Inline skates (English Wikipedia)

Middlebrook, Chris, ed. (1985). Rollerblades: Dryland Training for Ice Hockey. Chapters by Randy Gregg, Jack Blatherwick, Laura Stamm, Brad Buetow, Scott Olson, Brennan Olson. Minneapolis, MN: Ole's Innovative Sports. Archived from the original on 2025-01-08. Retrieved 2025-01-08.

apmcdn.org

codytranscripts.apmcdn.org

Paula Schroeder (host) (1995-07-31). Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 1 of 3) (audio). Minnesota: Minnesota Public Radio. Transcript 1/3 in PDF (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-25.
Paula Schroeder (host) (1995-07-31). Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 1 of 2) (audio). Minnesota: Minnesota Public Radio. Transcript 2/3 in PDF (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-25.

archive.org

See page 1 of Skates on Haigh mail-order catalog from the fall of 1988, for then-current skate selection from Rollerblade: Lightning at $175, Zetra at $145, BladeRunner at $99. See 1990 ad in Skiing promoting Lightning as being much faster than Zetra 100. A 1990 wheel kit package shows wheel sizes for Rollerblade 608 (70mm), Rollerblade Max-Trainer (70mm), Rollerblade 303 (70mm), Rollerblade 100 (Zetra 100, 64mm) and BladeRunner (64mm), archived here. These 1990 polyurethane wheels were made by Kryptonics for Rollerblade.
Rimbault, Edward Francis (1895). Clinch, George (ed.). Soho and Its Associations: Historical, Literary & Artistic. London: Dulau. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
Peck & Snyder's Encyclopædia and Price List. New York: Peck & Snyder. 1873. Retrieved 2024-12-14. p. 46: Drawing of a parlor or floor skate
"Shaler's Flexible Roller Patent Floor Skates". New York. 1861-04-30. Retrieved 2024-12-15.
How to Become a Skater: containing full instructions for excelling at figure and speed skating. New York: American Sports Publishing Company. 1904. Retrieved 2024-12-01. p. 147: Ad for Peck & Snyder's Racing Roller Skate
Farrell, Arthur (1904). Spalding's Official Ice Hockey Guide. New York: American Sports Publishing Company. Retrieved 2024-12-01. p. 119: Ad for Peck & Snyder's Racing Roller Skate and Climax Skate
Ross, Emily; Holland, Angus (2006). "Rollerblade - Live your product". 100 Great Businesses and the Minds Behind Them. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc. pp. 151–155. ISBN 978-1402206313. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
Joyner, Stephen Christopher (1993). "Profile: Scott Olson". The complete guide & resource to in-line skating. Cincinnati, Ohio: Betterway Books. pp. 22–24. ISBN 155870289X. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
Peippo, Kathleen; Rhodes, Nelson (2000). "Rollerblade, Inc.". International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 34. Detroit: St. James Press. pp. 388–392. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
Bernstein, Ross (2007). "In-Line Hockey In Minnesota". More... Frozen Memories: Celebrating a Century of Minnesota Hockey. Minneapolis, MN: Nodin Press. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-1932472493. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
Proffitt, Michael, ed. (1997). Oxford English Dictionary: Additions Series. Vol. 3. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 339. Retrieved 2025-01-08.
Fried-Cassorla, Albert (1995). In-line Skating: The Ultimate How-to Guide. Fried-Cassorla authored a 1976 book on skateboarding before this 1995 book on inline skating: The Skateboarder's Bibble: technique, equipment, stunts, terms, etc. California: Prima Publishing. ISBN 1559586486. Archived from the original on 2011-12-02. Retrieved 2025-01-11.

ia903203.us.archive.org

"Page 22 & Page 23" (PDF). The Billboard - America's Leading Amusement Weekly. News about Richardson Roller Skate Company, as well as ad from the company, on the same pages with contemporary competitors. 1910-01-29. Retrieved 2024-11-30.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

archive.today

See inline hockey skates made by ice hockey manufacturers, archived here: CCM Super Tacks 9370R, Bauer Vapor 3X Pro, Mission Inhaler WM02, True TF9 Roller Hockey Skate, and Marsblade R1 Kraft Crew.
"How aggressive inline skates are built". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-01-12. Retrieved 2025-01-12.
"The History of Hockey Skates, Part II: The Rise of Hockey-specific Skates". Pure Hockey / Hockey Resource Center. See discussion on how Lange hard boots did not fare well in ice hockey. Archived from the original on 2025-01-17. Retrieved 2025-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
"Easton Synergy 1300C Hockey Skates ('05 Model)- Senior". Perani's Hockey World. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
"Easton Synergy 1500C IHS Hockey Skates". Sideline Swap. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
"TRUE TF9 Senior Roller Hockey Skates". The Hockey Shop. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
"True Pro Custom Roller Hockey Skate Senior". Coast to Coast Hockey Shop. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
Anthony D. Chen (1992-05-17). "Skate FAQs: Wheels and Hop-up Kits". Newsgroup: rec.skate. Archived from the original on 2025-03-29. Retrieved 2025-03-29.
Anthony D. Chen (1992-05-02). "Skate FAQs: The Bearing Maintenance File". Newsgroup: rec.skate. Archived from the original on 2025-05-09. Retrieved 2025-05-09.
Hambinathan, Arampamoorthy (2020-12-11). "Ceramic Bearings vs Steel Bearings: An Engineering Analysis". Hambini Engineering. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2025-05-20.

artsmia.org

new.artsmia.org

"Mind in motion: The MIA's Leonardo show traces Scott Olson's inventive impulse". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27.

axisbearing.com

"Navigating Misalignment: How Deep Groove Ball Bearings Handle the Challenge". Axis - Baart Industrial Group. Archived from the original on 2025-04-26. Retrieved 2025-06-08.

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

"The night of a thousand wheels". BBC News. 20 July 2002. Archived from the original on 2008-06-24.

bbc.com

"The Victorian craze that sparked a mini-sexual revolution". BBC News. 6 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28.

bdsbearing.com

Pfeifer, Jeanette. "A Comprehensive Guide to Bearings Seals: Types, Functions, and Applications". BDS Bearings. Archived from the original on 2024-11-14. Retrieved 2025-05-23.

be-mag.com

"What's in a name? Describing Skating to the Masses". Be-Mag. 2023-01-29. Archived from the original on 2024-09-15. Retrieved 2025-01-13.

benettongroup.com

"The Benetton Group - Annual Report 1997" (PDF). Benetton Group. p. 66: at 1997-04-30 exchange rate of 1710 Lire/USD, Rollerblade revenue of 180,813 million Lire equals $106 million USD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-12-23.

bigwheelblading.com

Welch, Jan (21 June 2023). "Demystifying Inline Skating Disciplines: A Complete Guide". Big Wheel Blading. Archived from the original on 2024-12-13. Retrieved 2025-01-04.

