Irreducible complexity (English Wikipedia)

De Formatione Foetus=The Construction of the Embryo, chapter 11 in Galen: Selected Works, translated by P. N. Singer, The World's Classics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0-19-282450-9. One 18th-century reference to Galen is David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779, Part 12 Archived 2005-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, § 3, page 215. Also see Galen's De Usu Partium=On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, translated and edited by Margaret Tallmadge May, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1968, especially book XVII. For a relevant discussion of Galen and other ancients see pages 121–122, Goodman, Lenn Evan (2010). Creation and evolution. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91380-5.

answersingenesis.org

Sarfati, Jonathan (2000). Argument: 'Irreducible complexity' Archived 2005-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, from Refuting Evolution (Answers in Genesis).

archive.org

"True in this latest creationist variant, advocates of so-called intelligent design ... use more slick, pseudoscientific language. They talk about things like "irreducible complexity" Shulman, Seth (2006). Undermining science: suppression and distortion in the Bush Administration. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-24702-4. "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience."
Mu, David (Fall 2005). "Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design" (PDF). Harvard Science Review. 19 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-24.
Perakh, M (Summer 2005). "Why Intelligent Design Isn't Intelligent — Review of: Unintelligent Design". Cell Biol. Educ. 4 (2): 121–2. doi:10.1187/cbe.05-02-0071. PMC 1103713.
Mark D. Decker. College of Biological Sciences, General Biology Program, University of Minnesota Frequently Asked Questions About the Texas Science Textbook Adoption Controversy Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine "The Discovery Institute and ID proponents have a number of goals that they hope to achieve using disingenuous and mendacious methods of marketing, publicity, and political persuasion. They do not practice real science because that takes too long, but mainly because this method requires that one have actual evidence and logical reasons for one's conclusions, and the ID proponents just don't have those. If they had such resources, they would use them, and not the disreputable methods they actually use."
See also list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design
Malebranche, Nicolas (1712). De la recherche de la verité: où l'on traite de la nature de l'esprit de l'homme, & de l'usage qu'il en doit faire pour éviter l'erreur dans les sciences (6ième ed.). Paris: Chez Michel David. Livre 6ième, 2ième partie, chapître 4; English translation: Malebranche, Nicholas (1997). Thomas M. Lennon; Paul J. Olscamp (eds.). The Search After Truth: With Elucidations of The Search After Truth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-521-58004-5. Second paragraph from the end of the chapter, on page 465.
This is Guyer's exposition on page 22 of Guyer, Paul (1992). "Introduction". In Paul Guyer (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-0-521-36768-4. Guyer adds this parenthetical comment: "(here is where the theory of natural selection removes the difficulty)". See Kant's discussion in section IX of the "First Introduction" to the Critique of Judgment and in §§ 61, 64 (where he uses the expression wechselsweise abhängt="reciprocally dependent"), and § 66 of "Part Two, First Division". For example, Kant, Immanuel (2000). "§ 64". In Paul Guyer; Eric Matthews (eds.). Critique of the power of judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-521-34447-0. German original Kritik der Urtheilskraft. Kants gesammelte Schriften. Vol. 5 (Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ed.). Berlin: Georg Reimer. 1913. p. 371. ISBN 978-3-11-001438-9.
See also Kant, Imanuel (1993). Eckart Förster (ed.). Opus Postumum. Translated by Eckart Förster; Michael Rosen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-521-31928-5. The definition of an organic body is that it is a body, every part of which is there for the sake of the other (reciprocally as end and, at the same time, means).German original Kritik der Urtheilskraft. Kants gesammelte Schriften. Vol. 21 (Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ed.). Berlin: Georg Reimer. February 1971. p. 210. ISBN 978-3-11-090167-2.
See especially chapters VI and VII of Coleman, William (1964). Georges Cuvier, Zoologist: A Study in the History of Evolution Theory. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. See also the discussion of these principles in the Wikipedia article on Cuvier.
See for example, Rogers, Alan R. (2011). The Evidence for Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-72382-2. in pages 37–38, 48–49 citing Joseph John Murphy accepting natural selection within limits, excepting "the eye" with its multiple parts. Murphy, Joseph John (November 19, 1866). "Presidential Address to the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society". Northern Whig. Belfast. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. and in page 48 citing Pritchard, C. (1866). "Appendix Note A On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection". The Continuity of the Schemes of Nature and Revelation: A Sermon Preached, by request, on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association at Nottingham. With remarks on some relations of modern knowledge to theology. London: Bell and Daldy. pp. 31–37., especially page 33
One example of a response was in Section III(γ) pages 32-42 of Weismann, August (1909). "The Selection theory". In Albert Seward (ed.). Darwin and Modern Science: Essays in Commemoration of the Centenary of the Birth of Charles Darwin and of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Publication of The Origin of Species. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–65. See also Chapter VII, § 12(1), pages 237-238 in: Thomson, J. Arthur (1908). Heredity. London: John Murray. Both of these referred to what has become known as the Baldwin effect. An analysis of both sides of the issue is: Romanes, George John (1895). "III: Characters as Hereditary and Acquired (continued)". Darwin and After Darwin: Post-Darwinian Questions, Heredity, Utility. Vol. II. London: Longman, Green. pp. 60–102.
Mivart, St. George Jackson (1871). On the Genesis of Species. London: Macmillan. p. 52.
Cairns-Smith, A. G. (1985). Seven clues to the origin of life: a scientific detective story. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39, 58–64. ISBN 978-0-521-27522-4.
Monod, Jacques (1972). Chance and necessity: an essay on the natural philosophy of modern biology. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-394-71825-5.
Morris, Henry (1974). Scientific creationism (2nd ed.). San Diego, Calif: Creation-Life Publishers. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-89051-003-2.
Keough, Mark J.; Geisler, Norman L. (1982). The Creator in the courtroom "Scopes II": the 1981 Arkansas creation-evolution trial. Milford, Mich: Mott Media. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-88062-020-8.
Barbara Forrest, The Wedge at Work Archived 2014-09-05 at the Wayback Machine. Talk Reason.
Forrest, B (2001). "1: The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism is Wedging its way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream". In Pennock, RT (ed.). Intelligent design creationism and its critics: philosophical, theological, and scientific perspectives. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 5–54. ISBN 978-0-262-66124-9.
Miller, Kenneth R. (2008). Only A Theory. New York: Viking Penguin. pp. 54–55. ISBN 978-0-670-01883-3.
Conway-Morris, S (1999). The Crucible of Creation: The Burgess Shale and the Rise of Animals. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-286202-0.
Wiker, Benjamin; Witt, Jonathan (2006). A Meaningful World. InterVarsity Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0-8308-2799-2.
page 90: "Just as a mousetrap does not work unless all of its constituent parts are present, ciliary motion simply does not exist in the absence of microtubules, connectors, and motors. Therefore we can conclude that the cilium is irreducibly complex – an enormous monkey wrench thrown into its presumed gradual, Darwinian evolution."Behe, Michael (1999). Signs of Intelligence, article Darwin's Breakdown: Irreducible Complexity and Design at the Foundation of Life. Brazos Press. ISBN 978-1-58743-004-6.
pg 95 Behe, Michael (2007). The Edge of Evolution. FreePress division of Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-9622-9.

