Indus script (English Wikipedia)

Lo, Lawrence. "Indus Script". ancient scripts.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
"Indus Script". ancientscripts.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

'Sign 4' is a compound of 'sign 1', depicting a person carrying two burdens, and 'sign 311', the "jar" sign. Numbering convention for the Indus script by Asko Parpola.^[38] For an alternative numbering scheme, refer to Mahadevan (1977). Mahadevan, Iravatham (1977). The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
Cunningham (1875), pp. 105–108. Cunningham, Alexander (1875). Archaeological Survey of India, Report for the Year 1872–1873, Vol. 5. Calcutta: The Superintendent Of Government.
Goody (1987), pp. 301–302, note 4. Goody, Jack (1987). The Interface Between the Written and the Oral. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521332680.
Mahadevan (1977), pp. 5–7. Mahadevan, Iravatham (1977). The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
Mahadevan (1977), pp. 6–7. Mahadevan, Iravatham (1977). The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
Mahadevan (1977), pp. 14–15. Mahadevan, Iravatham (1977). The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
Mahadevan (1977), pp. 14–15, 24–25, 32–35. Mahadevan, Iravatham (1977). The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
Mahadevan (1977), pp. 10–14. Mahadevan, Iravatham (1977). The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
Cunningham (1877), Plate No. XXVIII. Cunningham, Alexander (1877). Inscriptions of Asoka. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
Zvelebil (1990), pp. 85–86, 96. Zvelebil, Kamil (1990). Dravidian Linguistics: An introduction. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. ISBN 81-85452-01-6. OCLC 24332848.
Mahadevan (1977), p. 9. Mahadevan, Iravatham (1977). The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
Robinson (2002), p. ^{[page needed]}. Robinson, Andrew (2002). Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-135743-2. OCLC 48032556.

arxiv.org (Global: 69^th place; English: 59^th place)

Ooha Lakkadi Reddy (2025). "Rerouting Connection: Hybrid Computer Vision Analysis Reveals Visual Similarity Between Indus and Tibetan-Yi Corridor Writing Systems". arXiv:2503.21074 [cs.CV].

bbc.com (Global: 20^th place; English: 30^th place)

Biswas, Soutik (16 January 2025). "Indus Valley: A million-dollar challenge to crack the script of early Indians". BBC Home. Retrieved 17 January 2025.

berkeley.edu (Global: 580^th place; English: 462^nd place)

linguistics.berkeley.edu

"SEI List of Scripts Not Yet Encoded". linguistics.berkeley.edu/sei/.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Bryant (2001), p. 178. Bryant, Edwin Francis (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0195137779.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
Fairservis (1992), p. 5. Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1992). The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. Brill. ISBN 978-8120404915.
Possehl (2002), p. 127. Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9.
Singh (2008), p. 169. Singh, Upinder (2008). A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century. Pearson Education. ISBN 9788131711200.
Fairservis (1992), pp. 9–10. Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1992). The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. Brill. ISBN 978-8120404915.
Stiebing & Helft (2018), pp. 104–105. Stiebing, William H. Jr.; Helft, Susan N. (2018). Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture (3rd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-88083-6.
Possehl (2002), p. 132. Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9.
Sen (1999), p. 35. Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization. Routledge. ISBN 9788122411980.
Possehl (2002), p. 131, 133, fig. 7.5. Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9.
Marshall (1931), p. 423. Marshall, John (1931). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1179-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Paranavitana, Prematilleka & Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw (1978), p. 119.
Marshall (1931), p. 425. Marshall, John (1931). Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-1179-5. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Possehl (2002), p. 131. Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9.
Kuiper (1991), p. ^{[page needed]}. Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387.
Possehl (2002), p. 136. Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. ISBN 978-0-7591-1642-9.
Bryant (2001), p. 183. Bryant, Edwin Francis (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0195137779.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
Fairservis (1992). Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1992). The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. Brill. ISBN 978-8120404915.
Sreedharan (2007), p. 268–269. Sreedharan, E. (2007). A Manual of Historical Research Methodology. Kerala: Centre for South Indian Studies. ISBN 9788190592802.
Fairservis (1992), p. 14. Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1992). The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script. Brill. ISBN 978-8120404915.

cambridge.org (Global: 305^th place; English: 264^th place)

