Induced coma (English Wikipedia)

An J, Jonnalagadda D, Moura V, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Westover MB (2018). "Variability in pharmacologically-induced coma for treatment of refractory status epilepticus". PLOS ONE. 13 (10) e0205789. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305789A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205789. PMC 6209214. PMID 30379935.
Gueye, Papa N.; Lofaso, Frédéric; Borron, Stephen W.; Mellerio, Françoise; Vicaut, Eric; Harf, Alain; Baud, Frédéric J. (January 2002). "Mechanism of Respiratory Insufficiency in Pure or Mixed Drug-Induced Coma Involving Benzodiazepines". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 40 (1): 35–47. doi:10.1081/clt-120002884. PMID 11990203.
Ladopoulos, Theodoros; Giannaki, Maria; Alexopoulou, Christina; Proklou, Athanasia; Pediaditis, Emmanuel; Kondili, Eumorfia (15 March 2018). "Gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients". Annals of Gastroenterology (in Greek). 31 (3). Crete, Greece: University of Crete Medical School, Department of Intensive Care Medicine: 273–281. doi:10.20524/aog.2018.0250. PMC 5924849. PMID 29720852.
Stevens, Robert D.; Nyquist, Paul A. (May 2008). "Types of Brain Dysfunction in Critical Illness". Neurologic Clinics. 26 (2). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: 469–486. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.004. ISSN 0733-8619. PMID 18514822. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
Aytuluk, Hande Gurbuz; Topcu, Hulya (September 2020). "Severe hypokalemia and rebound hyperkalemia during barbiturate coma in patients with severe traumatic brain injury". Neurocirugía (in Spanish). 31 (5). Elsevier Ltd: 216–222. doi:10.1016/j.neucir.2019.12.003. PMID 32146086.
Hayashi, Yuichi; Shibata, Hideaki; Kudo, Takuya; Nishida, Shohei; Ishikawa, Rie; Moriya, Chie; Suzuki, Akio; Kimura, Akio; Inuzuka, Takashi (15 May 2018). "Drug-induced Pressure Ulcers in a Middle-aged Patient with Early-stage Parkinson's Disease". Internal Medicine. 57 (10). Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine: 1483–1486. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.9700-17. PMC 5995694. PMID 29279501.
Nseir, Saad; Makris, Demosthenes; Mathieu, Daniel; Durocher, Alain; Marquette, Charles-Hugo (15 March 2010). "Intensive care unit-acquired infection as a side effect of sedation". Critical Care. 14 (2) R30. BioMed Central Ltd. doi:10.1186/cc8907. PMC 2887136. PMID 20226064.
Eikermann, Matthias; Needham, Dale M; Devlin, John W (May 12, 2023). "'Multimodal, patient-centred symptom control': a strategy to replace sedation in the ICU" (PDF). The Lancet. 11 (6): 506–509. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00141-8. PMID 37187192.
Pan, Yanbin; Yan, Jianlong; Jiang, Zhixia; Luo, Jianying; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Kaihan (2019-07-10). "Incidence, risk factors, and cumulative risk of delirium among ICU patients: A case-control study". International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 6 (3): 247–251. doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.05.008. ISSN 2352-0132. PMC 6722464. PMID 31508442.
Salluh, Jorge I. F.; Wang, Han; Schneider, Eric B.; Nagaraja, Neeraja; Yenokyan, Gayane; Damluji, Abdulla; Serafim, Rodrigo B.; Stevens, Robert D. (2015-06-03). "Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 350 h2538. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2538. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4454920. PMID 26041151.
Ely, E. Wesley; Shintani, Ayumi; Truman, Brenda; Speroff, Theodore; Gordon, Sharon M.; Harrell, Frank E.; Inouye, Sharon K.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Dittus, Robert S. (2004-04-14). "Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit". JAMA. 291 (14): 1753–1762. doi:10.1001/jama.291.14.1753. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 15082703.
Shehabi, Yahya; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Reade, Michael C.; Bailey, Michael; Bass, Frances; Howe, Belinda; McArthur, Colin; Seppelt, Ian M.; Webb, Steve; Weisbrodt, Leonie; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group (2012-10-15). "Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 186 (8): 724–731. doi:10.1164/rccm.201203-0522OC. ISSN 1535-4970. PMID 22859526.
Girard, Timothy D.; Jackson, James C.; Pandharipande, Pratik P.; Pun, Brenda T.; Thompson, Jennifer L.; Shintani, Ayumi K.; Gordon, Sharon M.; Canonico, Angelo E.; Dittus, Robert S.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Ely, E. Wesley (July 2010). "Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness". Critical Care Medicine. 38 (7): 1513–1520. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1. ISSN 1530-0293. PMC 3638813. PMID 20473145.
Pun, Brenda T.; Balas, Michele C.; Barnes-Daly, Mary Ann; Thompson, Jennifer L.; Aldrich, J. Matthew; Barr, Juliana; Byrum, Diane; Carson, Shannon S.; Devlin, John W.; Engel, Heidi J.; Esbrook, Cheryl L.; Hargett, Ken D.; Harmon, Lori; Hielsberg, Christina; Jackson, James C. (January 2019). "Caring for Critically Ill Patients with the ABCDEF Bundle: Results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in Over 15,000 Adults". Critical Care Medicine. 47 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003482. ISSN 1530-0293. PMC 6298815. PMID 30339549.
"The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Use of barbiturates in the control of intracranial hypertension". Journal of Neurotrauma. 17 (6–7). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 527–530 2000. doi:10.1089/neu.2000.17.527. PMID 10937896.
Lee MW, Deppe SA, Sipperly ME, Barrette RR, Thompson DR (June 1994). "The efficacy of barbiturate coma in the management of uncontrolled intracranial hypertension following neurosurgical trauma". Journal of Neurotrauma. 11 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1089/neu.1994.11.325. PMID 7996586.
Nordby HK, Nesbakken R (1984). "The effect of high dose barbiturate decompression after severe head injury. A controlled clinical trial". Acta Neurochirurgica. 72 (3–4): 157–166. doi:10.1007/BF01406868. PMID 6382945. S2CID 12215655.
Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF (November 1984). "The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol". The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques. 11 (4): 434–440. doi:10.1017/s0317167100045960. PMID 6440704.
Schalén W, Sonesson B, Messeter K, Nordström G, Nordström CH (1992). "Clinical outcome and cognitive impairment in patients with severe head injuries treated with barbiturate coma". Acta Neurochirurgica. 117 (3–4): 153–159. doi:10.1007/BF01400613. PMID 1414516. S2CID 23032307.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