arn.org

Behe, Michael "In Defense of the Irreducibility of the Blood Clotting Cascade: Response to Russell Doolittle, Ken Miller and Keith Robison" Archived 2010-09-17 at the Wayback Machine

asu.edu

public.asu.edu

Slack, G. (2008). The Battle Over the Meaning of Everything: Evolution, Intelligent Design, and a School Board in Dover, PA. Wiley. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-470-37931-8. Retrieved 17 July 2023. an article, predating [the 1996] publication of Darwin's Black Box, the book by Michael Behe in which the idea of 'irreducible complexity' was allegedly hammered out and from which the bacterial flagellum became the molecular poster child for both irreducible complexity and intelligent design. The article, titled 'Not So Blind a Watchmaker,' is in a journal called Creation Research Society Quarterly, an overtly creationist journal published by the Creation Research Societv. .... a picture of none other than our now old friend the bacterial flagellum, accompanied by text that calls it a 'nanomachine,' which sounds a lot like biological machine, and a description that is a pretty good summary statement for Behe's and Minnich's claim for the flagellum's irreducible complexity: 'However, it is clear from the details of [the flagellum's] operation that nothing about them works unless every one of their complexly fashioned and integrated components are in place.' And a little further along in the article, he reads, 'In terms of biophysical complexity, the bacterial rotor flagellum is without precedent in the living world. ...To evolutionists the system presents an enigma. To creationists it offers clear and compelling evidence of purposeful intelligent design.' [When asked whether he would agree this was the same argument that he and Behe had advanced for irreducible complexity, Minnich said] "I don't have any problem with that statement.
Lumsden, Richard D. (June 1994). "Not So Blind A Watchmaker" (PDF). Creation Research Society Quarterly. 31 (1): 13–22, quotations from pp. 13, 20. Received 11 May 1993; Revised 15 September 1993

berkeley.edu

sciencereview.berkeley.edu

Michelangelo D'Agostino (Spring 2006). "In the matter of Berkeley v. Berkeley" (PDF). Berkeley Science Review. pp. 31–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2007. Two years later, Johnson organized a meeting at Pajaro Dunes near Monterey to bring like-minded thinkers together. Its participants would become the major public figures in intelligent design: Scott Minnich and Michael Behe, who would testify on behalf of ID in Dover, ..... (also "In the matter of Berkeley v. Berkeley". The Berkeley Science Review: Read: Articles. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2023.)