bladeville.com

Bearing shielding and sealing are designated by suffixes that vary between manufacturers. These designations are typically published in technical handbooks and catalogs.^[262] One NTN suffix conversion table can be found on page 178 of the Bearing Nomenclature Guide by BDS.^[263] There is no industry-wide standard that clearly defines when a "shield" becomes a "seal," nor where non-contact shields end and light-contact or non-contact seals begin. Likewise, the skating industry adopts suffixes inspired by those used in the bearing industry, but does not apply them consistently across brands.^[245] Generally, removable metal gap shields are labeled with the suffix "Z" in a fairly uniform way.See Rollerblade SG9 bearings (archived). C-ring mounted metal gap shields, popularized by TWINCAM, are rarely marked with a distinct suffix, but when they are, they follow the "ZS" convention used by SKF.^[248]^[249] The skating industry’s use of the "RS" suffix typically refers to a non-contact NBR shield that physically resembles the RS/2RS contact lip seals used by INA/Schaeffler, but instead leaves a narrow gap, similar to SKF’s non-contact "RZ" shields.^[261]^[264]^[265]^[249] The "RSL" suffix in skating refers to a full-contact labyrinth seal, comparable to SKF’s own RSL low-friction seals, except that SKF RSL leaves small gaps while bending the contamination path.^[264]^[249]
"How aggressive inline skates are built". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-01-12. Retrieved 2025-01-12.
"Inline Skate Frames". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"Rockering in Wizard Frames & Rest of the Pack". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
"Softboots - not that bad, actually!". Bladeville. 2022-04-02. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2025-02-01.
"Glossary of terms in rollerblading". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"What is UFS - Universal Frame System". Bladeville. 2022-03-10. Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
"Choosing hardness of inline skating wheels". Bladeville. 2013-09-17. Archived from the original on 2025-04-18. Retrieved 2025-04-18.

bonesbearings.com

Powell, George A. "Bones® Bearings History". Bones Bearings. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
Powell, George A. "Maintaining your Bones® Bearings". Bones Bearings. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
Powell, George A. "Abec vs. Skate Rated™". Bones Bearings. Archived from the original on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2025-05-16.

bont.com

"Bont - About Us - Who we are". Bont. Archived from the original on 2024-11-26. Retrieved 2025-02-16.

books.google.com

See page 1 of Skates on Haigh mail-order catalog from the fall of 1988, for then-current skate selection from Rollerblade: Lightning at $175, Zetra at $145, BladeRunner at $99. See 1990 ad in Skiing promoting Lightning as being much faster than Zetra 100. A 1990 wheel kit package shows wheel sizes for Rollerblade 608 (70mm), Rollerblade Max-Trainer (70mm), Rollerblade 303 (70mm), Rollerblade 100 (Zetra 100, 64mm) and BladeRunner (64mm), archived here. These 1990 polyurethane wheels were made by Kryptonics for Rollerblade.
Brokaw, Irving (1926). The Art of Skating: Its History and Development with Practical Directions and Instantaneous Action Photographs of Celebrated Skaters of Many Nationalities. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
Vandervell, H.E.; Witham, T. Maxwell (1880). A System of Figure-skating: Being the Theory and Practice of the Art as Developed in England with a Glance at Its Origin and History. London: Horace Cox. pp. 4–7. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
Brokaw, Irving (1910). The Art of Skating: Its History and Development, with Practical Directions. London: Letchworth at the Arden Press & Fetter Lane. p. 12. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
French, Anne; Wright, Michael; Palmer, Frances (1985). John Joseph Merlin: the ingenious mechanick. London, England: Exhibition catalog (Iveagh Bequest), Kenwood, Greater London Council. ISBN 9780716815822. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
Thomas Gill (1823). "Tyers's Patent Volitos". The Technical repository. Vol. 4. London: T. Cadell, Strand. pp. 295–297. Retrieved 2024-11-27.
Newton, W. (1824). The London Journal of Arts and Sciences. Vol. 7. London: Sherwood, Jones & Co., and W. Newton. pp. 20–21. Retrieved 2024-12-02.
"Historical Notes on Roller Skates No. 1". The Engineer. Vol. 41. London: Morgan-Grampian. 1876-02-04. pp. 85–86. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
"Historical Notes on Roller Skates No. 2". The Engineer. Vol. 41. London: Morgan-Grampian. 1876-02-11. pp. 102–103. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
Grigg, Naomi (2014). The Art of Falling: Freestyle Slalom Skating. San Francisco: Patson Media. ISBN 9780692227374.
"Historical Notes on Roller Skates No. 3". The Engineer. Vol. 41. London: Morgan-Grampian. 1876-02-18. pp. 121–122. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
"Historical Notes on Roller Skates No. 11". The Engineer. Vol. 41. London: Morgan-Grampian. 1876-04-21. pp. 287–288. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
Rinehart, Robert E. (2013). Inline Skating in Contemporary Sport: An Examination of Its Growth and Development. Rinehart. ISBN 9780473249892. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
Patents for inventions: Abridgments of specifications relating to Toys, Games and Exercises - A.D. 1672-1866. London: Commissioners of Patents. 1871. pp. Page 168 on Gidman' patent No. 1176. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
UK 3266, Bown, William, "Improvements in the construction of wheels or rollers for roller skates and for other purposes (No. 3266, filed 1876-08-19, published 1876-09-08)", published 1876-09-08
UK 3531, Hughes, John Henry, "Improvements in the bearings of bicycles and velocipedes or carriages (No. 3531, filed 1877-09-19, published 1877-10-12)", published 1877-10-12
Patents for inventions: Abridgments of specifications. Vol. 23: Toys, Games and Exercises - A.D. 1893-1896. London: Commissioners of Patents. 1899. pp. Page 6 on Edwards/Koerner patent No. 1584, and page 55 on Sherrif/Anderson patent No. 18733. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
Meagher, George A. (1895). Figure and Fancy Skating. London: Bliss, Sands, and Foster. Retrieved 2024-12-07.
Jerome, Jerome K., ed. (1896). "Some Press opinions on the exhibition of he Pneumatic Road Skate at the recent Stanley Show". To-Day. Vol. 9. London: Howard House. p. 152. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
"Ad from Cycle Skate and Sporting Goods Co". The Literary Digest. Vol. 32: covering Jan 1906 - June 1906. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. 1906. p. 818. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
"Ad from Cycle Skate and Sporting Goods Co". Hardware. Vol. 33. 1906. p. 16: from May 10th, 1906. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
Increasing Demand for Roller Skates. Vol. 19. New York: R. G. Dun & Co. 1912. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
Ad from John Jay Young on various roller skates. New York: Newspaper Enterprise Association. 1913. Retrieved 2024-12-14.
"Ad by Siffert & Moore MFG. Co". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 76, no. 1. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Company. July 1941. p. 170. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
"Jet Skate Ad by AFCO Products Inc". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 89, no. 4. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Company. April 1948. p. 275. Retrieved 2024-12-18.
"The Roller Renaissance: Forgiving, quiet urethane wheels and new suspension tricks have put a great sport back on its feet". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 151, no. 6. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Company. June 1979. p. 94. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
Powell, Mark; Svensson, John (1998). In-line Skating. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 0880116595. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
Irwin, Dawn (2000). Superguides: Inline Skating. London: DK Pub. ISBN 0789465426. Retrieved 2024-12-29. p. 11: A picture of 1981 Ultimate Hockey Skate is shown under the headline: Modern inline skate
Feineman, Neil (1991). Wheel Excitement. New York: Hearst Books. ISBN 0688108148. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
Fried-Cassorla, Albert (1995). In-line Skating: The Ultimate How-to Guide. Fried-Cassorla authored a 1976 book on skateboarding before this 1995 book on inline skating: The Skateboarder's Bibble: technique, equipment, stunts, terms, etc. California: Prima Publishing. ISBN 1559586486. Archived from the original on 2011-12-02. Retrieved 2025-01-11.
Miller, Liz (2003). Get Rolling: The Beginner's Guide to In-line Skating (3rd ed.). California: Get Rolling Books. ISBN 0963219634. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
Gutman, Bill; Frederick, Shawn (2004). Catching Air: the excitement and daring of individual action sports - snowboarding, skateboarding, BMX biking, in-line skating. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0806525401. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
Joyner, Stephen Christopher (1995). In-line Roller Hockey: The Official Guide and Resource Book. Chicago: Contemporary Books. ISBN 0809234483. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
Publow, Barry (1999). Speed on Skates: a complete technique, training and racing guide for in-line and ice skaters. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 0880117214. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
Stamm, Laura (2010). Laura Stamm's Power Skating. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. ISBN 978-0736076203. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
"What's New: Recreation". Popular Science. Vol. 270, no. 1. January 2007. p. 26. Retrieved 2025-01-18.

