Inline skates (English Wikipedia)

Middlebrook, Chris, ed. (1985). Rollerblades: Dryland Training for Ice Hockey. Chapters by Randy Gregg, Jack Blatherwick, Laura Stamm, Brad Buetow, Scott Olson, Brennan Olson. Minneapolis, Minn.: Ole's Innovative Sports. Archived from the original on 2025-01-08. Retrieved 2025-01-08.

apmcdn.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

codytranscripts.apmcdn.org

Paula Schroeder (host) (1995-07-31). Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 1 of 3) (audio). Minnesota: Minnesota Public Radio. Transcript 1/3 in PDF (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-25.
Paula Schroeder (host) (1995-07-31). Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 2 of 3) (audio). Minnesota: Minnesota Public Radio. Transcript 2/3 in PDF (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-25.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Ross, Emily; Holland, Angus (2006). "Rollerblade - Live your product". 100 Great Businesses and the Minds Behind Them. Naperville, Illinois: Sourcebooks, Inc. pp. 151–155. ISBN 978-1402206313. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
Fried-Cassorla, Albert (1995). In-line Skating: The Ultimate How-to Guide. Fried-Cassorla authored a 1976 book on skateboarding before this 1995 book on inline skating: The Skateboarder's Bibble: technique, equipment, stunts, terms, etc. California: Prima Publishing. ISBN 1559586486. Retrieved 2025-01-11. Alt URL
Peippo, Kathleen; Rhodes, Nelson (2000). "Rollerblade, Inc.". International Directory of Company Histories. Vol. 34. Detroit: St. James Press. pp. 388–392. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
Bernstein, Ross (2007). "In-Line Hockey In Minnesota". More... Frozen Memories: Celebrating a Century of Minnesota Hockey. Minneapolis, Minn.: Nodin Press. pp. 184–185. ISBN 978-1932472493. Retrieved 2024-12-24.
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artsmia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

new.artsmia.org

"Mind in motion: The MIA's Leonardo show traces Scott Olson's inventive impulse". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27.

axisbearing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Navigating Misalignment: How Deep Groove Ball Bearings Handle the Challenge". Axis - Baart Industrial Group. 29 July 2024. Archived from the original on 2025-04-26. Retrieved 2025-06-08.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"The night of a thousand wheels". BBC News. 20 July 2002. Archived from the original on 2008-06-24.

bbc.com (Global: 26^th place; English: 23^rd place)

"The Victorian craze that sparked a mini-sexual revolution". BBC News. 6 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28.

bdsbearing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Pfeifer, Jeanette. "A Comprehensive Guide to Bearings Seals: Types, Functions, and Applications". BDS Bearings. Archived from the original on 2024-11-14. Retrieved 2025-05-23.

be-mag.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What's in a name? Describing Skating to the Masses". Be-Mag. 2023-01-29. Archived from the original on 2024-09-15. Retrieved 2025-01-13.

bigwheelblading.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Welch, Jan (21 June 2023). "Demystifying Inline Skating Disciplines: A Complete Guide". Big Wheel Blading. Archived from the original on 2024-12-13. Retrieved 2025-01-04.

bladeville.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Bearing shielding and sealing are designated by suffixes that vary between manufacturers. These designations are typically published in technical handbooks and catalogs.^[188] One NTN suffix conversion table can be found on page 178 of the Bearing Nomenclature Guide by BDS.^[189] There is no industry-wide standard that clearly defines when a "shield" becomes a "seal", nor where non-contact shields end and light-contact or non-contact seals begin. Likewise, the skating industry adopts suffixes inspired by those used in the bearing industry, but does not apply them consistently across brands.^[172] Generally, removable metal gap shields are labeled with the suffix "Z" in a fairly uniform way. See Rollerblade SG9 bearings (archived). C-ring mounted metal gap shields, popularized by TWINCAM, are rarely marked with a distinct suffix, but when they are, they follow the "ZS" convention used by SKF.^[173]^[174] The skating industry’s use of the "RS" suffix typically refers to a non-contact NBR shield that physically resembles the RS/2RS contact lip seals used by INA/Schaeffler, but instead leaves a narrow gap, similar to SKF’s non-contact "RZ" shields.^[187]^[190]^[191]^[174] The "RSL" suffix in skating refers to a full-contact labyrinth seal, comparable to SKF’s own RSL low-friction seals, except that SKF RSL leaves small gaps while bending the contamination path.^[190]^[174]
"Inline Skate Frames". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17. Widen browser width for desktop rendering mode, to see descriptions of frame standards: 165mm, 195mm, UFS and Trinity.
"Powerslide Hardcore EVO PRO 90". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-08-01. Retrieved 2025-08-01. "heel raise" and "heel lift" used in the same text to refer to heel-to-toe drop.
"How aggressive inline skates are built". Bladeville. Retrieved 2025-01-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)
"Rockering in Wizard Frames & Rest of the Pack". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
"Softboots - not that bad, actually!". Bladeville. 2022-04-02. Archived from the original on 2023-05-25. Retrieved 2025-02-01.
"Glossary of terms in rollerblading". Bladeville. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"What is UFS - Universal Frame System". Bladeville. 2022-03-10. Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2025-02-21.
"Choosing hardness of inline skating wheels". Bladeville. 2013-09-17. Archived from the original on 2025-04-18. Retrieved 2025-04-18.

bonesbearings.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Powell, George A. "Bones® Bearings History". Bones Bearings. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
Powell, George A. "Maintaining your Bones® Bearings". Bones Bearings. Archived from the original on 2008-05-10. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
Powell, George A. "Abec vs. Skate Rated™". Bones Bearings. Archived from the original on 2014-10-09. Retrieved 2025-05-16.

bont.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Bont - About Us - Who we are". Bont. Archived from the original on 2024-11-26. Retrieved 2025-02-16.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