books.google.com

Behe, M.J. (2006). Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution. Touchstone book (2 ed.). Free Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-684-82754-4. Retrieved 16 July 2023. By irreducibly complex I mean a single system composed of several well-matched, interacting parts that contribute to the basic function, wherein the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning. An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly (that is, by continuously improving the initial function, which continues to work by the same mechanism) by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional. An irreducibly complex biological system, if there is such a thing, would be a powerful challenge to Darwinian evolution. Since natural selection can only choose systems that are already working, then if a biological system cannot be produced gradually it would have to arise as an integrated unit, in one fell swoop, for natural selection to have anything to act on. (originally published 1996).
Scott 2009, p. 126, Behe's idea of irreducible complexity was anticipated in creation science; much as in Paley's conception, creation science proponents hold that structures too complex to have occurred 'by chance' require special creation (Scott and Matzke 2007)." Scott, Eugenie C. (2009). Evolution Vs. Creationism: An Introduction. ISSR library. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26187-7.
Dembski, William A. (2002). No Free Lunch: Why Specified Complexity Cannot Be Purchased Without Intelligence. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield (published 2006). p. 285. ISBN 978-0-7425-5810-6. Retrieved 1 November 2020. A system performing a given basic function is irreducibly complex if it includes a set of well-matched, mutually interacting, nonarbitrarily individuated parts such that each part in the set is indispensable to maintaining the system's basic, and therefore original, function. The set of these indispensable parts is known as the irreducible core of the system.
See Henry Hallam Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the Fifteenth, Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Centuries Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1854 volume 2 page 385 part iii chapter iii section i paragraph 26 footnote u
Malebranche, Nicolas (1712). De la recherche de la verité: où l'on traite de la nature de l'esprit de l'homme, & de l'usage qu'il en doit faire pour éviter l'erreur dans les sciences (6ième ed.). Paris: Chez Michel David. Livre 6ième, 2ième partie, chapître 4; English translation: Malebranche, Nicholas (1997). Thomas M. Lennon; Paul J. Olscamp (eds.). The Search After Truth: With Elucidations of The Search After Truth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 465. ISBN 978-0-521-58004-5. Second paragraph from the end of the chapter, on page 465.
Pages 202-204 of Pyle, Andrew (2006). "Malebranche on Animal Generation: Preexistence and the Microscope". In Smith JH (ed.). The problem of animal generation in early modern philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–214. ISBN 978-0-521-84077-4.
This is Guyer's exposition on page 22 of Guyer, Paul (1992). "Introduction". In Paul Guyer (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-0-521-36768-4. Guyer adds this parenthetical comment: "(here is where the theory of natural selection removes the difficulty)". See Kant's discussion in section IX of the "First Introduction" to the Critique of Judgment and in §§ 61, 64 (where he uses the expression wechselsweise abhängt="reciprocally dependent"), and § 66 of "Part Two, First Division". For example, Kant, Immanuel (2000). "§ 64". In Paul Guyer; Eric Matthews (eds.). Critique of the power of judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-521-34447-0. German original Kritik der Urtheilskraft. Kants gesammelte Schriften. Vol. 5 (Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ed.). Berlin: Georg Reimer. 1913. p. 371. ISBN 978-3-11-001438-9.
See also Kant, Imanuel (1993). Eckart Förster (ed.). Opus Postumum. Translated by Eckart Förster; Michael Rosen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-521-31928-5. The definition of an organic body is that it is a body, every part of which is there for the sake of the other (reciprocally as end and, at the same time, means).German original Kritik der Urtheilskraft. Kants gesammelte Schriften. Vol. 21 (Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ed.). Berlin: Georg Reimer. February 1971. p. 210. ISBN 978-3-11-090167-2.
Slack, G. (2008). The Battle Over the Meaning of Everything: Evolution, Intelligent Design, and a School Board in Dover, PA. Wiley. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-470-37931-8. Retrieved 17 July 2023. an article, predating [the 1996] publication of Darwin's Black Box, the book by Michael Behe in which the idea of 'irreducible complexity' was allegedly hammered out and from which the bacterial flagellum became the molecular poster child for both irreducible complexity and intelligent design. The article, titled 'Not So Blind a Watchmaker,' is in a journal called Creation Research Society Quarterly, an overtly creationist journal published by the Creation Research Societv. .... a picture of none other than our now old friend the bacterial flagellum, accompanied by text that calls it a 'nanomachine,' which sounds a lot like biological machine, and a description that is a pretty good summary statement for Behe's and Minnich's claim for the flagellum's irreducible complexity: 'However, it is clear from the details of [the flagellum's] operation that nothing about them works unless every one of their complexly fashioned and integrated components are in place.' And a little further along in the article, he reads, 'In terms of biophysical complexity, the bacterial rotor flagellum is without precedent in the living world. ...To evolutionists the system presents an enigma. To creationists it offers clear and compelling evidence of purposeful intelligent design.' [When asked whether he would agree this was the same argument that he and Behe had advanced for irreducible complexity, Minnich said] "I don't have any problem with that statement.
Lumsden, Richard D. (June 1994). "Not So Blind A Watchmaker" (PDF). Creation Research Society Quarterly. 31 (1): 13–22, quotations from pp. 13, 20. Received 11 May 1993; Revised 15 September 1993
Woodward, T. (2003). Doubts about Darwin: A History of Intelligent Design. Baker Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8010-6443-2. Retrieved 29 July 2023.

creation.com

"Rotary engines". creation.com. December 1992. Retrieved 17 July 2023. Creation 15(1):23

creationresearch.org

"CRSQ 1965 Volume 2, Number 2". Creation Research Society. July 1965. Retrieved 29 November 2022. The Plants Will Teach You

darwin-online.org.uk

William Paley:Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity. Collected from the Appearances of Nature 12th edition, 1809 Archived 2008-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray. page 189, Chapter VI Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
See for example, Rogers, Alan R. (2011). The Evidence for Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-72382-2. in pages 37–38, 48–49 citing Joseph John Murphy accepting natural selection within limits, excepting "the eye" with its multiple parts. Murphy, Joseph John (November 19, 1866). "Presidential Address to the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society". Northern Whig. Belfast. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. and in page 48 citing Pritchard, C. (1866). "Appendix Note A On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection". The Continuity of the Schemes of Nature and Revelation: A Sermon Preached, by request, on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association at Nottingham. With remarks on some relations of modern knowledge to theology. London: Bell and Daldy. pp. 31–37., especially page 33
Darwin, Charles (1868). "XXV. Laws of Variation continued – Correlated Variability". The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. pp. 321–338. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. especially page 333 and following.
Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray. pages 186ff, Chapter VI Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine

designinference.com

Miller, Kenneth R. The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of "Irreducible Complexity" Archived 2014-02-14 at the Wayback Machine with reply here "The Bacterial Flagellum: Still Spinning Just Fine". Archived from the original on 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2006-04-26.

discovery.org

In Defense of the Irreducibility of the Blood Clotting Cascade: Response to Russell Doolittle, Ken Miller and Keith Robison, July 31, 2000, Discovery Institute article Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
Press release Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine University of Oregon, April 4, 2006.
Michael Behe. Evidence for Intelligent Design from Biochemistry. Archived 2006-09-03 at the Wayback Machine 1996.