brannock.com

"Why Heel-to-Ball Is Essential". The Brannock Device Company. Archived from the original on 2025-01-29. Retrieved 2025-03-02.

britishmuseum.org

"The Volito, or Summer and Winter Skait". The British Museum. Archived from the original on 2024-11-25.

cadomotus.com

"Mounting your inline boot on an ice blade? Why that doesn't fit (unfortunately)". Cádomotus. discusses 165mm and 195mm mounting standards, and explains why a 195mm boot will not fit a standard ice blade tailored to average heel-to-ball distances. 2020-12-29. Archived from the original on 2025-03-01. Retrieved 2025-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

chicagoskates.com

"Chicago Skates Timeline". Chicago Skates (Chicago Roller Skates). Archived from the original on 2024-09-16. Retrieved 2025-03-08.

citypages.com

digitalissue.citypages.com

Erika Wolf (November 21–27, 2012). "Reinventing the Wheel" (PDF). City Pages. Minneapolis, MN. pp. 8–14. Archived from the original on 2024-12-24. Retrieved 2024-12-24.

coasthockeyshop.com

"True Pro Custom Roller Hockey Skate Senior". Coast to Coast Hockey Shop. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

custompolyurethane.co.uk

"Are Polyurethane Skateboard Wheels Good?". Custom Moulded Polyurethane. 2022-08-24. Archived from the original on 2025-03-08. Retrieved 2025-03-08.

dailykos.com

The National Museum of Roller Skating has the Gordon Ware Chicago skate in its collection. See this archived picture from its earlier, now defunct, website. This archived August 2015 newsletter shows a better picture of the same Chicago skate. The same skate with a low-cut shoe was shown in a Washington State History Museum exhibit on Roller Skates in 2023. See this picture, archived here. Also see archive pictures one, two, three and four from an antique listing.

devaskation.com

"What are Swiss Bearings?". Devaskation. Archived from the original on 2025-04-18. Retrieved 2025-05-17.

doi.org

Cross, Rod (2015). "Effects of surface roughness on rolling friction". European Journal of Physics. 36 (6). doi:10.1088/0143-0807/36/6/065029. Archived from the original on 2025-04-27. Retrieved 2025-04-26.

ebay.com

See pictures of John Jay Young Automobile Cycle Skates from an eBay auction, archived here, with front/top views and bottom view.
See auction pictures of John Jay Young Automobile Road Skates from this listing and this listing from an antique exchange, archived here and here. Also see this eBay listing with this archived image.
See pictures of early Lightning skates from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: 1987 with round heel brake, 1988 ad for hockey players and 1989 ad for hockey players, archived here, here and here. Note how the 1987 ad had "© 1987 NASTC", and the 1988 one "© 1988 Rollerblace, Inc." See this vintage Lightning listing for Lightning skates with a square heel brake, archived here.
See pictures of Lightning TRS skates with a cuff buckle in this listing and this listing, archived here and here.

ebayimg.com

i.ebayimg.com

See auction pictures of John Jay Young Automobile Road Skates from this listing and this listing from an antique exchange, archived here and here. Also see this eBay listing with this archived image.
See page 1 of Skates on Haigh mail-order catalog from the fall of 1988, for then-current skate selection from Rollerblade: Lightning at $175, Zetra at $145, BladeRunner at $99. See 1990 ad in Skiing promoting Lightning as being much faster than Zetra 100. A 1990 wheel kit package shows wheel sizes for Rollerblade 608 (70mm), Rollerblade Max-Trainer (70mm), Rollerblade 303 (70mm), Rollerblade 100 (Zetra 100, 64mm) and BladeRunner (64mm), archived here. These 1990 polyurethane wheels were made by Kryptonics for Rollerblade.
"Ad for Super Sport Skates by Super Skate Inc. sponsored by Ralph Backstrom". Faceoff 73 / 74 season. World Hockey Association. 1973. Archived from the original on 18 December 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-21.

elastomer-institut.de

"Rebound Resilience". Elastomer Institut, part of OPR Group GmbH. Archived from the original on 2025-04-23. Retrieved 2025-04-23.

empireskate.org

"NYC Skating Info Links". Empire Skate Club of New York. Archived from the original on 2022-07-09.

endlessblading.com

"The Geometry of Inline Skate Rocker Designs". Endless Blading. 11 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-16.
"Endless 100 RB Frame". Endless Blading. A 165mm frame designed specifically for the Rollerblade RB/Twister series, Adapt Hyperskates, Seba, and other 165mm boots that can't properly center 3rd-party frames. Archived from the original on 2025-03-02. Retrieved 2025-03-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

help.endlessblading.com

"Endless Frame Spec Comparison & Overview". Endless Blading. Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-16.

espacenet.com

worldwide.espacenet.com

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espn.com

"Inline No Longer X Games Competition" (Press release). ESPN. March 8, 2005. Archived from the original on 2016-06-18. Retrieved 2020-10-18.

fireballsupply.co

"6 Common Misconceptions About Skateboard Bearings". Fireball Supply / Dragon Bearings. 2020-08-17. Archived from the original on 2025-02-14. Retrieved 2025-05-23.

gallaghercorp.com

"Urethane vs. Polyurethane". Gallagher Corporation. quote: "when discussing industrial applications, urethane and polyurethane are essentially the same material. The terms are used interchangeably, and there is no functional difference between them.". Archived from the original on 2025-03-09. Retrieved 2025-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
"Polyurethane-Resilience". Gallagher Corporation. Archived from the original on 2024-08-03. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
"Hysteresis in Urethane". Gallagher Corporation. Archived from the original on 2025-04-25. Retrieved 2025-04-25.

getrolling.com

Ahrens, Fred (November 2008). "Inline Skates: An Engineer's Perspective". Get Rolling - Liz Miller. Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2025-05-18.

gmnbt.com

"Radial Ball Bearings". GMN Bearing USA. Archived from the original on 2025-04-26. Retrieved 2025-06-06.

