC 6790770, PMID 31594508 Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690 Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
Y-DNA:
* Malmström 2019: "Individuals from the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya Culture, carry mostly R1b and not R1a haplotypes."
Linderholm 2020: "The Y chromosome haplogroup lineage R1b-M269 or R-L11 are characteristic of Yamnaya and Bell Beaker individuals and they were particularly widespread throughout Eurasia in the Bronze Age and thereafter. Curiously, the haplogroup is uncommon among other published Corded Ware Complex individuals from Europe (Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Estonia, Lithuania) and is associated with the later Bell Beaker communities."
Sjögren (2020): "All the Bell Beaker male burials with sufficient data in our two cemeteries belong to a single Y-chromosome lineage, R1b-M269, which is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC. In the preceding and partly contemporary Corded Ware populations of central Europe, another Y-haplogroup dominated, R1a, although R1b also occurs albeit in small numbers."
Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males with R1b-M269,^[185] while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b,^[75] and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b.^[186] Malmström, Helena (9 October 2019), "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 286, no. 1912, Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528, PMC 6790770, PMID 31594508 Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690 Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
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hdl.handle.net

Narasimhan et al. 2018. Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Anthony, David; Mallory, James; Reich, David (2018), The Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia, bioRxiv 10.1101/292581, doi:10.1101/292581, hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0
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Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey; Wissgott, Antje; Brandt, Guido; Jeong, Choongwon; Cheronet, Olivia; Ferry, Matthew; Harney, Eadaoin; Keating, Denise; Mallick, Swapan (16 May 2018). "The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus". bioRxiv: 322347. doi:10.1101/322347. hdl:21.11116/0000-0001-E59B-E.
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harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Y-DNA:
* Malmström 2019: "Individuals from the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya Culture, carry mostly R1b and not R1a haplotypes."
Linderholm 2020: "The Y chromosome haplogroup lineage R1b-M269 or R-L11 are characteristic of Yamnaya and Bell Beaker individuals and they were particularly widespread throughout Eurasia in the Bronze Age and thereafter. Curiously, the haplogroup is uncommon among other published Corded Ware Complex individuals from Europe (Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Estonia, Lithuania) and is associated with the later Bell Beaker communities."
Sjögren (2020): "All the Bell Beaker male burials with sufficient data in our two cemeteries belong to a single Y-chromosome lineage, R1b-M269, which is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC. In the preceding and partly contemporary Corded Ware populations of central Europe, another Y-haplogroup dominated, R1a, although R1b also occurs albeit in small numbers."
Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males with R1b-M269,^[185] while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b,^[75] and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b.^[186] Malmström, Helena (9 October 2019), "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 286, no. 1912, Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528, PMC 6790770, PMID 31594508 Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690 Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
Y-DNA:
* Malmström 2019: "Individuals from the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya Culture, carry mostly R1b and not R1a haplotypes."
Linderholm 2020: "The Y chromosome haplogroup lineage R1b-M269 or R-L11 are characteristic of Yamnaya and Bell Beaker individuals and they were particularly widespread throughout Eurasia in the Bronze Age and thereafter. Curiously, the haplogroup is uncommon among other published Corded Ware Complex individuals from Europe (Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Estonia, Lithuania) and is associated with the later Bell Beaker communities."
Sjögren (2020): "All the Bell Beaker male burials with sufficient data in our two cemeteries belong to a single Y-chromosome lineage, R1b-M269, which is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC. In the preceding and partly contemporary Corded Ware populations of central Europe, another Y-haplogroup dominated, R1a, although R1b also occurs albeit in small numbers."
Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males with R1b-M269,^[185] while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b,^[75] and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b.^[186] Malmström, Helena (9 October 2019), "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 286, no. 1912, Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528, PMC 6790770, PMID 31594508 Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690 Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
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Zhang, F; Ning, C; Scott, A; et al. (2021). "The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies". Nature. 599 (7884): 256–261. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..256Z. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7. PMC 8580821. PMID 34707286.
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Wang et al. 2019, p. 9. Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey; Wissgott, Antje; et al. (2019), "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions", Nature Communications, 10 (1): 590, Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..590W, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8, PMC 6360191, PMID 30713341
Haak et al. 2015a, p. 138. Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015a), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
Mathieson 2018, p. line 380–382. Mathieson; et al. (2018), "The Genomic History of Southeastern Europe", Nature, 555 (7695): 197–203, Bibcode:2018Natur.555..197M, bioRxiv 10.1101/135616, doi:10.1038/nature25778, PMC 6091220, PMID 29466330
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Linderholm 2020. Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690
Furtwängler et al. 2020. Furtwängler, Anja; et al. (2020), "Ancient genomes reveal social and genetic structure of Late Neolithic Switzerland", Nature Communications, 11 (1): 1915, Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.1915F, doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15560-x, PMC 7171184, PMID 32313080, S2CID 215819621
Sjögren 2020. Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
Haak 2015, p. 11, figure 4c. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
Allentoft et al. 2015, p. 108, topright map. Allentoft; Sikora; et al. (2015), "Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia", Nature, 522 (7555): 167–172, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..167A, doi:10.1038/nature14507, PMID 26062507, S2CID 4399103
Haak 2015, p. 1. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
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* Malmström 2019: "Individuals from the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya Culture, carry mostly R1b and not R1a haplotypes."