Hunter (1932), p. 483. Hunter, G. R. (1932). "Mohenjo-daro—Indus Epigraphy". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 64 (2): 466–503. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00112444. S2CID 163294522.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Bryant (2001), p. 178: "what appears to be proto‐Indus writing on shards of pottery from the Ravi phase that are as early as 3500 B.C.E." Bryant, Edwin Francis (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0195137779.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
Witzel (1999) underlines the prefixing nature of these words and calls them Para-Munda, a language related to but not belonging to Proto-Munda. Witzel, M. (1999). "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle, and Late Vedic)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 5 (1): 1–67. doi:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828. ISSN 1084-7561.
Bryant (2001), p. 178. Bryant, Edwin Francis (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0195137779.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
Robinson (2015). Robinson, Andrew (2015). "Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script". Nature News. 526 (7574): 499–501. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..499R. doi:10.1038/526499a. PMID 26490603.
Salomon (1995). Salomon, Richard (1995). "Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. doi:10.2307/604670. JSTOR 604670.
Fairservis (1983). Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1983). "The Script of the Indus Valley Civilization". Scientific American. 248 (3): 58–67. Bibcode:1983SciAm.248c..58F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0383-58. JSTOR 24968852.
Mukhopadhyay (2018a), p. 5–6. Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2018a). "Interrogating Indus Inscriptions Through Their Context, Structure and Compositional Semantics, to Understand Their Inner Logic of Message Conveyance". SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3184583.
Mukhopadhyay (2019), p. 2. Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2019). "Interrogating Indus inscriptions to unravel their mechanisms of meaning conveyance". Palgrave Communications. 5 (1) 73: 1–37. doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0274-1. ISSN 2055-1045.
Hunter (1932), p. 483. Hunter, G. R. (1932). "Mohenjo-daro—Indus Epigraphy". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 64 (2): 466–503. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00112444. S2CID 163294522.
Shinde & Willis (2014). Shinde, Vasant; Willis, Rick J. (2014). "A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation". Ancient Asia. 5. doi:10.5334/aa.12317.
Witzel (1999). Witzel, M. (1999). "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle, and Late Vedic)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 5 (1): 1–67. doi:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828. ISSN 1084-7561.
Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004), pp. 19–20. Farmer, Steve; Sproat, Richard; Witzel, Michael (2004). "The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 11 (2): 19–57. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2004.2.620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.
Bryant (2001), p. 183. Bryant, Edwin Francis (2001). The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0195137779.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-513777-4.
Rao et al. (2009). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, R.; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script" (PDF). Science. 324 (5931): 1165. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. doi:10.1126/science.1170391. PMID 19389998. S2CID 15565405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.
Rao et al. (2010). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, Ronojoy; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2010). "Entropy, the Indus Script, and Language:A Reply to R. Sproat". Computational Linguistics. 36 (4): 795–805. doi:10.1162/coli_c_00030. S2CID 423521.
Parpola (1986), p. 411. Parpola, Asko (1986). "The Indus script: A challenging puzzle". World Archaeology. 17 (3): 399–419. doi:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979979.
Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004). Farmer, Steve; Sproat, Richard; Witzel, Michael (2004). "The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 11 (2): 19–57. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2004.2.620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.
Lawler (2004). Lawler, Andrew (2004). "The Indus script: Write or wrong?". Science. 306 (5704): 2026–2029. doi:10.1126/science.306.5704.2026. PMID 15604381. S2CID 152563280.
Rao (2010). Rao, Rajesh P. N. (2010). "Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script" (PDF). IEEE Computer. 43 (4): 76–80. Bibcode:2010Compr..43d..76R. doi:10.1109/mc.2010.112. S2CID 15353538. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012.
Sproat (2014). Sproat, Richard (June 2014). "A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems" (PDF). Language. 90 (2): 457–481. doi:10.1353/lan.2014.0031. S2CID 146376955.
Rao et al. (2015). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Jonathan, Philip; Ziman, Pauline (2015). "On statistical measures and ancient writing systems". Language. 91 (4): e198 – e205. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0055. S2CID 146385983.
Sproat (2015). Sproat, Richard (2015). "On misunderstandings and misrepresentations: A reply to Rao et al". Language. 91 (4): e206 – e208. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0058. S2CID 146513140.