An J, Jonnalagadda D, Moura V, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Westover MB (2018). "Variability in pharmacologically-induced coma for treatment of refractory status epilepticus". PLOS ONE. 13 (10) e0205789. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305789A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205789. PMC 6209214. PMID 30379935.

nrs.harvard.edu

Ely, E. Wesley; Shintani, Ayumi; Truman, Brenda; Speroff, Theodore; Gordon, Sharon M.; Harrell, Frank E.; Inouye, Sharon K.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Dittus, Robert S. (2004-04-14). "Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit". JAMA. 291 (14): 1753–1762. doi:10.1001/jama.291.14.1753. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 15082703.

healthgrades.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

resources.healthgrades.com

Sarah Lewis, PharmD (16 March 2022). Han, M.D., Seunggu (ed.). "Medically Induced Coma: Everything You Need to Know". Healthgrades (Brain & Nerves). Healthgrades Marketplace, LLC. Retrieved 27 August 2025.

mhmedical.com (Global: 6,846^th place; English: 4,957^th place)

accessmedicine.mhmedical.com

Mariano GL, Fink ME, Hoffman C, Rosengart A (2014). "Intracranial pressure: monitoring and management.". In Hall JB, Schmidt GA, Kress JP (eds.). Principles of Critical Care (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-173881-1.

neuroanesthesia.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Cerebral protection and resuscitation". CNS Clinic – Jordan – Amman. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2016. The primary mechanism of protection involves a reduction in CMRo2 of up to 55% to 60% at which point the EEG becomes isoelectric.