doi.org

Scott, Eugenie C.; Matzke, Nicholas J. (15 May 2007). "Biological design in science classrooms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (suppl_1): 8669–8676. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8669S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701505104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1876445. PMID 17494747.
"True in this latest creationist variant, advocates of so-called intelligent design ... use more slick, pseudoscientific language. They talk about things like "irreducible complexity" Shulman, Seth (2006). Undermining science: suppression and distortion in the Bush Administration. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-24702-4. "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience."
Mu, David (Fall 2005). "Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design" (PDF). Harvard Science Review. 19 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-24.
Perakh, M (Summer 2005). "Why Intelligent Design Isn't Intelligent — Review of: Unintelligent Design". Cell Biol. Educ. 4 (2): 121–2. doi:10.1187/cbe.05-02-0071. PMC 1103713.
Mark D. Decker. College of Biological Sciences, General Biology Program, University of Minnesota Frequently Asked Questions About the Texas Science Textbook Adoption Controversy Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine "The Discovery Institute and ID proponents have a number of goals that they hope to achieve using disingenuous and mendacious methods of marketing, publicity, and political persuasion. They do not practice real science because that takes too long, but mainly because this method requires that one have actual evidence and logical reasons for one's conclusions, and the ID proponents just don't have those. If they had such resources, they would use them, and not the disreputable methods they actually use."
See also list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design
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M. Brazeau; P. Ahlberg (January 19, 2006). "Tetrapod-like middle ear architecture in a Devonian fish". Nature. 439 (7074): 318–21. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..318B. doi:10.1038/nature04196. PMID 16421569. S2CID 4301561.
Boto, Luis (October 28, 2009). "Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1683): 819–827. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1679. PMC 2842723. PMID 19864285.
Trotter, Meredith V.; Weissman, Daniel B.; Peterson, Grant I.; Peck, Kayla M.; Masel, Joanna (December 2014). "Cryptic genetic variation can make "irreducible complexity" a common mode of adaptation in sexual populations". Evolution. 68 (12): 3357–3367. doi:10.1111/evo.12517. PMC 4258170. PMID 25178652.
Weissman, Daniel B.; Desai, Michael M.; Fisher, Daniel S.; Feldman, Marcus W. (June 2009). "The rate at which asexual populations cross fitness valleys". Theoretical Population Biology. 75 (4): 286–300. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2009.02.006. PMC 2992471. PMID 19285994.
Weissman, D. B.; Feldman, M. W.; Fisher, D. S. (5 October 2010). "The Rate of Fitness-Valley Crossing in Sexual Populations". Genetics. 186 (4): 1389–1410. doi:10.1534/genetics.110.123240. PMC 2998319. PMID 20923976.
Covert, Arthur; Lenski, Richard; Wilke, Claus; Ofria, Charles (2013). "Experiments on the role of deleterious mutations as stepping stones in adaptive evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (34): E3171–E3178. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110E3171C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313424110. PMC 3752215. PMID 23918358.

evolutionnews.org

Michael, Behe (2016-10-27). "Philosophical Objections to Intelligent Design: A Response to Critics". Evolution News. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
"Spinning Tales About the Bacterial Flagellum – Evolution News". evolutionnews.org. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
Behe, Michael (October 27, 2016). "Philosophical Objections to Intelligent Design: A Response to Critics". Evolution News & Science Today. Retrieved August 17, 2018.

friends-of-wisdom.com

Behe, MJ (November 2001). "Reply to My Critics: A Response to Reviews of Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution" (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 16 (5): 685–709. doi:10.1023/A:1012268700496. S2CID 34945871. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-11.

genetic-programming.com

"Human Competitive". www.genetic-programming.com. Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.

genetics.org

Muller, HJ (1918). "Genetic variability, twin hybrids and constant hybrids, in a case of balanced lethal factors". Genetics. 3 (5): 422–99. doi:10.1093/genetics/3.5.422. PMC 1200446. PMID 17245914. Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2006-10-31., especially pages 463–4.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (September 2010). "Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience". Quarterly Review of Biology. 85 (3): 473–82. doi:10.1086/656904. hdl:1854/LU-952482. PMID 21243965. S2CID 27218269. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30.
Taylor, Tiffany B.; Mulley, Geraldine; Dills, Alexander H.; Alsohim, Abdullah S.; McGuffin, Liam J.; Studholme, David J.; Silby, Mark W.; Brockhurst, Michael A.; Johnson, Louise J.; Jackson, Robert W. (2015-02-27). "Evolution. Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system". Science. 347 (6225): 1014–1017. doi:10.1126/science.1259145. hdl:10871/16523. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 25722415. S2CID 206561157.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Scott, Eugenie C.; Matzke, Nicholas J. (15 May 2007). "Biological design in science classrooms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (suppl_1): 8669–8676. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8669S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701505104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1876445. PMID 17494747.
Bridgham JT, Carroll SM, Thornton JW (April 2006). "Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation". Science. 312 (5770): 97–101. Bibcode:2006Sci...312...97B. doi:10.1126/science.1123348. PMID 16601189. S2CID 9662677.
Halder G, Callaerts P, Gehring WJ (March 1995). "Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila". Science. 267 (5205): 1788–92. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1788H. doi:10.1126/science.7892602. PMID 7892602. S2CID 9646449.
Tomarev SI, Callaerts P, Kos L, et al. (March 1997). "Squid Pax-6 and eye development". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94 (6): 2421–6. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.2421T. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2421. PMC 20103. PMID 9122210.
Clements, A.; Bursac, D.; Gatsos, X.; Perry, A.; Civciristov, S.; Celik, N.; Likic, V.; Poggio, S.; Jacobs-Wagner, C.; Strugnell, R. A.; Lithgow, T. (2009). "The reducible complexity of a mitochondrial molecular machine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (37): 15791–15795. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10615791C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908264106. PMC 2747197. PMID 19717453.
M. Brazeau; P. Ahlberg (January 19, 2006). "Tetrapod-like middle ear architecture in a Devonian fish". Nature. 439 (7074): 318–21. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..318B. doi:10.1038/nature04196. PMID 16421569. S2CID 4301561.
Covert, Arthur; Lenski, Richard; Wilke, Claus; Ofria, Charles (2013). "Experiments on the role of deleterious mutations as stepping stones in adaptive evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (34): E3171–E3178. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110E3171C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313424110. PMC 3752215. PMID 23918358.