harappa.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kenoyer (2006), pp. 10–11: "By around 2800 BC, during the Kot Diji Phase at Harappa, the use of script on seals and inscribed pottery indicates the presence of an Early Indus script." Kenoyer, J M (2006). "The Origin, Context and Function of the Indus Script: Recent Insights from Harappa" (PDF). In Osada, Toshiki (ed.). Proceedings of the Pre-symposium and the 7th ESCA Harvard–Kyoto Roundtable. Kyoto: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. pp. 9–27. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
Kenoyer (2006), pp. 10–11. Kenoyer, J M (2006). "The Origin, Context and Function of the Indus Script: Recent Insights from Harappa" (PDF). In Osada, Toshiki (ed.). Proceedings of the Pre-symposium and the 7th ESCA Harvard–Kyoto Roundtable. Kyoto: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature. pp. 9–27. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
Mahadevan (2004). Mahadevan, Iravatham (2004). "Megalithic pottery inscription and a Harappa tablet:A case of extraordinary resemblance" (PDF). Harappa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2012.
"The Indus Script | Harappa". harappa.com. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
Meadow & Kenoyer (2001), p. 224. Meadow, Richard H.; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2 July 2001). "Excavations at Harappa 2000–2001: New insights on Chronology and City Organization" (PDF). In Jarrige, C.; Lefèvre, V. (eds.). South Asian Archaeology 2001: Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists. Paris: Collège de France. ISBN 978-2-8653830-1-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2022.
Meadow & Kenoyer (2010), p. xlviii. Meadow, Richard H.; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2010). "Inscribed Objects from Harappa Excavations 1986–2007" (PDF). In Parpola, Asko; Pande, B. M.; Koskikallio, Petteri (eds.). Volume 3: New material, untraced objects, and collections outside India and Pakistan, Part 1: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, no. 96. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. pp. xliv–lviii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2011.
Mahadevan (2006). Mahadevan, Iravatham (2006). "A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery". Harappa.com.
Mahadevan (2014). Mahadevan, Iravatham (2014). "Dravidian Proof of the Indus Script via The Rig Veda: A Case Study" (PDF). Bulletin of the Indus Research Centre (4).
Parpola (2008). Parpola, Asko (2008). "Is the Indus script indeed not a writing system?" (PDF). Airāvati, Felicitation volume in honour of Iravatham Mahadevan. Chennai: Varalaaru. pp. 111–131. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009.
"A Free Complete Indus Font Package Available". harappa.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

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Robinson (2015). Robinson, Andrew (2015). "Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script". Nature News. 526 (7574): 499–501. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..499R. doi:10.1038/526499a. PMID 26490603.
Fairservis (1983). Fairservis, Walter Ashlin (1983). "The Script of the Indus Valley Civilization". Scientific American. 248 (3): 58–67. Bibcode:1983SciAm.248c..58F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0383-58. JSTOR 24968852.
Rao et al. (2009). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, R.; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script" (PDF). Science. 324 (5931): 1165. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. doi:10.1126/science.1170391. PMID 19389998. S2CID 15565405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.
Rao (2010). Rao, Rajesh P. N. (2010). "Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script" (PDF). IEEE Computer. 43 (4): 76–80. Bibcode:2010Compr..43d..76R. doi:10.1109/mc.2010.112. S2CID 15353538. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012.

helsinki.fi (Global: 1,670^th place; English: 2,355^th place)

Parpola (2005), p. 37. Parpola, Asko (2005). Study of the Indus Script (PDF). 50th ICES Tokyo Session.

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Sproat (2015). Sproat, Richard (2015). "On misunderstandings and misrepresentations: A reply to Rao et al". Language. 91 (4): e206 – e208. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0058. S2CID 146513140.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Salomon (1995). Salomon, Richard (1995). "Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 115 (2): 271–279. doi:10.2307/604670. JSTOR 604670.
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linguisticsociety.org (Global: low place; English: 9,411^th place)

Sproat (2014). Sproat, Richard (June 2014). "A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems" (PDF). Language. 90 (2): 457–481. doi:10.1353/lan.2014.0031. S2CID 146376955.

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Sceau cylindre (in French). Paris: Louvre Museum. 2012. SB 2425.
"sceau cylindre SB2425; AS41; CCO S. 299". Louvre Museum.
Description: "Cylinder seal carved with an elongated buffalo and a Harappan inscription (Sb2425)". Louvre Museum. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013.

louvre.fr

"sceau cylindre SB2425; AS41; CCO S. 299". Louvre Museum.
Description: "Cylinder seal carved with an elongated buffalo and a Harappan inscription (Sb2425)". Louvre Museum. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013.