"Historical Notes on Roller Skates No. 2". The Engineer. Vol. 41. London: Morgan-Grampian. 1876-02-11. pp. 102–103. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
"Historical Notes on Roller Skates No. 3". The Engineer. Vol. 41. London: Morgan-Grampian. 1876-02-18. pp. 121–122. Retrieved 2024-11-30.
Vandervell, H.E.; Witham, T. Maxwell (1880). A System of Figure-skating: Being the Theory and Practice of the Art as Developed in England with a Glance at Its Origin and History. London: Horace Cox. pp. 4–7. Retrieved 2024-11-24.
"The Roller Renaissance: Forgiving, quiet urethane wheels and new suspension tricks have put a great sport back on its feet". Popular Mechanics. Vol. 151, no. 6. Chicago: Popular Mechanics Company. June 1979. p. 94. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
Fried-Cassorla, Albert (1995). In-line Skating: The Ultimate How-to Guide. Fried-Cassorla authored a 1976 book on skateboarding before this 1995 book on inline skating: The Skateboarder's Bibble: technique, equipment, stunts, terms, etc. California: Prima Publishing. ISBN 1559586486. Retrieved 2025-01-11. Alt URL
Powell, Mark; Svensson, John (1998). In-line Skating. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics. ISBN 0880116595. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
Miller, Liz (2003). Get Rolling: The Beginner's Guide to In-line Skating (3rd ed.). California: Get Rolling Books. ISBN 0963219634. Retrieved 2025-01-02.
Gutman, Bill; Frederick, Shawn (2004). Catching Air: the excitement and daring of individual action sports - snowboarding, skateboarding, BMX biking, in-line skating. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN 0806525401. Retrieved 2025-01-04.
Joyner, Stephen Christopher (1995). In-line Roller Hockey: The Official Guide and Resource Book. Chicago: Contemporary Books. ISBN 0809234483. Retrieved 2025-01-01.
Publow, Barry (1999). Speed on Skates: a complete technique, training and racing guide for in-line and ice skaters. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics. ISBN 0880117214. Retrieved 2025-01-05.
Feineman, Neil (1991). Wheel Excitement. New York: Hearst Books. ISBN 0688108148. Retrieved 2024-12-23.
Irwin, Dawn (2000). Superguides: Inline Skating. London: DK Pub. ISBN 0789465426. Retrieved 2024-12-29. p. 11: A picture of 1981 Ultimate Hockey Skate is shown under the headline: Modern inline skate
Grigg, Naomi (2014). The Art of Falling: Freestyle Slalom Skating. San Francisco: Patson Media. ISBN 9780692227374.
"What's New: Recreation". Popular Science. Vol. 270, no. 1. January 2007. p. 26. Retrieved 2025-01-18.

brannock.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Why Heel-to-Ball Is Essential". The Brannock Device Company. Archived from the original on 2025-01-29. Retrieved 2025-03-02.

cadomotus.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Mounting your inline boot on an ice blade? Why that doesn't fit (unfortunately)". Cádomotus. discusses 165mm and 195mm mounting standards, and explains why a 195mm boot will not fit a standard ice blade tailored to average heel-to-ball distances. 2020-12-29. Archived from the original on 2025-03-01. Retrieved 2025-03-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

cheaney.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Anatomy of a shoe". Joseph Cheaney & Sons. Archived from the original on 2025-07-24. Retrieved 2025-07-24.

chicagoskates.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Chicago Skates Timeline". Chicago Skates (Chicago Roller Skates). Archived from the original on 2024-09-16. Retrieved 2025-03-08.

coasthockeyshop.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"True Pro Custom Roller Hockey Skate Senior". Coast to Coast Hockey Shop. Retrieved 2025-01-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

custompolyurethane.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Are Polyurethane Skateboard Wheels Good?". Custom Moulded Polyurethane. 2022-08-24. Archived from the original on 2025-03-08. Retrieved 2025-03-08.

devaskation.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What are Swiss Bearings?". Devaskation. 22 September 2020. Archived from the original on 2025-04-18. Retrieved 2025-05-17.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Cross, Rod (2015). "Effects of surface roughness on rolling friction". European Journal of Physics. 36 (6). Bibcode:2015EJPh...36f5029C. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/36/6/065029. Archived from the original on 2025-04-27. Retrieved 2025-04-26.

ebayimg.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

i.ebayimg.com

"Ad for Super Sport Skates by Super Skate Inc. sponsored by Ralph Backstrom". Faceoff 73 / 74 season. World Hockey Association. 1973. Archived from the original on 18 December 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-21.

elastomer-institut.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rebound Resilience". Elastomer Institut, part of OPR Group GmbH. Archived from the original on 2025-04-23. Retrieved 2025-04-23.

empireskate.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"NYC Skating Info Links". Empire Skate Club of New York. Archived from the original on 2022-07-09.

endlessblading.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

endlessblading.com

"The Geometry of Inline Skate Rocker Designs". Endless Blading. 11 July 2020. Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-16.
"Endless 90 mk2 Frame (165mm mounting with Balance Rocker)". Endless Blading. Archived from the original on 2025-06-29. Retrieved 2025-06-29.

help.endlessblading.com

"Endless Frame Spec Comparison & Overview". Endless Blading. Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-02-16.
"Balanced Rocker". Endless Blading. Archived from the original on 2025-06-26. Retrieved 2025-06-26. Balanced rocker setup with 4x90mm wheels on the Endless Trinity 90 frame.

espacenet.com (Global: 950^th place; English: 813^th place)

worldwide.espacenet.com

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US 7316083, Labonté, Ivan, "Footwear having an outer shell of foam", published 2005-09-29, issued 2008-01-08, assigned to Bauer Hockey LLC
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WO application 2010051657, So, Kai Nin, "Bottom structure for inline roller skate shoes", published 2010-05-14
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US 2664317, Thomas, Glynn & Cleever, John W, "Composition roller skate wheel", published 1953-12-29, issued 1953-12-29, assigned to Raybestos Manhattan Inc
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US 6132006, Post, Peter G., "In-line skate wheel axle assembly and frame", published 2000-10-17, issued 2000-10-17
US 6309108, Wershe, Richard, "Bearing spacer for in-line skate", published 2001-10-30, issued 2001-10-30
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fireballsupply.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

"6 Common Misconceptions About Skateboard Bearings". Fireball Supply / Dragon Bearings. 2020-08-17. Archived from the original on 2025-02-14. Retrieved 2025-05-23.

gallaghercorp.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Urethane vs. Polyurethane". Gallagher Corporation. 29 March 2017. Archived from the original on 2025-03-09. Retrieved 2025-03-09. Quote: "when discussing industrial applications, urethane and polyurethane are essentially the same material. The terms are used interchangeably, and there is no functional difference between them."
"Polyurethane-Resilience". Gallagher Corporation. Archived from the original on 2024-08-03. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
"Hysteresis in Urethane". Gallagher Corporation. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2025-04-25. Retrieved 2025-04-25.

getrolling.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ahrens, Fred (November 2008). "Inline Skates: An Engineer's Perspective". Get Rolling - Liz Miller. Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2025-05-18.

gmnbt.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Radial Ball Bearings". GMN Bearing USA. Archived from the original on 2025-04-26. Retrieved 2025-06-06.

groups.google.com (Global: 2,153^rd place; English: 1,445^th place)

Anthony D. Chen (1993-11-04). "Q: What are the origins of in-line skates?". Newsgroup: rec.skate. Archived from the original on 2024-12-23. Retrieved 2024-12-23.

hambini.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Hambinathan, Arampamoorthy (2020-12-11). "Ceramic Bearings vs Steel Bearings: An Engineering Analysis". Hambini Engineering. Retrieved 2025-05-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

hamiltoncaster.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Rolling Resistance and Industrial Wheels" (PDF). Hamilton Caster & Mfg. Co. 2013-02-01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-04-21. Retrieved 2025-04-21.