Linderholm 2020: "The Y chromosome haplogroup lineage R1b-M269 or R-L11 are characteristic of Yamnaya and Bell Beaker individuals and they were particularly widespread throughout Eurasia in the Bronze Age and thereafter. Curiously, the haplogroup is uncommon among other published Corded Ware Complex individuals from Europe (Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Estonia, Lithuania) and is associated with the later Bell Beaker communities."
Sjögren (2020): "All the Bell Beaker male burials with sufficient data in our two cemeteries belong to a single Y-chromosome lineage, R1b-M269, which is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC. In the preceding and partly contemporary Corded Ware populations of central Europe, another Y-haplogroup dominated, R1a, although R1b also occurs albeit in small numbers."
Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males with R1b-M269,^[185] while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b,^[75] and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b.^[186] Malmström, Helena (9 October 2019), "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 286, no. 1912, Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528, PMC 6790770, PMID 31594508 Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690 Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
Y-DNA:
* Malmström 2019: "Individuals from the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya Culture, carry mostly R1b and not R1a haplotypes."
Linderholm 2020: "The Y chromosome haplogroup lineage R1b-M269 or R-L11 are characteristic of Yamnaya and Bell Beaker individuals and they were particularly widespread throughout Eurasia in the Bronze Age and thereafter. Curiously, the haplogroup is uncommon among other published Corded Ware Complex individuals from Europe (Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Estonia, Lithuania) and is associated with the later Bell Beaker communities."
Sjögren (2020): "All the Bell Beaker male burials with sufficient data in our two cemeteries belong to a single Y-chromosome lineage, R1b-M269, which is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC. In the preceding and partly contemporary Corded Ware populations of central Europe, another Y-haplogroup dominated, R1a, although R1b also occurs albeit in small numbers."
Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males with R1b-M269,^[185] while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b,^[75] and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b.^[186] Malmström, Helena (9 October 2019), "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 286, no. 1912, Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528, PMC 6790770, PMID 31594508 Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690 Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
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Haak 2015, p. 3. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
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Wang et al. 2019, p. 9. Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey; Wissgott, Antje; et al. (2019), "Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions", Nature Communications, 10 (1): 590, Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..590W, doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8, PMC 6360191, PMID 30713341
Haak et al. 2015a, p. 138. Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Mallick, S.; Llamas, B.; Brandt, G.; Nordenfelt, S.; Harney, E.; Stewardson, K.; Fu, Q.; Mittnik, A.; Bánffy, E.; Economou, C.; Francken, M.; Friederich, S.; Pena, R. G.; Hallgren, F.; Khartanovich, V.; Khokhlov, A.; Kunst, M.; Kuznetsov, P.; Meller, H.; Mochalov, O.; Moiseyev, V.; Nicklisch, N.; Pichler, S. L.; Risch, R.; Rojo Guerra, M. A.; et al. (2015a), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Supplementary Information", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
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Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra; Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Llamas, Bastien; Dryomov, Stanislav (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Översti, Sanni; Majander, Kerttu; Salmela, Elina; Salo, Kati; Arppe, Laura; Belskiy, Stanislav; Etu-Sihvola, Heli; Laakso, Ville; Mikkola, Esa; Pfrengle, Saskia; Putkonen, Mikko; Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka; Vuoristo, Katja; Wessman, Anna; Sajantila, Antti; Oinonen, Markku; Haak, Wolfgang; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Krause, Johannes; Palo, Jukka U.; Onkamo, Päivi (15 November 2019). "Human mitochondrial DNA lineages in Iron-Age Fennoscandia suggest incipient admixture and eastern introduction of farming-related maternal ancestry". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16883. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916883O. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51045-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6858343. PMID 31729399. ""The subsequent spread of Yamnaya-related people and Corded Ware Culture in the late Neolithic and Bronze Age were accompanied with the increase of haplogroups I, U2 and T1 in Europe (See8 and references therein)."
Linderholm 2020. Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690
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Sjögren 2020. Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
Haak 2015, p. 11, figure 4c. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
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Lopez Guerra, J. L.; Rivin, E.; Guedea, F.; Ortiz, M. J. (28 September 2015). "Radiation oncology in Latin speaking countries: A link between Europe and Latin America". Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 19 (4): 227–9. doi:10.1016/j.rpor.2013.06.004. PMC 4104016. PMID 25061515.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Y-DNA:
* Malmström 2019: "Individuals from the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya Culture, carry mostly R1b and not R1a haplotypes."