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Robinson (2015). Robinson, Andrew (2015). "Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script". Nature News. 526 (7574): 499–501. Bibcode:2015Natur.526..499R. doi:10.1038/526499a. PMID 26490603.
Rao et al. (2009). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, R.; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script" (PDF). Science. 324 (5931): 1165. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. doi:10.1126/science.1170391. PMID 19389998. S2CID 15565405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.
Lawler (2004). Lawler, Andrew (2004). "The Indus script: Write or wrong?". Science. 306 (5704): 2026–2029. doi:10.1126/science.306.5704.2026. PMID 15604381. S2CID 152563280.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

Pragati, K. B. (1 February 2025). "Want a Million Dollars? Get Busy Deciphering This Ancient Script". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 February 2025.

rmrl.in (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mahadevan (2008). Mahadevan, Iravatham (2008). "How did the 'great god' get a 'blue neck'? a bilingual clue to the Indus Script" (PDF). Journal of Tamil Studies. 74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2022.

safarmer.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004), pp. 19–20. Farmer, Steve; Sproat, Richard; Witzel, Michael (2004). "The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 11 (2): 19–57. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2004.2.620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.
Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004). Farmer, Steve; Sproat, Richard; Witzel, Michael (2004). "The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 11 (2): 19–57. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2004.2.620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.

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Hunter (1932), p. 483. Hunter, G. R. (1932). "Mohenjo-daro—Indus Epigraphy". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland. 64 (2): 466–503. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00112444. S2CID 163294522.
Rao et al. (2009). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, R.; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script" (PDF). Science. 324 (5931): 1165. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. doi:10.1126/science.1170391. PMID 19389998. S2CID 15565405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.
Rao et al. (2010). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, Ronojoy; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2010). "Entropy, the Indus Script, and Language:A Reply to R. Sproat". Computational Linguistics. 36 (4): 795–805. doi:10.1162/coli_c_00030. S2CID 423521.
Lawler (2004). Lawler, Andrew (2004). "The Indus script: Write or wrong?". Science. 306 (5704): 2026–2029. doi:10.1126/science.306.5704.2026. PMID 15604381. S2CID 152563280.
Rao (2010). Rao, Rajesh P. N. (2010). "Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script" (PDF). IEEE Computer. 43 (4): 76–80. Bibcode:2010Compr..43d..76R. doi:10.1109/mc.2010.112. S2CID 15353538. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012.
Sproat (2014). Sproat, Richard (June 2014). "A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems" (PDF). Language. 90 (2): 457–481. doi:10.1353/lan.2014.0031. S2CID 146376955.
Rao et al. (2015). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Jonathan, Philip; Ziman, Pauline (2015). "On statistical measures and ancient writing systems". Language. 91 (4): e198 – e205. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0055. S2CID 146385983.
Sproat (2015). Sproat, Richard (2015). "On misunderstandings and misrepresentations: A reply to Rao et al". Language. 91 (4): e206 – e208. doi:10.1353/lan.2015.0058. S2CID 146513140.

ted.com (Global: 2,327^th place; English: 1,627^th place)

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thehindu.com (Global: 52^nd place; English: 35^th place)

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theverge.com (Global: 114^th place; English: 90^th place)

Locklear, Mallory (25 January 2017). "Science: Machine learning could finally crack the 4,000-year-old Indus script". The Verge. Manhattan, New York, NY: Vox Media. Retrieved 25 January 2017. After a century of failing to crack an ancient script, linguists turn to machines.

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Hunter (1934). Hunter, G. R. (1934). The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts. Studies in the history of culture. London: K. Paul, Trench, Tubner. OCLC 02042562.

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Witzel (1999) underlines the prefixing nature of these words and calls them Para-Munda, a language related to but not belonging to Proto-Munda. Witzel, M. (1999). "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle, and Late Vedic)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 5 (1): 1–67. doi:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828. ISSN 1084-7561.
Witzel (1999). Witzel, M. (1999). "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle, and Late Vedic)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 5 (1): 1–67. doi:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828. ISSN 1084-7561.

unicode.org (Global: 311^th place; English: 239^th place)

Everson (1999). Everson, Michael (29 January 1999). "Proposal for encoding the Indus script in Plane 1 of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N1959. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
"Proposed New Scripts". unicode.org.

utexas.edu (Global: 916^th place; English: 706^th place)

asnic.utexas.edu

Rahman, Tariq. "Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008. most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously

washington.edu (Global: 1,067^th place; English: 749^th place)