historylink.org (Global: 2,464^th place; English: 1,306^th place)

Luhn, Andy (2002-07-23). "K2 Corporation (K2 Sports) — a History". HistoryLink.org. Archived from the original on 2024-09-14. Retrieved 2025-02-18.

hockeyforum.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Easton Synergy Skates Break-In?". Hockey Forum. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

hockeyoffice.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Hockey brands faq - Labeda". Hockey Office. Archived from the original on 2025-03-29. Retrieved 2025-03-29.

hockeyworld.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Easton Synergy 1300C Hockey Skates ('05 Model)- Senior". Perani's Hockey World. Retrieved 2025-01-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

hockeyworldblog.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"True Temper Sports Acquires VH Footwear: 2016-09-22". Hockey World Blog. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

hubspotusercontent-na1.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

7000765.fs1.hubspotusercontent-na1.net

"Bearing Nomenclature Guide" (PDF). BDS Bearings. 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-05-24. Retrieved 2025-05-24.

ifsasports.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"IFSA Freestyle Slalom Rules". International Freestyle Skaters Association. Archived from the original on 2025-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-05.

inlineplanet.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Burnson, Robert. "The Illustrated History of Inline Skate Design At the U.S. Patent Office: Siffert's Jet Skate, 1938". The Inline Planet. Archived from the original on 2021-12-07.

inlineskates.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Gorski, Chris. "Skate-O-Pedia / Articles / Aggressive Skates". Inlineskates.com. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2025-02-09.
"Types of Inline Skates". Inline Skates. Archived from the original on 2018-10-17. Retrieved 2025-01-06.
Kopitz, Steve. "Buying Guide for Inline Skate Wheels". Inline Skates. Archived from the original on 2021-08-05. Retrieved 2025-04-04.
"Inline Skate Wheel Rotation and Maintenance". Inline Skates. Archived from the original on 2021-10-18. Retrieved 2021-10-18.

inlinewarehouse.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[46]
"How to Choose Urban Inline Skates". Inline Warehouse. Archived from the original on 2025-01-26. Retrieved 2025-01-26.
"Inline Skate Frame Buying Guide". Inline Warehouse. Archived from the original on 2025-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-05.
"Inline Skate Wheel Buying Guide". Inline Warehouse. June 2019. Archived from the original on 2025-03-15. Retrieved 2025-04-17.

inlinex.com.sg (Global: low place; English: low place)

Choong, Adam (2018-05-15). "Trinity Three Point Mount". Inlinex. Archived from the original on 2025-03-03. Retrieved 2025-03-03.

inmoveskates.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Shulgan, Alex (2023-04-20). "Guide to roller and inline skate bearings 2024". InMove Skates. Archived from the original on 2025-05-11. Retrieved 2025-05-16.
Sanchez, Steven (2022-07-12). "Big wheels inline skates experience". InMove Skates. Archived from the original on 2024-11-05. Retrieved 2025-05-04.

jtekt.co.jp (Global: low place; English: low place)

koyo.jtekt.co.jp

"What Are the Differences Between Bearings? The various types and special features of bearings". JTEKT Corporation. 2024-11-20. Archived from the original on 2025-01-13. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
"How to Select the Right Bearing (Part 5): Bearing preload and rigidity". JTEKT Corporation. 2024-11-20. Archived from the original on 2025-06-07. Retrieved 2025-06-07.
"How to Select the Right Bearing (Part 4): Bearing limiting speed, running accuracy, and fits". JTEKT Corporation. 2024-11-20. Archived from the original on 2025-01-15. Retrieved 2025-06-07.

k2skates.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[46]

lange-ski-boots.blogspot.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The early years - 1957 to 1963". Lange - The History of an All-American Brand. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
"From racing glory to bleeding "Flo" - 1970 to 1973". Lange - The History of an All-American Brand. 2009-02-01. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2024-12-27.

liveabout.com (Global: 7,688^th place; English: 6,527^th place)

Williams, Carlesa (2017-10-25). "Inline Skate Wheels 101". LiveAbout. Archived from the original on 2025-04-04. Retrieved 2025-04-04.

locoskates.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Frame Mounting for Inline Skates - Everything You Need To Know". Loco Skates. 2024-05-30. Archived from the original on 2025-01-20. Retrieved 2025-03-05.
"What are Twincam and ILQ Bearings?". Loco Skates. 2025-02-13. Archived from the original on 2025-05-12. Retrieved 2025-05-16.

madisonrechockey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Weaver, Kris (2025-03-30). "Roller Hockey Chassis: Hi-lo system vs. straight wheel system". Madison Rec Hockey. Archived from the original on 2025-06-28. Retrieved 2025-06-28.

minibearings.com.au (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Skate Bearing FAQ". Miniature Bearings Australia. 2004-01-30. Archived from the original on 2005-03-07. Retrieved 2025-05-20.

mit.edu (Global: 476^th place; English: 340^th place)

web.mit.edu

"Inventor of the Week Archive: Scott & Brennan Olson (spelling corrected per rowbike.com -ed.)". MIT School of Engineering. August 1997. Archived from the original on 2003-03-02. Retrieved 2007-02-25.

modsquadhockey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Heel Slip: What prevents heel slip in your skates?". Mod Squad Hockey. 2020-03-13. Archived from the original on 2025-08-01. Retrieved 2025-08-01. hockey players using the term "heel lift" to refer to heel slippage.

mpr.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.mpr.org

Paula Schroeder (host) (1995-07-31). Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 1 of 3) (audio). Minnesota: Minnesota Public Radio. Transcript 1/3 in PDF (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-25.
Paula Schroeder (host) (1995-07-31). Voices of Minnesota: Interview with Scott Olson (Part 2 of 3) (audio). Minnesota: Minnesota Public Radio. Transcript 2/3 in PDF (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-25.

musetechnical.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

christmas.musetechnical.com

See ads for the Chicago Roller-Blade in the 1965 Fall & Winter Montgomery Ward catalog, page 1082, archived here, and in the 1965 Spring & Summer Catalog, page 846, archived here.

museumofplay.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Winner, Tara (2018-06-07). "Sidewalk Surfing: The Gnarly History of Skateboarding Part I (1940s to 1972)". The Strong - National Museum of Play. Archived from the original on 2025-03-16. Retrieved 2025-03-16.

nasa.gov (Global: 12^th place; English: 73^rd place)

ntrs.nasa.gov

Dowson, Duncan; Hamrock, Bernard J. (1981). "History of Ball Bearings" (PDF). NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-11-30.
Oswald, Fred B.; Zaretsky, Erwin V.; Poplawski, Joseph V. (April 2012). "Effect of Internal Clearance on Load Distribution and Life of Radially Loaded Ball and Roller Bearings" (PDF). NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-04-24. Retrieved 2025-06-08.