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An J, Jonnalagadda D, Moura V, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Westover MB (2018). "Variability in pharmacologically-induced coma for treatment of refractory status epilepticus". PLOS ONE. 13 (10) e0205789. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305789A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205789. PMC 6209214. PMID 30379935.
Gueye, Papa N.; Lofaso, Frédéric; Borron, Stephen W.; Mellerio, Françoise; Vicaut, Eric; Harf, Alain; Baud, Frédéric J. (January 2002). "Mechanism of Respiratory Insufficiency in Pure or Mixed Drug-Induced Coma Involving Benzodiazepines". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 40 (1): 35–47. doi:10.1081/clt-120002884. PMID 11990203.
Ladopoulos, Theodoros; Giannaki, Maria; Alexopoulou, Christina; Proklou, Athanasia; Pediaditis, Emmanuel; Kondili, Eumorfia (15 March 2018). "Gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients". Annals of Gastroenterology (in Greek). 31 (3). Crete, Greece: University of Crete Medical School, Department of Intensive Care Medicine: 273–281. doi:10.20524/aog.2018.0250. PMC 5924849. PMID 29720852.
Stevens, Robert D.; Nyquist, Paul A. (May 2008). "Types of Brain Dysfunction in Critical Illness". Neurologic Clinics. 26 (2). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: 469–486. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.004. ISSN 0733-8619. PMID 18514822. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
Aytuluk, Hande Gurbuz; Topcu, Hulya (September 2020). "Severe hypokalemia and rebound hyperkalemia during barbiturate coma in patients with severe traumatic brain injury". Neurocirugía (in Spanish). 31 (5). Elsevier Ltd: 216–222. doi:10.1016/j.neucir.2019.12.003. PMID 32146086.
Hayashi, Yuichi; Shibata, Hideaki; Kudo, Takuya; Nishida, Shohei; Ishikawa, Rie; Moriya, Chie; Suzuki, Akio; Kimura, Akio; Inuzuka, Takashi (15 May 2018). "Drug-induced Pressure Ulcers in a Middle-aged Patient with Early-stage Parkinson's Disease". Internal Medicine. 57 (10). Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine: 1483–1486. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.9700-17. PMC 5995694. PMID 29279501.
Nseir, Saad; Makris, Demosthenes; Mathieu, Daniel; Durocher, Alain; Marquette, Charles-Hugo (15 March 2010). "Intensive care unit-acquired infection as a side effect of sedation". Critical Care. 14 (2) R30. BioMed Central Ltd. doi:10.1186/cc8907. PMC 2887136. PMID 20226064.
Eikermann, Matthias; Needham, Dale M; Devlin, John W (May 12, 2023). "'Multimodal, patient-centred symptom control': a strategy to replace sedation in the ICU" (PDF). The Lancet. 11 (6): 506–509. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00141-8. PMID 37187192.
Pan, Yanbin; Yan, Jianlong; Jiang, Zhixia; Luo, Jianying; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Kaihan (2019-07-10). "Incidence, risk factors, and cumulative risk of delirium among ICU patients: A case-control study". International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 6 (3): 247–251. doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.05.008. ISSN 2352-0132. PMC 6722464. PMID 31508442.
Salluh, Jorge I. F.; Wang, Han; Schneider, Eric B.; Nagaraja, Neeraja; Yenokyan, Gayane; Damluji, Abdulla; Serafim, Rodrigo B.; Stevens, Robert D. (2015-06-03). "Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 350 h2538. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2538. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4454920. PMID 26041151.
Ely, E. Wesley; Shintani, Ayumi; Truman, Brenda; Speroff, Theodore; Gordon, Sharon M.; Harrell, Frank E.; Inouye, Sharon K.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Dittus, Robert S. (2004-04-14). "Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit". JAMA. 291 (14): 1753–1762. doi:10.1001/jama.291.14.1753. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 15082703.
Shehabi, Yahya; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Reade, Michael C.; Bailey, Michael; Bass, Frances; Howe, Belinda; McArthur, Colin; Seppelt, Ian M.; Webb, Steve; Weisbrodt, Leonie; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group (2012-10-15). "Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 186 (8): 724–731. doi:10.1164/rccm.201203-0522OC. ISSN 1535-4970. PMID 22859526.
Ali, Mohammed; Cascella, Marco (2023). "ICU Delirium". StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32644706. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
Girard, Timothy D.; Jackson, James C.; Pandharipande, Pratik P.; Pun, Brenda T.; Thompson, Jennifer L.; Shintani, Ayumi K.; Gordon, Sharon M.; Canonico, Angelo E.; Dittus, Robert S.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Ely, E. Wesley (July 2010). "Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness". Critical Care Medicine. 38 (7): 1513–1520. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1. ISSN 1530-0293. PMC 3638813. PMID 20473145.
Pun, Brenda T.; Balas, Michele C.; Barnes-Daly, Mary Ann; Thompson, Jennifer L.; Aldrich, J. Matthew; Barr, Juliana; Byrum, Diane; Carson, Shannon S.; Devlin, John W.; Engel, Heidi J.; Esbrook, Cheryl L.; Hargett, Ken D.; Harmon, Lori; Hielsberg, Christina; Jackson, James C. (January 2019). "Caring for Critically Ill Patients with the ABCDEF Bundle: Results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in Over 15,000 Adults". Critical Care Medicine. 47 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003482. ISSN 1530-0293. PMC 6298815. PMID 30339549.
Smith, Sarah; Rahman, Omar (2023), "Post-Intensive Care Syndrome", StatPearls, Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32644390, retrieved 2023-08-15
"The Brain Trauma Foundation. The American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care. Use of barbiturates in the control of intracranial hypertension". Journal of Neurotrauma. 17 (6–7). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 527–530 2000. doi:10.1089/neu.2000.17.527. PMID 10937896.
Lee MW, Deppe SA, Sipperly ME, Barrette RR, Thompson DR (June 1994). "The efficacy of barbiturate coma in the management of uncontrolled intracranial hypertension following neurosurgical trauma". Journal of Neurotrauma. 11 (3): 325–331. doi:10.1089/neu.1994.11.325. PMID 7996586.
Nordby HK, Nesbakken R (1984). "The effect of high dose barbiturate decompression after severe head injury. A controlled clinical trial". Acta Neurochirurgica. 72 (3–4): 157–166. doi:10.1007/BF01406868. PMID 6382945. S2CID 12215655.
Schwartz ML, Tator CH, Rowed DW, Reid SR, Meguro K, Andrews DF (November 1984). "The University of Toronto head injury treatment study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol". The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques. 11 (4): 434–440. doi:10.1017/s0317167100045960. PMID 6440704.
Schalén W, Sonesson B, Messeter K, Nordström G, Nordström CH (1992). "Clinical outcome and cognitive impairment in patients with severe head injuries treated with barbiturate coma". Acta Neurochirurgica. 117 (3–4): 153–159. doi:10.1007/BF01400613. PMID 1414516. S2CID 23032307.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