hcs.harvard.edu

"True in this latest creationist variant, advocates of so-called intelligent design ... use more slick, pseudoscientific language. They talk about things like "irreducible complexity" Shulman, Seth (2006). Undermining science: suppression and distortion in the Bush Administration. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-24702-4. "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience."
Mu, David (Fall 2005). "Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design" (PDF). Harvard Science Review. 19 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-24.
Perakh, M (Summer 2005). "Why Intelligent Design Isn't Intelligent — Review of: Unintelligent Design". Cell Biol. Educ. 4 (2): 121–2. doi:10.1187/cbe.05-02-0071. PMC 1103713.
Mark D. Decker. College of Biological Sciences, General Biology Program, University of Minnesota Frequently Asked Questions About the Texas Science Textbook Adoption Controversy Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine "The Discovery Institute and ID proponents have a number of goals that they hope to achieve using disingenuous and mendacious methods of marketing, publicity, and political persuasion. They do not practice real science because that takes too long, but mainly because this method requires that one have actual evidence and logical reasons for one's conclusions, and the ID proponents just don't have those. If they had such resources, they would use them, and not the disreputable methods they actually use."
See also list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design

infidels.org

Pigliucci, Massimo "Secular Web Kiosk: Design Yes, Intelligent No: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory and Neo-Creationism". Archived from the original on 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2009-12-26. Collaboration Sept. 2001

jstor.org

Shanks, Niall; Joplin, Karl H. (1999). "Redundant Complexity: A Critical Analysis of Intelligent Design in Biochemistry". Philosophy of Science. 66 (2, June): 268–282. doi:10.1086/392687. JSTOR 188646. S2CID 62198290.

karger.com

Fernald, Russell D. (2001). The Evolution of Eyes: Why Do We See What We See? Archived 2006-03-19 at the Wayback Machine Karger Gazette 64: "The Eye in Focus".

millerandlevine.com

Miller, Kenneth R. The Flagellum Unspun: The Collapse of "Irreducible Complexity" Archived 2014-02-14 at the Wayback Machine with reply here "The Bacterial Flagellum: Still Spinning Just Fine". Archived from the original on 2006-04-03. Retrieved 2006-04-26.

nbcnews.com

Than, Ker (September 23, 2005). "Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design' – LiveScience". NBC News. Retrieved 2010-05-17.
Than, Ker. "Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design'". NBC News. Retrieved 2021-10-14.

ncse.ngo

"Design on Trial in Dover, Pennsylvania". National Center for Science Education. 14 December 2004. Retrieved 28 July 2023.

ncseweb.org

The New Pandas: Has Creationist Scholarship Improved? Comments on 1993 Revisions by Frank J. Sonleitner (1994)
Introduction: Of Pandas and People, the foundational work of the 'Intelligent Design' movement Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine by Nick Matzke 2004,
Design on Trial in Dover, Pennsylvania (2006) Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine by Nicholas J Matzke, NCSE Public Information Project Specialist
Eugenie C. Scott and Glenn Branch, "Intelligent Design" Not Accepted by Most Scientists Archived 2009-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, National Center for Science Education website, September 10, 2002.

newscientist.com

Creationism special: A sceptic's guide to intelligent design Archived 2015-05-06 at the Wayback Machine, New Scientist, 9 July 2005