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Pelletier, Joe (2007-05-07). "Ralph Backstrom". Greatest Hockey Legends. Archived from the original on 2024-06-23.

groups.google.com

Anthony D. Chen (1993-11-04). "Q: What are the origins of in-line skates?". Newsgroup: rec.skate. Archived from the original on 2024-12-23. Retrieved 2024-12-23.

hambini.com

Hambinathan, Arampamoorthy (2020-12-11). "Ceramic Bearings vs Steel Bearings: An Engineering Analysis". Hambini Engineering. Archived from the original on 2021-05-07. Retrieved 2025-05-20.

hamiltoncaster.com

"Rolling Resistance and Industrial Wheels" (PDF). Hamilton Caster & Mfg. Co. 2013-02-01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-04-21. Retrieved 2025-04-21.

hickoksports.com

"Roller Skating 1: Development of the Skate". Hickok Sports - Sports History. Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. Retrieved 2025-03-08.

historylink.org

Luhn, Andy (2002-07-23). "K2 Corporation (K2 Sports) — a History". HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on 2024-09-14. Retrieved 2025-02-18.

hockeyforum.com

"Easton Synergy Skates Break-In?". Hockey Forum. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

hockeyoffice.com

"Hockey brands faq - Labeda". Hockey Office. Archived from the original on 2025-03-29. Retrieved 2025-03-29.

hockeyworld.com

"Easton Synergy 1300C Hockey Skates ('05 Model)- Senior". Perani's Hockey World. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

hockeyworldblog.com

"Easton Mako Skates Review: Initial Impressions: 2013-03-15". Hockey World Blog. 15 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
"True Temper Sports Acquires VH Footwear: 2016-09-22". Hockey World Blog. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

hubspotusercontent-na1.net

7000765.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net

"Bearing Nomenclature Guide" (PDF). BDS Bearings. 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-05-24. Retrieved 2025-05-24.

iceskatehistory.co.uk

"Lange Ice Skates (with many pictures)". Ice Skate History. Archived from the original on 2021-12-29.

ifsasports.org

"IFSA Freestyle Slalom Rules". International Freestyle Skaters Association. Archived from the original on 2025-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-05.

inlineplanet.com

Burnson, Robert. "Shaler Gives the Skate Traction By Ringing the Rollers with Rubber". The Inline Planet. Archived from the original on 2004-12-31.
Burnson, Robert. "The Illustrated History of Inline Skate Design At the U.S. Patent Office: Siffert's Jet Skate, 1938". The Inline Planet. Archived from the original on 2021-12-07.
Burnson, Robert (2005). "Scott Olson". The Inline Planet. Archived from the original on 2017-03-22. But I know now, after weeks of research and interviews, that it can't be taken literally, and that much of the popular history of inline skating should, in fact, be rewritten.

inlineskates.com

"Types of Inline Skates". Inline Skates. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
Gorski, Chris. "Skate-O-Pedia / Articles / Aggressive Skates". Inlineskates.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2025-02-09.
Kopitz, Steve. "Buying Guide for Inline Skate Wheels". Inline Skates. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2025-04-04.
"Inline Skate Wheel Rotation and Maintenance". Inline Skates. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2021-10-18.

inlinewarehouse.com

See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[111]
"How to Choose Urban Inline Skates". Inline Warehouse. Archived from the original on 2025-01-26. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
"Inline Skate Frame Buying Guide". Inline Warehouse. Archived from the original on 2025-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
"Inline Skate Wheel Buying Guide". Inline Warehouse. June 2019. Archived from the original on 2025-03-15. Retrieved 2025-04-17.

inlinex.com.sg

Choong, Adam (2018-05-15). "Trinity Three Point Mount". Inlinex. Archived from the original on 2025-03-03. Retrieved 2025-03-03.

inmoveskates.com

Shulgan, Alex (2023-04-20). "Guide to roller and inline skate bearings 2024". InMove Skates. Archived from the original on 2025-05-11. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
Sanchez, Steven (2022-07-12). "Big wheels inline skates experience". InMove Skates. Archived from the original on 2024-11-05. Retrieved 2025-05-04.

jtekt.co.jp

koyo.jtekt.co.jp

"What Are the Differences Between Bearings? The various types and special features of bearings". JTEKT Corporation. 2024-11-20. Archived from the original on 2025-01-13. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
"How to Select the Right Bearing (Part 5): Bearing preload and rigidity". JTEKT Corporation. 2024-11-20. Archived from the original on 2025-06-07. Retrieved 2025-06-07.

justia.com

patents.justia.com

"Patents by Inventor Scott B. Olson". Justia Patents. Archived from the original on 2024-12-24.
"Patents by Inventor Brennan J. Olson". Justia Patents. Archived from the original on 2024-12-24.

k2skates.com

See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[111]

lange-ski-boots.blogspot.com

"The early years - 1957 to 1963". Lange - The History of an All-American Brand. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
"From racing glory to bleeding "Flo" - 1970 to 1973". Lange - The History of an All-American Brand. 2009-02-01. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2024-12-27.

liveabout.com

Williams, Carlesa (2017-10-25). "Inline Skate Wheels 101". LiveAbout. Archived from the original on 2025-04-04. Retrieved 2025-04-04.

locoskates.com

"Frame Mounting for Inline Skates - Everything You Need To Know". Loco Skates. 2024-05-30. Archived from the original on 2025-01-20. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
"What are Twincam and ILQ Bearings?". Loco Skates. 2025-02-13. Archived from the original on 2025-05-12. Retrieved 2025-05-16.

madeinchicagomuseum.com

"Chicago Roller Skate Co., est. 1905". Made In Chicago Museum. 28 November 2021. Archived from the original on 2024-12-03.

minibearings.com.au

"Skate Bearing FAQ". Miniature Bearings Australia. 2004-01-30. Archived from the original on 2005-03-07. Retrieved 2025-05-20.

mit.edu

web.mit.edu

"Inventor of the Week Archive: Scott & Brennan Olson (spelling corrected per rowbike.com -ed.)". MIT School of Engineering. August 1997. Archived from the original on 2003-03-02. Retrieved 2007-02-25.