An J, Jonnalagadda D, Moura V, Purdon PL, Brown EN, Westover MB (2018). "Variability in pharmacologically-induced coma for treatment of refractory status epilepticus". PLOS ONE. 13 (10) e0205789. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1305789A. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205789. PMC 6209214. PMID 30379935.
Ladopoulos, Theodoros; Giannaki, Maria; Alexopoulou, Christina; Proklou, Athanasia; Pediaditis, Emmanuel; Kondili, Eumorfia (15 March 2018). "Gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients". Annals of Gastroenterology (in Greek). 31 (3). Crete, Greece: University of Crete Medical School, Department of Intensive Care Medicine: 273–281. doi:10.20524/aog.2018.0250. PMC 5924849. PMID 29720852.
Hayashi, Yuichi; Shibata, Hideaki; Kudo, Takuya; Nishida, Shohei; Ishikawa, Rie; Moriya, Chie; Suzuki, Akio; Kimura, Akio; Inuzuka, Takashi (15 May 2018). "Drug-induced Pressure Ulcers in a Middle-aged Patient with Early-stage Parkinson's Disease". Internal Medicine. 57 (10). Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine: 1483–1486. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.9700-17. PMC 5995694. PMID 29279501.
Nseir, Saad; Makris, Demosthenes; Mathieu, Daniel; Durocher, Alain; Marquette, Charles-Hugo (15 March 2010). "Intensive care unit-acquired infection as a side effect of sedation". Critical Care. 14 (2) R30. BioMed Central Ltd. doi:10.1186/cc8907. PMC 2887136. PMID 20226064.
Pan, Yanbin; Yan, Jianlong; Jiang, Zhixia; Luo, Jianying; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Kaihan (2019-07-10). "Incidence, risk factors, and cumulative risk of delirium among ICU patients: A case-control study". International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 6 (3): 247–251. doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.05.008. ISSN 2352-0132. PMC 6722464. PMID 31508442.
Salluh, Jorge I. F.; Wang, Han; Schneider, Eric B.; Nagaraja, Neeraja; Yenokyan, Gayane; Damluji, Abdulla; Serafim, Rodrigo B.; Stevens, Robert D. (2015-06-03). "Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 350 h2538. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2538. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4454920. PMID 26041151.
Ali, Mohammed; Cascella, Marco (2023). "ICU Delirium". StatPearls. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32644706. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
Girard, Timothy D.; Jackson, James C.; Pandharipande, Pratik P.; Pun, Brenda T.; Thompson, Jennifer L.; Shintani, Ayumi K.; Gordon, Sharon M.; Canonico, Angelo E.; Dittus, Robert S.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Ely, E. Wesley (July 2010). "Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness". Critical Care Medicine. 38 (7): 1513–1520. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1. ISSN 1530-0293. PMC 3638813. PMID 20473145.
Pun, Brenda T.; Balas, Michele C.; Barnes-Daly, Mary Ann; Thompson, Jennifer L.; Aldrich, J. Matthew; Barr, Juliana; Byrum, Diane; Carson, Shannon S.; Devlin, John W.; Engel, Heidi J.; Esbrook, Cheryl L.; Hargett, Ken D.; Harmon, Lori; Hielsberg, Christina; Jackson, James C. (January 2019). "Caring for Critically Ill Patients with the ABCDEF Bundle: Results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in Over 15,000 Adults". Critical Care Medicine. 47 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003482. ISSN 1530-0293. PMC 6298815. PMID 30339549.
Smith, Sarah; Rahman, Omar (2023), "Post-Intensive Care Syndrome", StatPearls, Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32644390, retrieved 2023-08-15