cs.washington.edu

Rao et al. (2009). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, R.; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script" (PDF). Science. 324 (5931): 1165. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. doi:10.1126/science.1170391. PMID 19389998. S2CID 15565405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.
Rao (2010). Rao, Rajesh P. N. (2010). "Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script" (PDF). IEEE Computer. 43 (4): 76–80. Bibcode:2010Compr..43d..76R. doi:10.1109/mc.2010.112. S2CID 15353538. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Mahadevan (2004). Mahadevan, Iravatham (2004). "Megalithic pottery inscription and a Harappa tablet:A case of extraordinary resemblance" (PDF). Harappa. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 November 2012.
Rahman, Tariq. "Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley". Archived from the original on 9 May 2008. Retrieved 20 November 2008. most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously
Meadow & Kenoyer (2001), p. 224. Meadow, Richard H.; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2 July 2001). "Excavations at Harappa 2000–2001: New insights on Chronology and City Organization" (PDF). In Jarrige, C.; Lefèvre, V. (eds.). South Asian Archaeology 2001: Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists. Paris: Collège de France. ISBN 978-2-8653830-1-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2022.
Meadow & Kenoyer (2010), p. xlviii. Meadow, Richard H.; Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark (2010). "Inscribed Objects from Harappa Excavations 1986–2007" (PDF). In Parpola, Asko; Pande, B. M.; Koskikallio, Petteri (eds.). Volume 3: New material, untraced objects, and collections outside India and Pakistan, Part 1: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, no. 96. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. pp. xliv–lviii. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2011.
"Corpus by Asko Parpola". Mohenjodaro. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
"sceau cylindre SB2425; AS41; CCO S. 299". Louvre Museum.
Description: "Cylinder seal carved with an elongated buffalo and a Harappan inscription (Sb2425)". Louvre Museum. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013.
Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004), pp. 19–20. Farmer, Steve; Sproat, Richard; Witzel, Michael (2004). "The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 11 (2): 19–57. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2004.2.620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.
Rao et al. (2009). Rao, Rajesh P. N.; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, R.; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2009). "Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script" (PDF). Science. 324 (5931): 1165. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1165R. doi:10.1126/science.1170391. PMID 19389998. S2CID 15565405. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.
Lo, Lawrence. "Indus Script". ancient scripts.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2019.
Mahadevan (2008). Mahadevan, Iravatham (2008). "How did the 'great god' get a 'blue neck'? a bilingual clue to the Indus Script" (PDF). Journal of Tamil Studies. 74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
"Indus Script". ancientscripts.com. Archived from the original on 19 December 2016.
Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004). Farmer, Steve; Sproat, Richard; Witzel, Michael (2004). "The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization" (PDF). Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 11 (2): 19–57. doi:10.11588/ejvs.2004.2.620. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2007.
Parpola (2008). Parpola, Asko (2008). "Is the Indus script indeed not a writing system?" (PDF). Airāvati, Felicitation volume in honour of Iravatham Mahadevan. Chennai: Varalaaru. pp. 111–131. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009.
Rao (2010). Rao, Rajesh P. N. (2010). "Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script" (PDF). IEEE Computer. 43 (4): 76–80. Bibcode:2010Compr..43d..76R. doi:10.1109/mc.2010.112. S2CID 15353538. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 February 2012.
Everson (1999). Everson, Michael (29 January 1999). "Proposal for encoding the Indus script in Plane 1 of the UCS" (PDF). Unicode Consortium. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N1959. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2010.
"A Free Complete Indus Font Package Available". harappa.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2017.
"Corpus by Asko Parpola". Mohenjodaro. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.
Nadeem, Faryal (27 February 2017). "All Signs of Indus Script Has Been Converted Into Font". Archived from the original on 26 August 2019.

worldcat.org (Global: 5^th place; English: 5^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Witzel (1999) underlines the prefixing nature of these words and calls them Para-Munda, a language related to but not belonging to Proto-Munda. Witzel, M. (1999). "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle, and Late Vedic)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 5 (1): 1–67. doi:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828. ISSN 1084-7561.
Hunter (1934). Hunter, G. R. (1934). The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts. Studies in the history of culture. London: K. Paul, Trench, Tubner. OCLC 02042562.
Mukhopadhyay (2019), p. 2. Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2019). "Interrogating Indus inscriptions to unravel their mechanisms of meaning conveyance". Palgrave Communications. 5 (1) 73: 1–37. doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0274-1. ISSN 2055-1045.
Zvelebil (1990), pp. 85–86, 96. Zvelebil, Kamil (1990). Dravidian Linguistics: An introduction. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture. ISBN 81-85452-01-6. OCLC 24332848.
Witzel (1999). Witzel, M. (1999). "Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle, and Late Vedic)". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 5 (1): 1–67. doi:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828. ISSN 1084-7561.
Kuiper (1991), p. ^{[page needed]}. Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 90-5183-307-5. OCLC 26608387.
Mitchiner (1978), p. 5. Mitchiner, John E. (1978). Studies in the Indus Valley Inscriptions. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH. OCLC 5940418.
Robinson (2002), p. ^{[page needed]}. Robinson, Andrew (2002). Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-135743-2. OCLC 48032556.

Indus script (English Wikipedia)

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