mlxskates.com

"Our Story". MLX: For Skaters By Skaters. Archived from the original on 2011-01-27. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

modsquadhockey.com

"Easton Mako Skates: 2012-09-26". Mod Squad Hockey. 26 September 2012. Archived from the original on 2020-01-29. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

mpr.org

archive.mpr.org

Paula Schroeder (host) (1995-07-31). Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 1 of 3) (audio). Minnesota: Minnesota Public Radio. Transcript 1/3 in PDF (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-25.
Paula Schroeder (host) (1995-07-31). Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 1 of 2) (audio). Minnesota: Minnesota Public Radio. Transcript 2/3 in PDF (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-25.

musetechnical.com

christmas.musetechnical.com

See ads for the Chicago Roller-Blade in the 1965 Fall & Winter Montgomery Ward catalog, page 1082, archived here, and in the 1965 Spring & Summer Catalog, page 846, archived here.

museumofplay.org

Winner, Tara (2018-06-07). "Sidewalk Surfing: The Gnarly History of Skateboarding Part I (1940s to 1972)". The Strong - National Museum of Play. Archived from the original on 2025-03-16. Retrieved 2025-03-16.

nasa.gov

ntrs.nasa.gov

Dowson, Duncan; Hamrock, Bernard J. (1981). "History of Ball Bearings" (PDF). NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-11-30.
Oswald, Fred B.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.; Poplawski, Joseph V. (April 2012). "Effect of Internal Clearance on Load Distribution and Life of Radially Loaded Ball and Roller Bearings" (PDF). NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-24. Retrieved 2025-06-08.

nature.com

"Calendar of Patent Records" (PDF). Nature. Vol. 123. Nature Publishing Group. 1929. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-12-01. Retrieved 2024-11-30.

networkistics.com

"Joseph Shevelson interviewed by Paul A. Dunn and Sharry Beck Paprocki on the Golden Days of Skating" (PDF). Skaters. Vol. 1, no. 1: Premier Issue. Mt. Morris, IL: CFW Enterprises, Inc. June–July 1990. pp. 12–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
"Quads vs. In-Lines" (PDF). Skaters. Vol. 1, no. 1: Premier Issue. Mt. Morris, IL: CFW Enterprises, Inc. June–July 1990. pp. 37–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-12-20.

newspapers.com

"A Business That's On a Roll". Star Tribune (Minneapolis). Minneapolis. 1985-11-17. Retrieved 2024-12-23.

nhbb.com

"Precision Ball & Roller Bearings - Internal Geometry of Ball Bearings". New Hampshire Ball Bearings, Inc. Archived from the original on 2025-06-08. Retrieved 2025-06-07.

ntn-snr.com

"NTN Rolling Bearings Handbook" (PDF). NTN-SNR. March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2025-05-23.

nytimes.com

"A Craze May Outsprint Its Creator". New York Times. New York. 1990-08-07. Archived from the original on 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2024-12-22.

oed.com

"roller skate, n." Oxford English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2024-11-25. Retrieved 25 November 2024.

online-skating.com

"The History of Skating from 1760 till Today". OLS Online Skating. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28.

orlandosentinel.com

"On a Roll: the new 'in-line' skates offer balance, maneuverability and a good aerobic workout". Orlando Sentinel. Orlando, Florida. 1991-04-27. Retrieved 2024-12-23.

outsideonline.com

cdn.outsideonline.com

See a roadshow display of the Ultimate Hockey Skate here, archived here, from this article, archived here.

outsideonline.com

See a roadshow display of the Ultimate Hockey Skate here, archived here, from this article, archived here.

velo.outsideonline.com

"Causes of tire rolling resistance, and our protocols when testing it". Outside Online. 2021-09-29. Archived from the original on 2025-04-21. Retrieved 2025-04-21.

overplywood.wordpress.com

"Main's skateboard collection and the Paul Conibear Ramprocker". Overplywood - The History of Skateboarding in Swansea. 2013-02-28. Archived from the original on 2025-03-16. Retrieved 2025-03-16.

pari-roller.com

"Pari Roller – La Friday Night Fever !". Archived from the original on 30 January 2008.

peterverdone.com

Verdone, Peter (2012). "Bearings & Lubrication". PVD Designs. Archived from the original on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2025-05-31.

pibsales.com

Sweeney, Kevin (2024-02-10). "Factors Affecting Friction Torque in Bearings". Pacific International Bearing. Archived from the original on 2025-05-19. Retrieved 2025-05-20.

powerslide.com

See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[111]
"Powerslide Frames Guide" (PDF). Powerslide. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
"195 Mounting". Powerslide. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"Powerslide Wheels Guide" (PDF). Powerslide. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
"Powerslide/Wicked Bearing Guide" (PDF). Powerslide. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2025-05-09.

purehockey.com

"The History of Hockey Skates, Part II: The Rise of Hockey-specific Skates". Pure Hockey / Hockey Resource Center. See discussion on how Lange hard boots did not fare well in ice hockey. Archived from the original on 2025-01-17. Retrieved 2025-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

radio-guy.com

See pictures of Siffert's skates sold by Best Ever Built Skate Co at Le Roller en Ligne.^[64] The National Museum of Roller Skating has the Siffert skate in its collection. See this archived picture from its earlier, now defunct, website. Also refer to a picture shown here, archived here.

reboothockey.wordpress.com

"Reboot Hockey Interview: VH Hockey". Reboot Hockey. dialog with founder Scott Van Horne on MLX, Easton Mako, VH Footware, custom hockey boots, ankle support, dorsiflexion, etc. 2015-08-05. Archived from the original on 2025-01-18. Retrieved 2025-01-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

researchgate.net

Cross, Rod (2015). "Effects of surface roughness on rolling friction". European Journal of Physics. 36 (6). doi:10.1088/0143-0807/36/6/065029. Archived from the original on 2025-04-27. Retrieved 2025-04-26.

revisionhockey.com

"Reivision wheels: Flex, Recoil and Variant". Revision Hockey. Archived from the original on 2025-04-20. Retrieved 2025-04-20.

roces.com

See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[111]

rockinframes.com

"Let's talk facts: ROCKIN' MIX4 100/90". ROCKIN’ Frames. 2022-02-10. Archived from the original on 2025-03-02. Retrieved 2025-03-02.

rollerblade.com

The MIA exhibit story from 2015 includes a picture showing Scott Olson holding two prototype skates: 1) Lange boot on Super Street Skate skate with cream-colored wheels (1979), and 2) CCM Tacks hockey skate boot on his own adjustable/expandable skate design with orange polyurethane wheels (1981).^[84] Said picture is archived here. The same two prototype skates are also seen in the main article picture of this Rollerblade article from 2019, archived here. The article picture is archived here.
See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[111]
See the article image (archived here) of this Rollerblade article from 2019 (archived here) for a glimpse of a prototype with a flat Chicago frame mounted onto an ice hockey boot, with a yellow heel disc. The article includes a gallery at the end, where this picture (archived here) shows a number of skaters wearing inline skates thus custom-made, again, with heel discs.