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Grocott HP. "Update on Techniques for Neuroprotection during Hypothermic Arrest" (PDF). Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016. approximately 60% of CMRO2 is utilized for neuronal function (with the remainder being required for cellular integrity)

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"SCCM | PADIS Guidelines". Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM). Retrieved 2023-08-15.

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Stevens, Robert D.; Nyquist, Paul A. (May 2008). "Types of Brain Dysfunction in Critical Illness". Neurologic Clinics. 26 (2). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: 469–486. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.004. ISSN 0733-8619. PMID 18514822. Retrieved 27 August 2025.

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Nordby HK, Nesbakken R (1984). "The effect of high dose barbiturate decompression after severe head injury. A controlled clinical trial". Acta Neurochirurgica. 72 (3–4): 157–166. doi:10.1007/BF01406868. PMID 6382945. S2CID 12215655.
Schalén W, Sonesson B, Messeter K, Nordström G, Nordström CH (1992). "Clinical outcome and cognitive impairment in patients with severe head injuries treated with barbiturate coma". Acta Neurochirurgica. 117 (3–4): 153–159. doi:10.1007/BF01400613. PMID 1414516. S2CID 23032307.

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Eikermann, Matthias; Needham, Dale M; Devlin, John W (May 12, 2023). "'Multimodal, patient-centred symptom control': a strategy to replace sedation in the ICU" (PDF). The Lancet. 11 (6): 506–509. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(23)00141-8. PMID 37187192.

trauma.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Barbiturate Coma". Trauma.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Therapeutic EEG response: burst suppression or cortical electrical silence (with preservation of SSEP and BAEF).

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Grocott HP. "Update on Techniques for Neuroprotection during Hypothermic Arrest" (PDF). Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 14 April 2016. approximately 60% of CMRO2 is utilized for neuronal function (with the remainder being required for cellular integrity)
"Cerebral protection and resuscitation". CNS Clinic – Jordan – Amman. Archived from the original on 4 November 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2016. The primary mechanism of protection involves a reduction in CMRo2 of up to 55% to 60% at which point the EEG becomes isoelectric.
"Barbiturate Coma". Trauma.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2016. Therapeutic EEG response: burst suppression or cortical electrical silence (with preservation of SSEP and BAEF).