Linderholm 2020: "The Y chromosome haplogroup lineage R1b-M269 or R-L11 are characteristic of Yamnaya and Bell Beaker individuals and they were particularly widespread throughout Eurasia in the Bronze Age and thereafter. Curiously, the haplogroup is uncommon among other published Corded Ware Complex individuals from Europe (Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Estonia, Lithuania) and is associated with the later Bell Beaker communities."
Sjögren (2020): "All the Bell Beaker male burials with sufficient data in our two cemeteries belong to a single Y-chromosome lineage, R1b-M269, which is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC. In the preceding and partly contemporary Corded Ware populations of central Europe, another Y-haplogroup dominated, R1a, although R1b also occurs albeit in small numbers."
Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males with R1b-M269,^[185] while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b,^[75] and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b.^[186] Malmström, Helena (9 October 2019), "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 286, no. 1912, Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528, PMC 6790770, PMID 31594508 Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690 Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
Y-DNA:
* Malmström 2019: "Individuals from the Pontic–Caspian steppe, associated with the Yamnaya Culture, carry mostly R1b and not R1a haplotypes."
Linderholm 2020: "The Y chromosome haplogroup lineage R1b-M269 or R-L11 are characteristic of Yamnaya and Bell Beaker individuals and they were particularly widespread throughout Eurasia in the Bronze Age and thereafter. Curiously, the haplogroup is uncommon among other published Corded Ware Complex individuals from Europe (Germany, Poland, Bohemia, Estonia, Lithuania) and is associated with the later Bell Beaker communities."
Sjögren (2020): "All the Bell Beaker male burials with sufficient data in our two cemeteries belong to a single Y-chromosome lineage, R1b-M269, which is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC. In the preceding and partly contemporary Corded Ware populations of central Europe, another Y-haplogroup dominated, R1a, although R1b also occurs albeit in small numbers."
Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males with R1b-M269,^[185] while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b,^[75] and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b.^[186] Malmström, Helena (9 October 2019), "The genomic ancestry of the Scandinavian Battle Axe Culture people and their relation to the broader Corded Ware horizon", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. 286, no. 1912, Royal Society, doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.1528, PMC 6790770, PMID 31594508 Linderholm, Anna (2020), "Corded Ware cultural complexity uncovered using genomic and isotopic analysis from south-eastern Poland", Scientific Reports, 10 (1): 6885, Bibcode:2020NatSR..10.6885L, doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63138-w, PMC 7165176, PMID 32303690 Sjögren, Karl-Göran (2020), "Kinship and social organization in Copper Age Europe. A cross-disciplinary analysis of archaeology, DNA, isotopes, and anthropology from two Bell Beaker cemeteries", PLOS ONE, 15 (11): e0241278, Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1541278S, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241278, PMC 7668604, PMID 33196640
Lazaridis, Iosif; Alpaslan-Roodenberg, Songül; et al. (26 August 2022). "The genetic history of the Southern Arc: A bridge between West Asia and Europe". Science. 377 (6609): eabm4247. doi:10.1126/science.abm4247. PMC 10064553. PMID 36007055. S2CID 251843620.
Haak 2015. Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522 (7555): 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219, PMID 25731166
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Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca (6 September 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. 365 (6457): eaat7487. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661.
Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael (2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Roodenberg, Songül Alpaslan; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra; Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Llamas, Bastien; Dryomov, Stanislav (24 December 2015). "Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians". Nature. 528 (7583): 499–503. Bibcode:2015Natur.528..499M. doi:10.1038/nature16152. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 4918750. PMID 26595274.
Översti, Sanni; Majander, Kerttu; Salmela, Elina; Salo, Kati; Arppe, Laura; Belskiy, Stanislav; Etu-Sihvola, Heli; Laakso, Ville; Mikkola, Esa; Pfrengle, Saskia; Putkonen, Mikko; Taavitsainen, Jussi-Pekka; Vuoristo, Katja; Wessman, Anna; Sajantila, Antti; Oinonen, Markku; Haak, Wolfgang; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Krause, Johannes; Palo, Jukka U.; Onkamo, Päivi (15 November 2019). "Human mitochondrial DNA lineages in Iron-Age Fennoscandia suggest incipient admixture and eastern introduction of farming-related maternal ancestry". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 16883. Bibcode:2019NatSR...916883O. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-51045-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6858343. PMID 31729399. ""The subsequent spread of Yamnaya-related people and Corded Ware Culture in the late Neolithic and Bronze Age were accompanied with the increase of haplogroups I, U2 and T1 in Europe (See8 and references therein)."
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