rollerenligne.com

See pictures of Siffert's skates sold by Best Ever Built Skate Co at Le Roller en Ligne.^[64] The National Museum of Roller Skating has the Siffert skate in its collection. See this archived picture from its earlier, now defunct, website. Also refer to a picture shown here, archived here.
"Charles-Louis Petibled : le premier brevet de l'histoire du patin à roulettes". Le Roller en Ligne. 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2024-01-29.
"Jean Garcin, l'un des pionniers français de patinage à roulettes". Le Roller en Ligne. 24 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2024-01-29.
"Best Ever Built Skate Co : un patin à roues alignées de 1936/1938". Le Roller en Ligne. 25 December 2020. Archived from the original on 2024-12-20.
"Which skate frame for which use?". Le Roller en Ligne. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
"The manufacturing processes of skate frames". Le Roller en Ligne. 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
"Anatomy of a skate frame". Le Roller en Ligne. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
"Which material for your skate frames: Magnesium or aluminum?". Le Roller en Ligne. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
"Interview with Alexander Bont, owner of the Australian Brand". Le Roller en Ligne. 2015-07-22. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"Is 2015 the comeback year of 165mm mounting?". Le Roller en Ligne. 2015-04-10. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"La norme UFS (Universal Frame System)". Le Roller en Ligne (in French). 2018-08-22. Archived from the original on 2025-02-22. Retrieved 2025-02-22.
"Anatomy of an inline skate wheel". Le Roller en Ligne. 2020-11-03. Archived from the original on 2025-03-08. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
"Physics of the inline skate wheel". Le Roller en Ligne. Archived from the original on 2025-03-22. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
Chartier, Alexandre 'alfathor' (2015-01-18). "Dual density skate wheels: Where does the technology comes from and what is the use of it?". Le Roller en Ligne. Archived from the original on 2025-04-19. Retrieved 2025-04-19.

rollerskatingmuseum.com

"The History of Inline Skating". National Museum of Roller Skating. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10.

rollerskatingmuseum.org

Turner, James; Zaidman, Michael (1997). The History of Roller Skating. Illustrated with museum collections and archives. Lincoln, Nebraska: National Museum of Roller Skating. ISBN 0965819205.

runrepeat.com

"Heel to Toe Drop: The Ultimate Guide". RunRepeat. Archived from the original on 2025-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-05.

schaeffler.com

"INA/Schaeffler Product Reference Guide (732 pages)" (PDF). Schaeffler. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-05-24. Retrieved 2025-05-24.

sharpskates.wordpress.com

"Review: VH Footwear Custom Skates: 2015-02-03". Sharp Skates. 3 February 2015. Archived from the original on 2016-07-07. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

si.edu

americanhistory.si.edu

""Volito" In-line Roller Skate". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 2024-11-22.

sidelineswap.com

"Easton Synergy 1500C IHS Hockey Skates". Sideline Swap. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

skamidan.com

"What is Inline Skating – Inline Skating in Brief". SkaMiDan – Skating School & Skateshop. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2025-01-09. Retrieved 2025-02-09.

skatecity.com

"Clubs and Leagues: Group Skates". New York City Inline Skating Guide. Archived from the original on 2022-12-03.

skatefaq.com

Chen, Anthony D. "ABEC = HYPE?". Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2014.

skatepro.com

"Buying Speed Skates". SkatePro. Archived from the original on 2025-01-25. Retrieved 2025-01-25.
"Wheels for Inline Skates - A Complete Guide". SkatePro. Archived from the original on 2025-01-31. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
"Aggressive Skate Wheels". SkatePro. Archived from the original on 2025-04-05. Retrieved 2025-04-05.

skatingmagic.com

"Inline Skate Frame Buying Guide". Skating Magic. 2021-07-31. Archived from the original on 2025-03-05. Retrieved 2025-03-05.

skf.com

cdn.skfmediahub.skf.com

"Rolling Bearings" (PDF). SKF Group. A 1,152 document published by SKF Group. October 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-04-07. Retrieved 2025-05-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
"SKF: Bearing damage and failure analysis" (PDF). website. PUB BU/I3 14219/2 EN. June 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-04-07. Retrieved 2025-06-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

slickwillies.co.uk

"Inline Skates Buyer's Guide". Slick Willie's. Archived from the original on 2025-02-04. Retrieved 2025-02-04.

smbbearings.com

"Skate Bearings - your essential guide" (PDF). SMB Bearings. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-06-07. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
"Ball Bearing Internal Clearance". SMB Bearings. Archived from the original on 2025-06-07. Retrieved 2025-06-07.

sportngin.com

cdn1.sportngin.com

See pictures of early prototypes of Ultimate Street Skate with "Ole's Innovative Sports" stamped on their frames, from this page on Vintage Minnesota Hockey, such as this picture, this picture and this picture, plus this ad. Archived here, with picture, picture, picture and picture.^[87]
See pictures of the new generation of early Rollerblade skates with heel brakes, from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: picture, picture, picture and picture, archived here, here, here and here. These have a refined version of the adjustable frame from the Ultimate Street Skate, and a similar hard boot. These skates witnessed the transition of Scott Olson's company from "Ole's Innovative Sports", to "North American Sports Training Corp.", and finally to "Rollerblade", as attested by marketing materials.^[87]
See pictures of early Lightning skates from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: 1987 with round heel brake, 1988 ad for hockey players and 1989 ad for hockey players, archived here, here and here. Note how the 1987 ad had "© 1987 NASTC", and the 1988 one "© 1988 Rollerblace, Inc." See this vintage Lightning listing for Lightning skates with a square heel brake, archived here.

staticflickr.com

live.staticflickr.com

The National Museum of Roller Skating has the Gordon Ware Chicago skate in its collection. See this archived picture from its earlier, now defunct, website. This archived August 2015 newsletter shows a better picture of the same Chicago skate. The same skate with a low-cut shoe was shown in a Washington State History Museum exhibit on Roller Skates in 2023. See this picture, archived here. Also see archive pictures one, two, three and four from an antique listing.

storage.googleapis.com

patentimages.storage.googleapis.com

See US patent 7,039,977 filed by Mission Hockey in 2003, showing the same hockey boot construction, mounted on an ice blade (FIG. 1), and on a wheeled frame (FIG. 2).^[133]

thecabe.com

See auction pictures of John Jay Young Automobile Road Skates from this listing and this listing from an antique exchange, archived here and here. Also see this eBay listing with this archived image.

thecatalogblog.com

See ads for the Chicago Roller-Blade in the 1965 Fall & Winter Montgomery Ward catalog, page 1082, archived here, and in the 1965 Spring & Summer Catalog, page 846, archived here.