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Stevens, Robert D.; Nyquist, Paul A. (May 2008). "Types of Brain Dysfunction in Critical Illness". Neurologic Clinics. 26 (2). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine: 469–486. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2008.02.004. ISSN 0733-8619. PMID 18514822. Retrieved 27 August 2025.
Pan, Yanbin; Yan, Jianlong; Jiang, Zhixia; Luo, Jianying; Zhang, Jingjing; Yang, Kaihan (2019-07-10). "Incidence, risk factors, and cumulative risk of delirium among ICU patients: A case-control study". International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 6 (3): 247–251. doi:10.1016/j.ijnss.2019.05.008. ISSN 2352-0132. PMC 6722464. PMID 31508442.
Salluh, Jorge I. F.; Wang, Han; Schneider, Eric B.; Nagaraja, Neeraja; Yenokyan, Gayane; Damluji, Abdulla; Serafim, Rodrigo B.; Stevens, Robert D. (2015-06-03). "Outcome of delirium in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ. 350 h2538. doi:10.1136/bmj.h2538. ISSN 1756-1833. PMC 4454920. PMID 26041151.
Ely, E. Wesley; Shintani, Ayumi; Truman, Brenda; Speroff, Theodore; Gordon, Sharon M.; Harrell, Frank E.; Inouye, Sharon K.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Dittus, Robert S. (2004-04-14). "Delirium as a predictor of mortality in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care unit". JAMA. 291 (14): 1753–1762. doi:10.1001/jama.291.14.1753. ISSN 1538-3598. PMID 15082703.
Shehabi, Yahya; Bellomo, Rinaldo; Reade, Michael C.; Bailey, Michael; Bass, Frances; Howe, Belinda; McArthur, Colin; Seppelt, Ian M.; Webb, Steve; Weisbrodt, Leonie; Sedation Practice in Intensive Care Evaluation (SPICE) Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group (2012-10-15). "Early intensive care sedation predicts long-term mortality in ventilated critically ill patients". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 186 (8): 724–731. doi:10.1164/rccm.201203-0522OC. ISSN 1535-4970. PMID 22859526.
Girard, Timothy D.; Jackson, James C.; Pandharipande, Pratik P.; Pun, Brenda T.; Thompson, Jennifer L.; Shintani, Ayumi K.; Gordon, Sharon M.; Canonico, Angelo E.; Dittus, Robert S.; Bernard, Gordon R.; Ely, E. Wesley (July 2010). "Delirium as a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in survivors of critical illness". Critical Care Medicine. 38 (7): 1513–1520. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e47be1. ISSN 1530-0293. PMC 3638813. PMID 20473145.
Pun, Brenda T.; Balas, Michele C.; Barnes-Daly, Mary Ann; Thompson, Jennifer L.; Aldrich, J. Matthew; Barr, Juliana; Byrum, Diane; Carson, Shannon S.; Devlin, John W.; Engel, Heidi J.; Esbrook, Cheryl L.; Hargett, Ken D.; Harmon, Lori; Hielsberg, Christina; Jackson, James C. (January 2019). "Caring for Critically Ill Patients with the ABCDEF Bundle: Results of the ICU Liberation Collaborative in Over 15,000 Adults". Critical Care Medicine. 47 (1): 3–14. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000003482. ISSN 1530-0293. PMC 6298815. PMID 30339549.

Induced coma (English Wikipedia)

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neuroanesthesia.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

scahq.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sccm.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149th place; English: 178th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

thelancet.com (Global: 2,393rd place; English: 3,174th place)

trauma.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5th place; English: 5th place)

search.worldcat.org

bmj.com (Global: 1,226^th place; English: 1,421^st place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

mhmedical.com (Global: 6,846^th place; English: 4,957^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

sciencedirect.com (Global: 149^th place; English: 178^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

thelancet.com (Global: 2,393^rd place; English: 3,174^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)