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Scott, Eugenie C.; Matzke, Nicholas J. (15 May 2007). "Biological design in science classrooms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (suppl_1): 8669–8676. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8669S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701505104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1876445. PMID 17494747.
Bridgham JT, Carroll SM, Thornton JW (April 2006). "Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation". Science. 312 (5770): 97–101. Bibcode:2006Sci...312...97B. doi:10.1126/science.1123348. PMID 16601189. S2CID 9662677.
Pages 67-68 in: Ridley, Mark (March 1982). "Coadapatation and the Inadequacy of Natural Selection". British Journal for the History of Science. 15 (1): 45–68. doi:10.1017/S0007087400018938. PMID 11610981. S2CID 9704653.
Muller, HJ (1918). "Genetic variability, twin hybrids and constant hybrids, in a case of balanced lethal factors". Genetics. 3 (5): 422–99. doi:10.1093/genetics/3.5.422. PMC 1200446. PMID 17245914. Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2006-10-31., especially pages 463–4.
Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (September 2010). "Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience". Quarterly Review of Biology. 85 (3): 473–82. doi:10.1086/656904. hdl:1854/LU-952482. PMID 21243965. S2CID 27218269. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30.
Semba U, Shibuya Y, Okabe H, Yamamoto T (1998). "Whale Hageman factor (factor XII): prevented production due to pseudogene conversion". Thromb Res. 90 (1): 31–7. doi:10.1016/S0049-3848(97)00307-1. PMID 9678675.
Halder G, Callaerts P, Gehring WJ (October 1995). "New perspectives on eye evolution". Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. 5 (5): 602–9. doi:10.1016/0959-437X(95)80029-8. PMID 8664548.
Halder G, Callaerts P, Gehring WJ (March 1995). "Induction of ectopic eyes by targeted expression of the eyeless gene in Drosophila". Science. 267 (5205): 1788–92. Bibcode:1995Sci...267.1788H. doi:10.1126/science.7892602. PMID 7892602. S2CID 9646449.
Tomarev SI, Callaerts P, Kos L, et al. (March 1997). "Squid Pax-6 and eye development". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94 (6): 2421–6. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.2421T. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2421. PMC 20103. PMID 9122210.
Fernald, RD (1997). "The evolution of eyes". Brain Behav. Evol. 50 (4): 253–9. doi:10.1159/000113339. PMID 9310200. S2CID 46796856.
Mitchell, David R. (2007), "The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella as Motile and Sensory Organelles", Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton: Origins and Evolution, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 607, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 130–140, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_11, ISBN 978-0-387-74021-8, PMC 3322410, PMID 17977465, retrieved 2023-06-25
Wickstead, Bill; Gull, Keith (2011-08-22). "The evolution of the cytoskeleton". Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (4): 513–525. doi:10.1083/jcb.201102065. ISSN 1540-8140. PMC 3160578. PMID 21859859.
Milne-Davies, Bailey; Wimmi, Stephan; Diepold, Andreas (March 2021). "Adaptivity and dynamics in type III secretion systems". Molecular Microbiology. 115 (3): 395–411. doi:10.1111/mmi.14658. ISSN 0950-382X. PMID 33251695.
Faguy, David M.; Jarrell, Ken F.; Kuzio, John; Kalmokoff, Martin L. (1994-01-01). "Molecular analysis of archaeal flagellins: similarity to the type IV pilin – transport superfamily widespread in bacteria". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 40 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1139/m94-011. ISSN 0008-4166. PMID 7908603.
Rajagopala SV, Titz B, Goll J, Parrish JR, Wohlbold K, McKevitt MT, Palzkill T, Mori H, Finley RL Jr, Uetz P (2007). "The protein network of bacterial motility". Mol Syst Biol. 3: 128. doi:10.1038/msb4100166. PMC 1943423. PMID 17667950.
Titz B, Rajagopala SV, Ester C, Häuser R, Uetz P (Nov 2006). "Novel conserved assembly factor of the bacterial flagellum". J Bacteriol. 188 (21): 7700–6. doi:10.1128/JB.00820-06. PMC 1636259. PMID 16936039.
Pallen, M. J.; Gophna, U. (2007). Bacterial Flagella and Type III Secretion: Case Studies in the Evolution of Complexity. Genome Dynamics. Vol. 3. pp. 30–47. doi:10.1159/000107602. ISBN 978-3-8055-8340-4. PMID 18753783. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
Clements, A.; Bursac, D.; Gatsos, X.; Perry, A.; Civciristov, S.; Celik, N.; Likic, V.; Poggio, S.; Jacobs-Wagner, C.; Strugnell, R. A.; Lithgow, T. (2009). "The reducible complexity of a mitochondrial molecular machine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (37): 15791–15795. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10615791C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908264106. PMC 2747197. PMID 19717453.
Zuckerkandl, Emile (December 2006). "Intelligent design and biological complexity". Gene. 385: 2–18. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2006.03.025. PMID 17011142.
Pallen, M.J.; Matzke, N.J. (2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 4 (10): 784–790. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. S2CID 24057949.
Taylor, Tiffany B.; Mulley, Geraldine; Dills, Alexander H.; Alsohim, Abdullah S.; McGuffin, Liam J.; Studholme, David J.; Silby, Mark W.; Brockhurst, Michael A.; Johnson, Louise J.; Jackson, Robert W. (2015-02-27). "Evolution. Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system". Science. 347 (6225): 1014–1017. doi:10.1126/science.1259145. hdl:10871/16523. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 25722415. S2CID 206561157.
Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 4 (10): 784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. S2CID 24057949. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27.
Schneider, TD (2000). "Evolution of Biological Information". Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (14): 2794–2799. doi:10.1093/nar/28.14.2794. PMC 102656. PMID 10908337.
M. Brazeau; P. Ahlberg (January 19, 2006). "Tetrapod-like middle ear architecture in a Devonian fish". Nature. 439 (7074): 318–21. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..318B. doi:10.1038/nature04196. PMID 16421569. S2CID 4301561.
Boto, Luis (October 28, 2009). "Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1683): 819–827. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1679. PMC 2842723. PMID 19864285.
Trotter, Meredith V.; Weissman, Daniel B.; Peterson, Grant I.; Peck, Kayla M.; Masel, Joanna (December 2014). "Cryptic genetic variation can make "irreducible complexity" a common mode of adaptation in sexual populations". Evolution. 68 (12): 3357–3367. doi:10.1111/evo.12517. PMC 4258170. PMID 25178652.
Weissman, Daniel B.; Desai, Michael M.; Fisher, Daniel S.; Feldman, Marcus W. (June 2009). "The rate at which asexual populations cross fitness valleys". Theoretical Population Biology. 75 (4): 286–300. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2009.02.006. PMC 2992471. PMID 19285994.
Weissman, D. B.; Feldman, M. W.; Fisher, D. S. (5 October 2010). "The Rate of Fitness-Valley Crossing in Sexual Populations". Genetics. 186 (4): 1389–1410. doi:10.1534/genetics.110.123240. PMC 2998319. PMID 20923976.
Covert, Arthur; Lenski, Richard; Wilke, Claus; Ofria, Charles (2013). "Experiments on the role of deleterious mutations as stepping stones in adaptive evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (34): E3171–E3178. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110E3171C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313424110. PMC 3752215. PMID 23918358.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Scott, Eugenie C.; Matzke, Nicholas J. (15 May 2007). "Biological design in science classrooms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (suppl_1): 8669–8676. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8669S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701505104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1876445. PMID 17494747.
"True in this latest creationist variant, advocates of so-called intelligent design ... use more slick, pseudoscientific language. They talk about things like "irreducible complexity" Shulman, Seth (2006). Undermining science: suppression and distortion in the Bush Administration. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-24702-4. "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience."
Mu, David (Fall 2005). "Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design" (PDF). Harvard Science Review. 19 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-24.
Perakh, M (Summer 2005). "Why Intelligent Design Isn't Intelligent — Review of: Unintelligent Design". Cell Biol. Educ. 4 (2): 121–2. doi:10.1187/cbe.05-02-0071. PMC 1103713.
Mark D. Decker. College of Biological Sciences, General Biology Program, University of Minnesota Frequently Asked Questions About the Texas Science Textbook Adoption Controversy Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine "The Discovery Institute and ID proponents have a number of goals that they hope to achieve using disingenuous and mendacious methods of marketing, publicity, and political persuasion. They do not practice real science because that takes too long, but mainly because this method requires that one have actual evidence and logical reasons for one's conclusions, and the ID proponents just don't have those. If they had such resources, they would use them, and not the disreputable methods they actually use."
See also list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design
Muller, HJ (1918). "Genetic variability, twin hybrids and constant hybrids, in a case of balanced lethal factors". Genetics. 3 (5): 422–99. doi:10.1093/genetics/3.5.422. PMC 1200446. PMID 17245914. Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2006-10-31., especially pages 463–4.
Tomarev SI, Callaerts P, Kos L, et al. (March 1997). "Squid Pax-6 and eye development". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 94 (6): 2421–6. Bibcode:1997PNAS...94.2421T. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2421. PMC 20103. PMID 9122210.
Mitchell, David R. (2007), "The Evolution of Eukaryotic Cilia and Flagella as Motile and Sensory Organelles", Eukaryotic Membranes and Cytoskeleton: Origins and Evolution, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 607, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 130–140, doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74021-8_11, ISBN 978-0-387-74021-8, PMC 3322410, PMID 17977465, retrieved 2023-06-25
Wickstead, Bill; Gull, Keith (2011-08-22). "The evolution of the cytoskeleton". Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (4): 513–525. doi:10.1083/jcb.201102065. ISSN 1540-8140. PMC 3160578. PMID 21859859.
Rajagopala SV, Titz B, Goll J, Parrish JR, Wohlbold K, McKevitt MT, Palzkill T, Mori H, Finley RL Jr, Uetz P (2007). "The protein network of bacterial motility". Mol Syst Biol. 3: 128. doi:10.1038/msb4100166. PMC 1943423. PMID 17667950.
Titz B, Rajagopala SV, Ester C, Häuser R, Uetz P (Nov 2006). "Novel conserved assembly factor of the bacterial flagellum". J Bacteriol. 188 (21): 7700–6. doi:10.1128/JB.00820-06. PMC 1636259. PMID 16936039.
Clements, A.; Bursac, D.; Gatsos, X.; Perry, A.; Civciristov, S.; Celik, N.; Likic, V.; Poggio, S.; Jacobs-Wagner, C.; Strugnell, R. A.; Lithgow, T. (2009). "The reducible complexity of a mitochondrial molecular machine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (37): 15791–15795. Bibcode:2009PNAS..10615791C. doi:10.1073/pnas.0908264106. PMC 2747197. PMID 19717453.
Schneider, TD (2000). "Evolution of Biological Information". Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (14): 2794–2799. doi:10.1093/nar/28.14.2794. PMC 102656. PMID 10908337.
Boto, Luis (October 28, 2009). "Horizontal gene transfer in evolution: facts and challenges". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277 (1683): 819–827. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.1679. PMC 2842723. PMID 19864285.
Trotter, Meredith V.; Weissman, Daniel B.; Peterson, Grant I.; Peck, Kayla M.; Masel, Joanna (December 2014). "Cryptic genetic variation can make "irreducible complexity" a common mode of adaptation in sexual populations". Evolution. 68 (12): 3357–3367. doi:10.1111/evo.12517. PMC 4258170. PMID 25178652.
Weissman, Daniel B.; Desai, Michael M.; Fisher, Daniel S.; Feldman, Marcus W. (June 2009). "The rate at which asexual populations cross fitness valleys". Theoretical Population Biology. 75 (4): 286–300. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2009.02.006. PMC 2992471. PMID 19285994.
Weissman, D. B.; Feldman, M. W.; Fisher, D. S. (5 October 2010). "The Rate of Fitness-Valley Crossing in Sexual Populations". Genetics. 186 (4): 1389–1410. doi:10.1534/genetics.110.123240. PMC 2998319. PMID 20923976.
Covert, Arthur; Lenski, Richard; Wilke, Claus; Ofria, Charles (2013). "Experiments on the role of deleterious mutations as stepping stones in adaptive evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (34): E3171–E3178. Bibcode:2013PNAS..110E3171C. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313424110. PMC 3752215. PMID 23918358.