networkistics.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Paul A. Dunn and Sharry Beck Paprocki (June–July 1990). "Joseph Shevelson interviewed by Paul A. Dunn and Sharry Beck Paprocki on the Golden Days of Skating" (PDF). Skaters. Vol. 1, no. 1: Premier Issue. Mt. Morris, Ill.: CFW Enterprises, Inc. pp. 12–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
Chris Morris (June–July 1990). "In-Lines: Getting Started - Tips for the beginner" (PDF). Skaters. Vol. 1, no. 1: Premier Issue. Mt. Morris, Ill.: CFW Enterprises, Inc. pp. 32–36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
Pat Parnell (June–July 1990). "Quads vs. In-Lines" (PDF). Skaters. Vol. 1, no. 1: Premier Issue. Mt. Morris, Ill.: CFW Enterprises, Inc. pp. 37–42. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-12-20.

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

"A Business That's On a Roll". Star Tribune (Minneapolis). Minneapolis. 1985-11-17. Retrieved 2024-12-23 – via Newspapers.com.

nhbb.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Precision Ball & Roller Bearings - Internal Geometry of Ball Bearings". New Hampshire Ball Bearings, Inc. Archived from the original on 2025-06-08. Retrieved 2025-06-07.

nnskates.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Ninja 90 frame 165mm/Trinity/UFS mountings with V.m Rocker". NN Skates. Archived from the original on 2025-06-29. Retrieved 2025-06-29.
"NN Skates - FAQs". NN Skates. Archived from the original on 2025-06-29. Retrieved 2025-06-29.

nottinghamskaters.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Kempton, Mark (2007-01-24). "Inline Wheel Setups: A Beginners' Guide - By MarKK". Nottingham Skaters. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2025-06-26.

ntn-snr.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"NTN Rolling Bearings Handbook" (PDF). NTN-SNR. March 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-09-18. Retrieved 2025-05-23.

nytimes.com (Global: 7^th place; English: 7^th place)

"A Craze May Outsprint Its Creator". The New York Times. New York. 1990-08-07. Archived from the original on 2014-03-21. Retrieved 2024-12-22.

online-skating.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The History of Skating from 1760 till Today". OLS Online Skating. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28.

outsideonline.com (Global: 3,733^rd place; English: 2,216^th place)

velo.outsideonline.com

"Causes of tire rolling resistance, and our protocols when testing it". Outside Online. 2021-09-29. Archived from the original on 2025-04-21. Retrieved 2025-04-21.

overplywood.wordpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Main's skateboard collection and the Paul Conibear Ramprocker". Overplywood - The History of Skateboarding in Swansea. 2013-02-28. Archived from the original on 2025-03-16. Retrieved 2025-03-16.

pari-roller.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Pari Roller – La Friday Night Fever !". Archived from the original on 30 January 2008.

peterverdone.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Verdone, Peter (2012). "Bearings & Lubrication". PVD Designs. Archived from the original on 2012-02-15. Retrieved 2025-05-31.

pibsales.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sweeney, Kevin (2024-02-10). "Factors Affecting Friction Torque in Bearings". Pacific International Bearing. Archived from the original on 2025-05-19. Retrieved 2025-05-20.

powerslide.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[46]
A Wicked spacer kit (archived) includes assorted spacers of these lengths: 9.90 mm, 9.95 mm, 10.00 mm 10.05 mm, 10.10 mm, 10.15 mm, (10.20 mm), 10.25 mm, 10.30 mm, 10.35 mm.
Misleading marketing is common, where hi-lo frames are advertised as offering quicker acceleration due to the smaller front wheels and higher top speeds thanks to the larger rear wheels. These claims often ignore the primary design purpose: creating forward lean by allowing the front of the boot to sit lower, which enhances forward pitch and skating posture. See for instance, Hi-lo Frames from Powerslide (archived here), and A Guide to Roller Hockey Wheels from Willies (archived here). If these marketing claims were entirely accurate, we would expect to see hockey frames with extremely small front wheels (e.g. 50 mm) and oversized rear wheels (e.g. 110 mm) to further enhance acceleration and top speed, without any design features to leverage vacated front space to pitch the boot forward. In reality, such frames do not exist.
"Powerslide Frames Guide" (PDF). Powerslide. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-28. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
"195 Mounting". Powerslide. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"Powerslide Wheels Guide" (PDF). Powerslide. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-31. Retrieved 2025-03-22.
"Powerslide/Wicked Bearing Guide" (PDF). Powerslide. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-05-19. Retrieved 2025-05-09.

purehockey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The History of Hockey Skates, Part II: The Rise of Hockey-specific Skates". Pure Hockey / Hockey Resource Center. Retrieved 2025-01-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link) See discussion on how Lange hard boots did not fare well in ice hockey.

researchgate.net (Global: 96^th place; English: 89^th place)

Cross, Rod (2015). "Effects of surface roughness on rolling friction". European Journal of Physics. 36 (6). Bibcode:2015EJPh...36f5029C. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/36/6/065029. Archived from the original on 2025-04-27. Retrieved 2025-04-26.

revisionhockey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Reivision wheels: Flex, Recoil and Variant". Revision Hockey. Archived from the original on 2025-04-20. Retrieved 2025-04-20.

roces.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[46]

rockinframes.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Let's talk facts: ROCKIN' MIX4 100/90". ROCKIN’ Frames. 2022-02-10. Archived from the original on 2025-03-02. Retrieved 2025-03-02.

rollerblade.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

The MIA exhibit story from 2015 includes a picture showing Scott Olson holding two prototype skates: 1) Lange boot on Super Street Skate skate with cream-colored wheels (1979), and 2) CCM Tacks hockey skate boot on his own adjustable/expandable skate design with orange polyurethane wheels (1981).^[29] Said picture is archived here. The same two prototype skates are also seen in the main article picture of this Rollerblade article from 2019, archived here. The article picture is archived here.
See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[46]

rollerenligne.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Charles-Louis Petibled : le premier brevet de l'histoire du patin à roulettes". Le Roller en Ligne. 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2024-01-29.
"Physics of the inline skate wheel". Le Roller en Ligne. Archived from the original on 2025-03-22. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
"Which skate frame for which use?". Le Roller en Ligne. 3 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
"The manufacturing processes of skate frames". Le Roller en Ligne. 23 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
"Anatomy of a skate frame". Le Roller en Ligne. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
"Which material for your skate frames: Magnesium or aluminum?". Le Roller en Ligne. 25 January 2011. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-15.
"Interview with Alexander Bont, owner of the Australian Brand". Le Roller en Ligne. 2015-07-22. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"Is 2015 the comeback year of 165mm mounting?". Le Roller en Ligne. 2015-04-10. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.
"La norme UFS (Universal Frame System)". Le Roller en Ligne (in French). 2018-08-22. Archived from the original on 2025-02-22. Retrieved 2025-02-22.
"Anatomy of an inline skate wheel". Le Roller en Ligne. 2020-11-03. Archived from the original on 2025-03-08. Retrieved 2025-03-08.
Chartier, Alexandre 'alfathor' (2015-01-18). "Dual density skate wheels: Where does the technology comes from and what is the use of it?". Le Roller en Ligne. Archived from the original on 2025-04-19. Retrieved 2025-04-19.