thegazette.co.uk

UK 3266, Bown, William, "Improvements in the construction of wheels or rollers for roller skates and for other purposes (No. 3266, filed 1876-08-19, published 1876-09-08)", published 1876-09-08
UK 3531, Hughes, John Henry, "Improvements in the bearings of bicycles and velocipedes or carriages (No. 3531, filed 1877-09-19, published 1877-10-12)", published 1877-10-12

thehockeyshop.com

"TRUE TF9 Senior Roller Hockey Skates". The Hockey Shop. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

thierstein.net

skating.thierstein.net

Thierstein, Markus. "Inline Skating Knowledge: Rockering". Skating Thierstein. Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2025-01-20.
Thierstein, Markus. "Inline Skating Knowledge: Rotating Wheels". Skating Thierstein. Archived from the original on 2025-02-28. Retrieved 2025-04-29.

thisissoul.com

"Everything about Frames". This Is Soul. 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2025-01-15. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
"Everything about Grindwheels". This Is Soul. 29 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2025-01-22. Retrieved 2025-01-22.
Vegter, Ivo (4 January 2022). "Everything about wheels". This Is Soul. Archived from the original on 2024-09-13. Retrieved 2025-03-07.
Vegter, Ivo. "Everything about wheel diameter". This Is Soul. Also reference the companion video shown in the article. Archived from the original on 2025-04-04. Retrieved 2025-04-04.
Vegter, Ivo. "Everything about wheel profile". This Is Soul. Also reference the companion video shown in the article. Archived from the original on 2025-04-04. Retrieved 2025-04-04.

twincambearing.com

"TWINCAM home page". TWINCAM Bearing. Archived from the original on 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2025-05-16.

uspto.gov

assignments.uspto.gov

"Trademark Assignment Abstract of Title: ROLLERBLADE". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on 2025-01-08. Retrieved 2025-01-08.

tsdr.uspto.gov

"Trademark record: ROLLERBLADE". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved 2025-01-08.

vandemlongboardshop.co.uk

"Skateboard Bearings - the Truth". Vandem Longboard Shop. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2025-05-24.

vhhockey.com

"About VH Hockey". VH Hockey. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2025-01-18.

vhspeedskating.com

"Skate Fit / Find Your VH Size". VH Speed Skating. Archived from the original on 2008-07-23. Retrieved 2025-01-19.
"VH Custom". VH Speed Skating. Archived from the original on 2012-05-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

vintagemnhockey.com

history.vintagemnhockey.com

See pictures of early prototypes of Ultimate Street Skate with "Ole's Innovative Sports" stamped on their frames, from this page on Vintage Minnesota Hockey, such as this picture, this picture and this picture, plus this ad. Archived here, with picture, picture, picture and picture.^[87]
See pictures of the new generation of early Rollerblade skates with heel brakes, from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: picture, picture, picture and picture, archived here, here, here and here. These have a refined version of the adjustable frame from the Ultimate Street Skate, and a similar hard boot. These skates witnessed the transition of Scott Olson's company from "Ole's Innovative Sports", to "North American Sports Training Corp.", and finally to "Rollerblade", as attested by marketing materials.^[87]
See pictures of early Lightning skates from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: 1987 with round heel brake, 1988 ad for hockey players and 1989 ad for hockey players, archived here, here and here. Note how the 1987 ad had "© 1987 NASTC", and the 1988 one "© 1988 Rollerblace, Inc." See this vintage Lightning listing for Lightning skates with a square heel brake, archived here.
"Minnesota In-Line Hockey and History of In-Line Skates". Vintage Minnesota Hockey. A picture gallery at the bottom of the page shows rare historical images of early Rollerblade prototypes and products including the Ultimate Street Skate. Archived from the original on 2024-07-15. Retrieved 2024-12-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

washingtonpost.com

Weiss, Eric M. (2004-08-17). "A Reinvention Of the Wheel". Washington Post. Washington DC. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2024-12-20.