rollerskatingmuseum.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The History of Inline Skating". National Museum of Roller Skating. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10.

rollerskatingmuseum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Turner, James; Zaidman, Michael (1997). The History of Roller Skating. Lincoln, Nebraska: National Museum of Roller Skating. ISBN 0965819205. Illustrated with museum collections and archives.

runrepeat.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Heel to Toe Drop: The Ultimate Guide". RunRepeat. Archived from the original on 2025-02-05. Retrieved 2025-02-05.

schaeffler.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"INA/Schaeffler Product Reference Guide (732 pages)" (PDF). Schaeffler. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-05-24. Retrieved 2025-05-24.

sidelineswap.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Easton Synergy 1500C IHS Hockey Skates". Sideline Swap. Retrieved 2025-01-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

skamidan.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"What is Inline Skating – Inline Skating in Brief". SkaMiDan – Skating School & Skateshop. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2025-01-09. Retrieved 2025-02-09.

skatecity.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Clubs and Leagues: Group Skates". New York City Inline Skating Guide. Archived from the original on 2022-12-03.

skatefaq.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Chen, Anthony D. "ABEC = HYPE?". Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2014.

skatepro.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Buying Speed Skates". SkatePro. Archived from the original on 2025-01-25. Retrieved 2025-01-25.
"Wheels for Inline Skates - A Complete Guide". SkatePro. Archived from the original on 2025-01-31. Retrieved 2025-03-27.
"Aggressive Skate Wheels". SkatePro. Archived from the original on 2025-04-05. Retrieved 2025-04-05.

skatingmagic.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Inline Skate Frame Buying Guide". Skating Magic. 2021-07-31. Archived from the original on 2025-03-05. Retrieved 2025-03-05.

skf.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cdn.skfmediahub.skf.com

"Rolling Bearings" (PDF). SKF Group. A 1,152 document published by SKF Group. October 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-04-07. Retrieved 2025-05-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
"SKF: Bearing damage and failure analysis" (PDF). website. PUB BU/I3 14219/2 EN. June 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-04-07. Retrieved 2025-06-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

skf.com

"Bearing Preload" (PDF). SKF Group. 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-04-07. Retrieved 2025-05-19.

smbbearings.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Skate Bearings - your essential guide" (PDF). SMB Bearings. 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2025-06-07. Retrieved 2025-06-06.
"Ball Bearing Internal Clearance". SMB Bearings. Archived from the original on 2025-06-07. Retrieved 2025-06-07.

sportngin.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

cdn1.sportngin.com

See pictures of early prototypes of Ultimate Street Skate with "Ole's Innovative Sports" stamped on their frames, from this page on Vintage Minnesota Hockey, such as this picture, this picture and this picture, plus this ad. Archived here, with picture, picture, picture and picture.^[33]
See pictures of the new generation of early Rollerblade skates with heel brakes, from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: picture, picture, picture and picture, archived here, here, here and here. These have a refined version of the adjustable frame from the Ultimate Street Skate, and a similar hard boot. These skates witnessed the transition of Scott Olson's company from "Ole's Innovative Sports", to "North American Sports Training Corp.", and finally to "Rollerblade", as attested by marketing materials.^[33]

stokedrideshop.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Rajewski, David (2015-06-01). "Why Bearing Spacers Really Matter (skateboards)". Stoked Ride Shop. Archived from the original on 2025-06-21. Retrieved 2025-06-20.

storage.googleapis.com (Global: 4,648^th place; English: 2,969^th place)

patentimages.storage.googleapis.com

See US patent 7,039,977 filed by Mission Hockey in 2003, showing the same hockey boot construction, mounted on an ice blade (FIG. 1), and on a wheeled frame (FIG. 2).^[78]

thecatalogblog.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

See ads for the Chicago Roller-Blade in the 1965 Fall & Winter Montgomery Ward catalog, page 1082, archived here, and in the 1965 Spring & Summer Catalog, page 846, archived here.

thehockeyshop.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"TRUE TF9 Senior Roller Hockey Skates". The Hockey Shop. Retrieved 2025-01-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: deprecated archival service (link)

thierstein.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

skating.thierstein.net

Thierstein, Markus. "Inline Skating Knowledge: Rockering". Skating Thierstein. Archived from the original on 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2025-01-20.
Thierstein, Markus. "Inline Skating Knowledge: Rotating Wheels". Skating Thierstein. Archived from the original on 2025-02-28. Retrieved 2025-04-29.

thisissoul.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Review Seba CJ skates". This Is Soul. 2022-06-05. Archived from the original on 2025-08-01. Retrieved 2025-08-01. "heel raise" and "heel lift" used in the same text to refer to heel-to-toe drop.
"Everything about Frames". This Is Soul. 4 January 2022. Archived from the original on 2025-01-15. Retrieved 2025-01-16.
"Everything about Grindwheels". This Is Soul. 29 May 2023. Archived from the original on 2025-01-22. Retrieved 2025-01-22.
Vegter, Ivo (4 January 2022). "Everything about wheels". This Is Soul. Archived from the original on 2024-09-13. Retrieved 2025-03-07.
Vegter, Ivo (3 January 2023). "Everything about wheel diameter". This Is Soul. Archived from the original on 2025-04-04. Retrieved 2025-04-04. Also reference the companion video shown in the article.
Vegter, Ivo (3 January 2023). "Everything about wheel profile". This Is Soul. Archived from the original on 2025-04-04. Retrieved 2025-04-04. Also reference the companion video shown in the article.

twincambearing.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"TWINCAM home page". TWINCAM Bearing. Archived from the original on 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2025-05-16.

vandemlongboardshop.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Skateboard Bearings - the Truth". Vandem Longboard Shop. Archived from the original on 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2025-05-24.

vhhockey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"About VH Hockey". VH Hockey. Archived from the original on 2015-02-25. Retrieved 2025-01-18.

vintagemnhockey.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

history.vintagemnhockey.com

See pictures of early prototypes of Ultimate Street Skate with "Ole's Innovative Sports" stamped on their frames, from this page on Vintage Minnesota Hockey, such as this picture, this picture and this picture, plus this ad. Archived here, with picture, picture, picture and picture.^[33]
See pictures of the new generation of early Rollerblade skates with heel brakes, from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: picture, picture, picture and picture, archived here, here, here and here. These have a refined version of the adjustable frame from the Ultimate Street Skate, and a similar hard boot. These skates witnessed the transition of Scott Olson's company from "Ole's Innovative Sports", to "North American Sports Training Corp.", and finally to "Rollerblade", as attested by marketing materials.^[33]
"Minnesota In-Line Hockey and History of In-Line Skates". Vintage Minnesota Hockey. Archived from the original on 2024-07-15. Retrieved 2024-12-26. A picture gallery at the bottom of the page shows rare historical images of early Rollerblade prototypes and products including the Ultimate Street Skate.

washingtonpost.com (Global: 35^th place; English: 24^th place)

Weiss, Eric M. (2004-08-17). "A Reinvention Of the Wheel". Washington Post. Washington DC. Archived from the original on 2007-08-08. Retrieved 2024-12-20.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

See ads for the Chicago Roller-Blade in the 1965 Fall & Winter Montgomery Ward catalog, page 1082, archived here, and in the 1965 Spring & Summer Catalog, page 846, archived here.
See ad for Super Sport Skates endorsed by Ralph Backstrom in "Faceoff" 73 / 74 season by World Hockey Association.^[23] Also see archived pictures one, two, three and four, from an antique listing.
The MIA exhibit story from 2015 includes a picture showing Scott Olson holding two prototype skates: 1) Lange boot on Super Street Skate skate with cream-colored wheels (1979), and 2) CCM Tacks hockey skate boot on his own adjustable/expandable skate design with orange polyurethane wheels (1981).^[29] Said picture is archived here. The same two prototype skates are also seen in the main article picture of this Rollerblade article from 2019, archived here. The article picture is archived here.
See pictures of early prototypes of Ultimate Street Skate with "Ole's Innovative Sports" stamped on their frames, from this page on Vintage Minnesota Hockey, such as this picture, this picture and this picture, plus this ad. Archived here, with picture, picture, picture and picture.^[33]
See catalog pages from various makers and resellers in Jan 2025, for wildly different ways they classify recreational, fitness and cross-training skates: Rollerblade (archived), Powerslide (archived), Roces (archived), K2 (archived), and Inline Warehouse (archived). See Ivo Vegter's Youtube video on the classifications of recreational skates.^[46]
See archived product pages from Rollerblade: 2011 page showing a selection of Rollerblade "Street Skates", 2016 selection, and 2024 selection.
See inline hockey skates made by ice hockey manufacturers, archived here: CCM Super Tacks 9370R, Bauer Vapor 3X Pro, Mission Inhaler WM02, True TF9 Roller Hockey Skate^{[link removed]}, and Marsblade R1 Kraft Crew.
The loosely defined terms "frame height", "deck height", and "ride height" are usually absent from the technical specifications of skates or frames. However, they are frequently used in reviews and buying guides for comparison. In the following articles, the distance from the bottom of a boot (i.e., the sole) to the ground is variously referred to as frame height, deck height, and ride height: Skating Magic archive, Inline Warehouse archive, Cadomotus archive, Loco Skates archive 1, and Loco Skates archive 2. Similarly, the distance from the top of a mount (i.e., roughly the sole) to the center of a wheel axle is described as deck height and ride height in these articles: Atom Skates archive and Loco Skates archive 3. Only in rare instances, such as on this product page, does "frame height" actually refer to the physical measurement of the frame itself.
See pictures of the new generation of early Rollerblade skates with heel brakes, from Vintage Minnesota Hockey: picture, picture, picture and picture, archived here, here, here and here. These have a refined version of the adjustable frame from the Ultimate Street Skate, and a similar hard boot. These skates witnessed the transition of Scott Olson's company from "Ole's Innovative Sports", to "North American Sports Training Corp.", and finally to "Rollerblade", as attested by marketing materials.^[33]
See table in the Gallagher article showing polyurethane compounds with varying hardness from 60A to 95A and varying rebound values (Bayshore Resilience) from 25% to 60%, with no correlations. A YouTube video (archived) from the article demonstrates "polyurethane resilience" tests (yet another name for Bayshore Resilience) showing two balls with the same hardness, but opposite rebound values. At 0:41, an inline skate wheel with high rebound was shown bouncing off the floor.^[143]
Roller Derby made clay composition wheels in the 1960s for their "sidewalk surfboards" (skateboards).^[145]^[146] The same wheels were used in their Royal Sidewalk line of roller skates as late as 1974 (archived catalog page). By 1978, however, the same Royal Sidewalk line adopted polyurethane wheels under the brand Fireball (archived catalog page). See archived entry and images of this Etsy listing showing a pair of Royal Sidewalk skates with these clay wheels: listing page, image 1, and image 2.
Bearing shielding and sealing are designated by suffixes that vary between manufacturers. These designations are typically published in technical handbooks and catalogs.^[188] One NTN suffix conversion table can be found on page 178 of the Bearing Nomenclature Guide by BDS.^[189] There is no industry-wide standard that clearly defines when a "shield" becomes a "seal", nor where non-contact shields end and light-contact or non-contact seals begin. Likewise, the skating industry adopts suffixes inspired by those used in the bearing industry, but does not apply them consistently across brands.^[172] Generally, removable metal gap shields are labeled with the suffix "Z" in a fairly uniform way. See Rollerblade SG9 bearings (archived). C-ring mounted metal gap shields, popularized by TWINCAM, are rarely marked with a distinct suffix, but when they are, they follow the "ZS" convention used by SKF.^[173]^[174] The skating industry’s use of the "RS" suffix typically refers to a non-contact NBR shield that physically resembles the RS/2RS contact lip seals used by INA/Schaeffler, but instead leaves a narrow gap, similar to SKF’s non-contact "RZ" shields.^[187]^[190]^[191]^[174] The "RSL" suffix in skating refers to a full-contact labyrinth seal, comparable to SKF’s own RSL low-friction seals, except that SKF RSL leaves small gaps while bending the contamination path.^[190]^[174]