web.archive.org

Some of these pneumatic skates from Peck & Snyder still exist. See auction pictures from 2018, archived as side view and bottom view.
See pictures of John Jay Young Automobile Cycle Skates from an eBay auction, archived here, with front/top views and bottom view.
See auction pictures of John Jay Young Automobile Road Skates from this listing and this listing from an antique exchange, archived here and here. Also see this eBay listing with this archived image.
See pictures of Siffert's skates sold by Best Ever Built Skate Co at Le Roller en Ligne.^[64] The National Museum of Roller Skating has the Siffert skate in its collection. See this archived picture from its earlier, now defunct, website. Also refer to a picture shown here, archived here.
The National Museum of Roller Skating has the Gordon Ware Chicago skate in its collection. See this archived picture from its earlier, now defunct, website. This archived August 2015 newsletter shows a better picture of the same Chicago skate. The same skate with a low-cut shoe was shown in a Washington State History Museum exhibit on Roller Skates in 2023. See this picture, archived here. Also see archive pictures one, two, three and four from an antique listing.
See ads for the Chicago Roller-Blade in the 1965 Fall & Winter Montgomery Ward catalog, page 1082, archived here, and in the 1965 Spring & Summer Catalog, page 846, archived here.
See ad for Super Sport Skates endorsed by Ralph Backstrom in "Faceoff" 73 / 74 season by World Hockey Association.^[72] Also see archived pictures one, two, three and four, from an antique listing.
See archives of ads for Lange Hockey Skates: 1974, 1977 and 1979.
The MIA exhibit story from 2015 includes a picture showing Scott Olson holding two prototype skates: 1) Lange boot on Super Street Skate skate with cream-colored wheels (1979), and 2) CCM Tacks hockey skate boot on his own adjustable/expandable skate design with orange polyurethane wheels (1981).^[84] Said picture is archived here. The same two prototype skates are also seen in the main article picture of this Rollerblade article from 2019, archived here. The article picture is archived here.
See pictures of early prototypes of Ultimate Street Skate with "Ole's Innovative Sports" stamped on their frames, from this page on Vintage Minnesota Hockey, such as this picture, this picture and this picture, plus this ad. Archived here, with picture, picture, picture and picture.^[87]
See a roadshow display of the Ultimate Hockey Skate here, archived here, from this article, archived here.
See pictures of the new generation of early Rollerblade skates with heel brakes, from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: picture, picture, picture and picture, archived here, here, here and here. These have a refined version of the adjustable frame from the Ultimate Street Skate, and a similar hard boot. These skates witnessed the transition of Scott Olson's company from "Ole's Innovative Sports", to "North American Sports Training Corp.", and finally to "Rollerblade", as attested by marketing materials.^[87]
See pictures of early Lightning skates from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: 1987 with round heel brake, 1988 ad for hockey players and 1989 ad for hockey players, archived here, here and here. Note how the 1987 ad had "© 1987 NASTC", and the 1988 one "© 1988 Rollerblace, Inc." See this vintage Lightning listing for Lightning skates with a square heel brake, archived here.
See pictures of Lightning TRS skates with a cuff buckle in this listing and this listing, archived here and here.
See page 1 of Skates on Haigh mail-order catalog from the fall of 1988, for then-current skate selection from Rollerblade: Lightning at $175, Zetra at $145, BladeRunner at $99. See 1990 ad in Skiing promoting Lightning as being much faster than Zetra 100. A 1990 wheel kit package shows wheel sizes for Rollerblade 608 (70mm), Rollerblade Max-Trainer (70mm), Rollerblade 303 (70mm), Rollerblade 100 (Zetra 100, 64mm) and BladeRunner (64mm), archived here. These 1990 polyurethane wheels were made by Kryptonics for Rollerblade.
See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[111]
See archived product pages from Rollerblade: 2011 page showing a selection of Rollerblade "Street Skates", 2016 selection, and 2024 selection.
See inline hockey skates made by ice hockey manufacturers, archived here: CCM Super Tacks 9370R, Bauer Vapor 3X Pro, Mission Inhaler WM02, True TF9 Roller Hockey Skate, and Marsblade R1 Kraft Crew.
The loosely defined terms "frame height," "deck height," and "ride height" are usually absent from the technical specifications of skates or frames. However, they are frequently used in reviews and buying guides for comparison. In the following articles, the distance from the bottom of a boot (i.e., the sole) to the ground is variously referred to as frame height, deck height, and ride height: Skating Magic archive, Inline Warehouse archive, Cadomotus archive, Loco Skates archive 1, and Loco Skates archive 2. Similarly, the distance from the top of a mount (i.e., roughly the sole) to the center of a wheel axle is described as deck height and ride height in these articles: Atom Skates archive and Loco Skates archive 3. Only in rare instances, such as on this product page, does "frame height" actually refer to the physical measurement of the frame itself.
See the article image (archived here) of this Rollerblade article from 2019 (archived here) for a glimpse of a prototype with a flat Chicago frame mounted onto an ice hockey boot, with a yellow heel disc. The article includes a gallery at the end, where this picture (archived here) shows a number of skaters wearing inline skates thus custom-made, again, with heel discs.
Roller Derby made clay composition wheels in the 1960s for their "sidewalk surfboards" (skateboards).^[212]^[213] The same wheels were used in their Royal Sidewalk line of roller skates as late as 1974 (archived catalog page). By 1978, however, the same Royal Sidewalk line adopted polyurethane wheels under the brand Fireball (archived catalog page). See archived entry and images of this Etsy listing showing a pair of Royal Sidewalk skates with these clay wheels: listing page, image 1, and image 2.
See table in the Gallagher article showing polyurethane compounds with varying hardness from 60A to 95A and varying rebound values (Bayshore Resilience) from 25% to 60%, with no correlations. A YouTube video (archived) from the article demonstrates "polyurethane resilience" tests (yet another name for Bayshore Resilience) showing two balls with the same hardness, but opposite rebound values. At 0:41, an inline skate wheel with high rebound was shown bouncing off the floor.^[219]
Bearing shielding and sealing are designated by suffixes that vary between manufacturers. These designations are typically published in technical handbooks and catalogs.^[262] One NTN suffix conversion table can be found on page 178 of the Bearing Nomenclature Guide by BDS.^[263] There is no industry-wide standard that clearly defines when a "shield" becomes a "seal," nor where non-contact shields end and light-contact or non-contact seals begin. Likewise, the skating industry adopts suffixes inspired by those used in the bearing industry, but does not apply them consistently across brands.^[245] Generally, removable metal gap shields are labeled with the suffix "Z" in a fairly uniform way.See Rollerblade SG9 bearings (archived). C-ring mounted metal gap shields, popularized by TWINCAM, are rarely marked with a distinct suffix, but when they are, they follow the "ZS" convention used by SKF.^[248]^[249] The skating industry’s use of the "RS" suffix typically refers to a non-contact NBR shield that physically resembles the RS/2RS contact lip seals used by INA/Schaeffler, but instead leaves a narrow gap, similar to SKF’s non-contact "RZ" shields.^[261]^[264]^[265]^[249] The "RSL" suffix in skating refers to a full-contact labyrinth seal, comparable to SKF’s own RSL low-friction seals, except that SKF RSL leaves small gaps while bending the contamination path.^[264]^[249]
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Refer to this video showing the production process of a Bauer hockey skate (both ice and inline), corresponding to the US patent 7,316,083. See FIG. 9: an exploded view showing components used in the construction of a traditional hockey skate in the 2010s.^[132]^[131]
See table in the Gallagher article showing polyurethane compounds with varying hardness from 60A to 95A and varying rebound values (Bayshore Resilience) from 25% to 60%, with no correlations. A YouTube video (archived) from the article demonstrates "polyurethane resilience" tests (yet another name for Bayshore Resilience) showing two balls with the same hardness, but opposite rebound values. At 0:41, an inline skate wheel with high rebound was shown bouncing off the floor.^[219]
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Vegter, Ivo (2021-08-31). "Everything About Grooves" (video). thisissoul.com. See video transcript on history of frame grooves, soulplates, backslide groove, Rollerblade Lightning, Roces Majestic 12 (M12), UFS mounting holes, split, wheel protection, height of grooves, radius of grooves, etc. This is Soul.
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Lino, Ricardo (2017-11-07). "Why Trinity? The latest generation inline skates frame system // vlog 182" (video). youtube.com. See video transcript.
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"What Happened to the K2 Fatty? // Aggressive Inline Skating" (video). youtube.com. See video transcript on discussions on origin of K2 Fatty, prototype/sample of Fatty Pro, and 2018 Fatty. Back to Blading. 2018-10-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Vegter, Ivo (2022-05-08). "Review: Roces 5th Element" (video). thisissoul.com. See video transcript on history of Roces, relationship to Rollerblade, 1998 Roces 5th Element, and 2020 version of the 5th Element. This is Soul.
"Into Detail: About Frames" (video). www.thisissoul.com. This is the companion video of the article on "Everything about Frames". This Is Soul. 2020-10-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Knoll, Matthias; Pfitzner, Jürgen; Arlidge, Scott (2016-07-27). "Trinity Mount - The next level" (video). youtube.com. Powerslide introduced Trinity for all skating disciplines. Powerslide.
Briand, Pascal (2022-03-22). "Trinity vs 195 Mounting - PS live stream" (video). youtube.com. Pascal talks about Trinity's development history and specifications. He compares Trinity mounting to 195mm mounting, including the wide front mounts for better control and pushes. Powerslide. Archived from the original on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2025-05-04.
Lino, Ricardo (2022-06-23). "This Factory Makes the Best Wheels for Inline & Quad Skating, Skateboarding & Scooters" (video). youtube.com. See video transcript for a tour of factory floor and discussions on all aspects of wheel-making.
Lino, Ricardo (2016-12-13). "Why Triskates? The Latest Generation Inline Skate" (video). youtube.com. See video transcript.

zecoprzepraszam.wordpress.com

"Trinity system – incoming revolution". Że co, przepraszam?!. Interview with Powerslide on the upcoming Trinity mounting system (2016) with respect to popular 165mm and 195mm mounting systems. 2016-01-15. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)