A Wicked spacer kit (archived) includes assorted spacers of these lengths: 9.90 mm, 9.95 mm, 10.00 mm 10.05 mm, 10.10 mm, 10.15 mm, (10.20 mm), 10.25 mm, 10.30 mm, 10.35 mm.
Misleading marketing is common, where hi-lo frames are advertised as offering quicker acceleration due to the smaller front wheels and higher top speeds thanks to the larger rear wheels. These claims often ignore the primary design purpose: creating forward lean by allowing the front of the boot to sit lower, which enhances forward pitch and skating posture. See for instance, Hi-lo Frames from Powerslide (archived here), and A Guide to Roller Hockey Wheels from Willies (archived here). If these marketing claims were entirely accurate, we would expect to see hockey frames with extremely small front wheels (e.g. 50 mm) and oversized rear wheels (e.g. 110 mm) to further enhance acceleration and top speed, without any design features to leverage vacated front space to pitch the boot forward. In reality, such frames do not exist.
Even professional skaters occasionally write "hi-lo rocker" when they mean "hi-lo flat". See Thierstein, for instance. Redditors often write "hi-lo rocker", using the word "rocker" for any mixed-size wheel configuration. See this, this and this, for instance.
Even professional skaters occasionally write "flat rocker" when they mean "flat setup". See This Is Soul, Big Wheel Blading, and Naomi's book, for instance.^[88]^: 20–21
"The night of a thousand wheels". BBC News. 20 July 2002. Archived from the original on 2008-06-24.
"Pari Roller – La Friday Night Fever !". Archived from the original on 30 January 2008.
"Clubs and Leagues: Group Skates". New York City Inline Skating Guide. Archived from the original on 2022-12-03.
"NYC Skating Info Links". Empire Skate Club of New York. Archived from the original on 2022-07-09.
"The First Roller Skates". National Museum of Roller Skating Audio Tour. Archived from the original on 2024-11-25.
"Charles-Louis Petibled : le premier brevet de l'histoire du patin à roulettes". Le Roller en Ligne. 30 March 2019. Archived from the original on 2024-01-29.
"The History of Skating from 1760 till Today". OLS Online Skating. 12 November 2023. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28.
"The Father of the Modern Roller Skating". National Museum of Roller Skating Audio Tour. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28.
"The Victorian craze that sparked a mini-sexual revolution". BBC News. 6 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28.
Dowson, Duncan; Hamrock, Bernard J. (1981). "History of Ball Bearings" (PDF). NTRS - NASA Technical Reports Server. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-11-30.
"The History of Inline Skating". National Museum of Roller Skating. Archived from the original on 2019-04-10.
Burnson, Robert. "The Illustrated History of Inline Skate Design At the U.S. Patent Office: Siffert's Jet Skate, 1938". The Inline Planet. Archived from the original on 2021-12-07.
Paul A. Dunn and Sharry Beck Paprocki (June–July 1990). "Joseph Shevelson interviewed by Paul A. Dunn and Sharry Beck Paprocki on the Golden Days of Skating" (PDF). Skaters. Vol. 1, no. 1: Premier Issue. Mt. Morris, Ill.: CFW Enterprises, Inc. pp. 12–18. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-12-20.
"Ad for Super Sport Skates by Super Skate Inc. sponsored by Ralph Backstrom". Faceoff 73 / 74 season. World Hockey Association. 1973. Archived from the original on 18 December 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-21.
"The early years - 1957 to 1963". Lange - The History of an All-American Brand. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
"From racing glory to bleeding "Flo" - 1970 to 1973". Lange - The History of an All-American Brand. 2009-02-01. Archived from the original on 2023-11-24. Retrieved 2024-12-27.
"Mind in motion: The MIA's Leonardo show traces Scott Olson's inventive impulse". Minneapolis Institute of Art. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27.
"Minnesota In-Line Hockey and History of In-Line Skates". Vintage Minnesota Hockey. Archived from the original on 2024-07-15. Retrieved 2024-12-26. A picture gallery at the bottom of the page shows rare historical images of early Rollerblade prototypes and products including the Ultimate Street Skate.
Middlebrook, Chris, ed. (1985). Rollerblades: Dryland Training for Ice Hockey. Chapters by Randy Gregg, Jack Blatherwick, Laura Stamm, Brad Buetow, Scott Olson, Brennan Olson. Minneapolis, Minn.: Ole's Innovative Sports. Archived from the original on 2025-01-08. Retrieved 2025-01-08.
"Inventor of the Week Archive: Scott & Brennan Olson (spelling corrected per rowbike.com -ed.)". MIT School of Engineering. August 1997. Archived from the original on 2003-03-02. Retrieved 2007-02-25.
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willies.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Misleading marketing is common, where hi-lo frames are advertised as offering quicker acceleration due to the smaller front wheels and higher top speeds thanks to the larger rear wheels. These claims often ignore the primary design purpose: creating forward lean by allowing the front of the boot to sit lower, which enhances forward pitch and skating posture. See for instance, Hi-lo Frames from Powerslide (archived here), and A Guide to Roller Hockey Wheels from Willies (archived here). If these marketing claims were entirely accurate, we would expect to see hockey frames with extremely small front wheels (e.g. 50 mm) and oversized rear wheels (e.g. 110 mm) to further enhance acceleration and top speed, without any design features to leverage vacated front space to pitch the boot forward. In reality, such frames do not exist.

wizardskating.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Wizard NR Frames (showing NR90)". Wizard Skating. Archived from the original on 2025-04-18. Retrieved 2025-05-28.

worldskate.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

"World Speed Records - updated 2023". World Skate. Archived from the original on 2025-01-24. Retrieved 2025-01-24.
"World Skate Inline Freestyle Regulation". World Skate. Archived from the original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved 2025-02-05.

xgames.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Our X Games History". X Games. Archived from the original on 2025-02-15. Retrieved 2025-02-20.

xinhaidude.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"How to Inline Skate". Xinhai Dude. 2022-04-24. Archived from the original on 2024-11-18. Retrieved 2025-01-03.
"Reign Ares as big-wheel skates for urban marathons". Xinhai Dude. 2024-11-16. Archived from the original on 2025-03-02. Retrieved 2025-03-02.
"What are Carbon-fiber Inline Skates?". Xinhai Dude. 2024-10-21. Archived from the original on 2025-01-19. Retrieved 2025-01-19.

youraudiotour.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The First Roller Skates". National Museum of Roller Skating Audio Tour. Archived from the original on 2024-11-25.
"The Father of the Modern Roller Skating". National Museum of Roller Skating Audio Tour. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28.

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)

Refer to this video showing the production process of a Bauer hockey skate (both ice and inline), corresponding to the US patent 7,316,083. See FIG. 9: an exploded view showing components used in the construction of a traditional hockey skate in the 2010s.^[77]^[76]
See table in the Gallagher article showing polyurethane compounds with varying hardness from 60A to 95A and varying rebound values (Bayshore Resilience) from 25% to 60%, with no correlations. A YouTube video (archived) from the article demonstrates "polyurethane resilience" tests (yet another name for Bayshore Resilience) showing two balls with the same hardness, but opposite rebound values. At 0:41, an inline skate wheel with high rebound was shown bouncing off the floor.^[143]
Hahn, Steve (2012-02-06). Steve Hahn interviews Scott Olson ( Rollerblade Founder ) (video). Steven Hahn – via YouTube. Refer to the video transcript for this long interview, a part of the "Hockey in the Park" Series.
Vegter, Ivo (2022-03-13). Everything About Skate Tools (video). This is Soul – via YouTube. See video transcript on all types of skate tools with hex, Torx and other wrench tips for removing wheel, axels, frames and bearings.
Vegter, Ivo (2024-12-09). "The Strange History Behind Inline Skating // Many Names" (video). thisissoul.com. See video transcript on history on different types of inline skates and skating, including naming, relationships and differences: Rollerblade, Bladers, skeeler, Partines, Roller Freestyle, Recreational inline, soft boot, hard boot, Slalom inline, Freestyle inline, Urban inline, Flow inline, Tri-Skates, and Aggressive inline. The history intro also discusses quad skates, skateboarding and their shared history with inline skating, including wheels, axles and ISO 608 bearings. This is Soul.
Knoll, Matthias; Pfitzner, Jürgen (2018-07-20). Inline skate differences - hard boot, soft boot, hybrid ?! (video). Discourses on hard boot vs. soft boot with exoskeleton vs. hybrid boot with endoskeleton. Powerslide – via YouTube.
Vegter, Ivo (2021-06-27). "Hardboot VS Softboot" (video). thisissoul.com. See video transcript on how recreational skates range from inexpensive soft boots with exoskeletons, to mid-end hard boots, to high-end (hybrid) soft boots with endoskeleton - and varied levels of ankle support. This is Soul.
What is UFS? Past, Present and Future of frame mounting (video). See video transcript on discussions on origin of not just UFS, but also of original rivet mounts in Rollerblade TRS, and K2 Fatty. Aggressive makers rallied around the Salomon boot with a flat sole and created UFS standard. Back to Blading. 2018-10-25. Archived from the original on 2025-02-16. Retrieved 2025-05-04 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
"Ice Skates: How It's Made (Hockey Skates)" (video). discoveryuk.com. Discovery UK. 2020-06-05. Video shows the production process of a traditional hockey skate, with a boot that is fitted to either an ice blade or an inline wheel frame.
All The Inline Skating Setups I've Tried So Far - My Setup Journey (video). See transcript for discussions on inline skate setups with different combinations of boots, frames, wheels and wheel setups. Rerolling Inline. 2023-04-18. Archived from the original on 2025-04-27. Retrieved 2025-05-04 – via YouTube.{{cite AV media}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
"How It's Made: Speed Skates" (video). discoveryplus.com. Discovery Plus. 2022-04-14. Video shows the production process of custom-molded speed skates, with boots that could be fitted to either an ice blade or an inline wheel frame.
Vegter, Ivo (2019-09-29). "Freestyle vs Aggressive vs Street skating // Terminology" (video). thisissoul.com. Discussion on freestyle inline skating, aggressive inline skating, and their relationship to BMX biking and skateboarding. This video explains how various disciplines acquired their names. It also clarifies labels under which skates suitable for these disciplines are marketed. This is Soul.
Lino, Ricardo (2017-08-02). Soft boot vs hard boot - skates vlog132 (video) – via YouTube. See video transcript.
O'Connor, Dana (2023-09-07). "Ep 21 Scott Van Horne - True - Legendary Skate Builder - Got Hockey" (video). Got Hockey. See transcript for this 45 minute chat with Scott Van Horne.
True Hockey Skate Factory Tour (video). Inline Warehouse. 2023-07-26 – via YouTube. Scott Van Horne showing the manufacturing process of a True hockey skate with a monocoque shell, as specified in VH Footwear's US patent 9,656,153.
Lino, Ricardo (2017-11-07). Why Trinity? The latest generation inline skates frame system // vlog 182 (video) – via YouTube. See video transcript.
Briand, Pascal (2021-08-18). Pit Stop - Discover the different mounting systems of inline skates (video). Covers Trinity, 195mm, UFS, 165mm, and riveted mounting systems. Powerslide – via YouTube.
What Happened to the K2 Fatty? // Aggressive Inline Skating (video). Back to Blading. 2018-10-05 – via YouTube. See video transcript on discussions on origin of K2 Fatty, prototype/sample of Fatty Pro, and 2018 Fatty.
Vegter, Ivo (2022-05-08). "Review: Roces 5th Element" (video). thisissoul.com. This is Soul. See video transcript on history of Roces, relationship to Rollerblade, 1998 Roces 5th Element, and 2020 version of the 5th Element.
"Into Detail: About Frames" (video). www.thisissoul.com. This Is Soul. 2020-10-18. This is the companion video of the article on "Everything about Frames".
Knoll, Matthias; Pfitzner, Jürgen; Arlidge, Scott (2016-07-27). Trinity Mount - The next level (video). Powerslide – via YouTube. Powerslide introduced Trinity for all skating disciplines.
Briand, Pascal (2022-03-22). Trinity vs 195 Mounting - PS live stream (video). Powerslide. Archived from the original on 2024-03-23. Retrieved 2025-05-04 – via YouTube. Pascal talks about Trinity's development history and specifications. He compares Trinity mounting to 195mm mounting, including the wide front mounts for better control and pushes.
Lino, Ricardo (2022-06-23). This Factory Makes the Best Wheels for Inline & Quad Skating, Skateboarding & Scooters (video) – via YouTube. See video transcript for a tour of factory floor and discussions on all aspects of wheel-making.
How It's Made: Skateboard Wheels (video). 2020-01-09 – via YouTube.
Lino, Ricardo (2016-12-13). Why Triskates? The Latest Generation Inline Skate (video) – via YouTube. See video transcript.
Briand, Pascal (2024-02-29). Improve the roll with the WICKED spacer kit - PIT STOP (video). Discourses inline skate spacers: too long, too short, and how to find the right length. Powerslide – via YouTube.
Vegter, Ivo (2022-02-13). "Everything About Bearing Spacers" (video). thisissoul.com. See video transcript on all aspects of inline skate bearing spacers, including effects of shorter and longer spaces on bearings and bearing frictions. This is Soul.
Vegter, Ivo (2021-08-31). "Everything About Grooves" (video). thisissoul.com. See video transcript on history of frame grooves, soulplates, backslide groove, Rollerblade Lightning, Roces Majestic 12 (M12), UFS mounting holes, split, wheel protection, height of grooves, radius of grooves, etc. This is Soul.
Ingraham, Lawrence (2018-11-16). What's the history of 50/50? What's the future? // Aggressive Inline Skating (video). Publisher – via YouTube. See video transcript for info on freestyle frame, juice blocks, Balance Frame, etc.

zecoprzepraszam.wordpress.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Trinity system – incoming revolution". Że co, przepraszam?!. Interview with Powerslide on the upcoming Trinity mounting system (2016) with respect to popular 165mm and 195mm mounting systems. 2016-01-15. Archived from the original on 2025-02-17. Retrieved 2025-02-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

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