nrcresearchpress.com

Faguy, David M.; Jarrell, Ken F.; Kuzio, John; Kalmokoff, Martin L. (1994-01-01). "Molecular analysis of archaeal flagellins: similarity to the type IV pilin – transport superfamily widespread in bacteria". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 40 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1139/m94-011. ISSN 0008-4166. PMID 7908603.

pandasthumb.org

Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 4 (10): 784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. S2CID 24057949. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27.
Andreas Beyer, Hansjörg Hemminger & Martin Neukamm: The Evolution of T-URF13: Does Irreducible Complexity count or not?, and as HTML document on the website of "Panda's Thumb".

patheos.com

"Darwin's Black Box by Michael Behe". Archived from the original on 2015-07-15. Retrieved 2015-07-15.

pbs.org

"NOVA: Transcripts: Judgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial Chapter 8". PBS. November 13, 2007. Archived from the original on November 23, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-17.

sacred-texts.com

The Sacred Theory of the Earth Archived 2007-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2nd edition, London: Walter Kettilby, 1691. Book I Chapter IV page 43

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Bridgham JT, Carroll SM, Thornton JW (April 2006). "Evolution of hormone-receptor complexity by molecular exploitation". Science. 312 (5770): 97–101. Bibcode:2006Sci...312...97B. doi:10.1126/science.1123348. PMID 16601189. S2CID 9662677.
Shanks, Niall; Joplin, Karl H. (1999). "Redundant Complexity: A Critical Analysis of Intelligent Design in Biochemistry". Philosophy of Science. 66 (2, June): 268–282. doi:10.1086/392687. JSTOR 188646. S2CID 62198290.
Pages 67-68 in: Ridley, Mark (March 1982). "Coadapatation and the Inadequacy of Natural Selection". British Journal for the History of Science. 15 (1): 45–68. doi:10.1017/S0007087400018938. PMID 11610981. S2CID 9704653.
Muller, HJ (1939). "Reversibility in evolution considered from the standpoint of genetics". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 14 (3): 261–80, quotation from 272. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1939.tb00934.x. S2CID 85668728.
Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (September 2010). "Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience". Quarterly Review of Biology. 85 (3): 473–82. doi:10.1086/656904. hdl:1854/LU-952482. PMID 21243965. S2CID 27218269. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30.
Behe, MJ (November 2001). "Reply to My Critics: A Response to Reviews of Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution" (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 16 (5): 685–709. doi:10.1023/A:1012268700496. S2CID 34945871. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-11.
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Fernald, RD (1997). "The evolution of eyes". Brain Behav. Evol. 50 (4): 253–9. doi:10.1159/000113339. PMID 9310200. S2CID 46796856.
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Taylor, Tiffany B.; Mulley, Geraldine; Dills, Alexander H.; Alsohim, Abdullah S.; McGuffin, Liam J.; Studholme, David J.; Silby, Mark W.; Brockhurst, Michael A.; Johnson, Louise J.; Jackson, Robert W. (2015-02-27). "Evolution. Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system". Science. 347 (6225): 1014–1017. doi:10.1126/science.1259145. hdl:10871/16523. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 25722415. S2CID 206561157.
Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 4 (10): 784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. S2CID 24057949. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27.
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sites.google.com

Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (September 2010). "Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience". Quarterly Review of Biology. 85 (3): 473–82. doi:10.1086/656904. hdl:1854/LU-952482. PMID 21243965. S2CID 27218269. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30.

skeptic.com

Perakh, Mark (2008). "Bacteria Flagella Look Like Man-made Machines". 14 (3). Skeptic (U.S. magazine). Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2008-12-06. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

springer.com

link.springer.com

McShea, Daniel W. and Wim Hordijk. "Complexity by Subtraction." Evolutionary Biology (April 2013). PDF Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.
McShea, Daniel W. and Wim Hordijk. "Complexity by Subtraction." Evolutionary Biology (April 2013). PDF Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.

talkdesign.org

Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum Archived 2016-09-19 at the Wayback Machine (Talk Design, 2006 September)
Matt Inlay, 2002. "Evolving Immunity Archived 2006-01-11 at the Wayback Machine." In TalkDesign.org.
Nicholas J. Matzke, 2003. "Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum Archived 2005-12-20 at the Wayback Machine."
IC and Evolution Archived 2004-08-13 at the Wayback Machine makes the point that: if "irreducible complexity" is tautologically redefined to allow a valid argument that intelligent design is the correct explanation for life then there is no such thing as "irreducible complexity" in the mechanisms of life; while, if we use the unmodified original definition then "irreducible complexity" has nothing whatever to do with evolution.

talkorigins.org

Behe's testimony in Kitzmiller v. Dover Archived 2006-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
Claim CA350: Professional literature is silent on the subject of the evolution of biochemical systems Archived 2007-03-04 at the Wayback Machine TalkOrigins Archive.
Action, George "Behe and the Blood Clotting Cascade" Archived 2005-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
Isaak, Mark. "CA113.1: Evolution of the eye". www.talkorigins.org. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
Isaak, Mark (2006). "CB200.1: Bacterial flagella and Irreducibly Complexity". TalkOrigins Archive. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
Wein, Richard (23 April 2002). "Not a Free Lunch But a Box of Chocolates. A critique of William Dembski's book No Free Lunch". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 25 August 2022. Dembski considers the case of a gene, T-urf13, which occurs in a particular strain of maize ... Specified complexity (CSI) is not a marker of intelligent design. If specified complexity is determined according to the uniform-probability interpretation, then natural processes are perfectly capable of generating it. If it is determined by the chance-elimination method, then specified complexity is just a disguise for the god-of-the-gaps argument.
Index to Creationist Claims. Mark Isaak. The Talk.Origins Archive. "Irreducible complexity and complex specified information are special cases of the "complexity indicates design" claim; they are also arguments from incredulity." "CI101: Complexity and design". Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2014-03-24. "The argument from incredulity creates a god of the gaps." "CA100: Argument from incredulity". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 20, PM, Part 1: Scott Minnich". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
"Kitzmiller v. Dover: Day 20, PM, Part 2: Scott Minnich". TalkOrigins Archive. Retrieved 29 July 2023. Q. Now, you and Dr. Behe both, or together, you make the same claim, the claim of irreducible complexity? A. Correct. Q. And essentially if I understand your contention, it is that an irreducibly complex system is one in which it cannot function unless all the parts are there, and you take away one part and the system ceases to function, correct? A. Correct. Q. And the point that you're trying make for purposes of evolution is that irreducibly complex systems in your view cannot evolve? A. I think it's a problem for evolution. ..... Q. Dr. Minnich, I'm showing you a publication of the Creation research Society Quarterly from June of 1994. Do you see that? ... ... I'd like you to agree with me, to know whether you agree with me that that is the same argument that you have advanced here today in your direct testimony. A. Right, I mean in terms of -- I don't have any problem with that statement. ...

talkreason.org

"The Chicken or the Egg". talkreason.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
Barbara Forrest, The Wedge at Work Archived 2014-09-05 at the Wayback Machine. Talk Reason.
Forrest, B (2001). "1: The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism is Wedging its way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream". In Pennock, RT (ed.). Intelligent design creationism and its critics: philosophical, theological, and scientific perspectives. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 5–54. ISBN 978-0-262-66124-9.

texscience.org

"True in this latest creationist variant, advocates of so-called intelligent design ... use more slick, pseudoscientific language. They talk about things like "irreducible complexity" Shulman, Seth (2006). Undermining science: suppression and distortion in the Bush Administration. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-24702-4. "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience."
Mu, David (Fall 2005). "Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design" (PDF). Harvard Science Review. 19 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-24.
Perakh, M (Summer 2005). "Why Intelligent Design Isn't Intelligent — Review of: Unintelligent Design". Cell Biol. Educ. 4 (2): 121–2. doi:10.1187/cbe.05-02-0071. PMC 1103713.
Mark D. Decker. College of Biological Sciences, General Biology Program, University of Minnesota Frequently Asked Questions About the Texas Science Textbook Adoption Controversy Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine "The Discovery Institute and ID proponents have a number of goals that they hope to achieve using disingenuous and mendacious methods of marketing, publicity, and political persuasion. They do not practice real science because that takes too long, but mainly because this method requires that one have actual evidence and logical reasons for one's conclusions, and the ID proponents just don't have those. If they had such resources, they would use them, and not the disreputable methods they actually use."
See also list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design

udel.edu

McDonald, John H. (2002). "A reducibly complex mousetrap". University of Delaware. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2024-11-14.

umich.edu

quod.lib.umich.edu

John Wilkins, Of the Principles and Duties of Natural Religion, London, 1675, book I, chapter 6, page 82 Early English Books Online

veritas-ucsb.org

Asher, Robert J. (2012). Evolution and belief: confessions of a religious paleontologist. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-521-19383-2. See also Christian Faculty Forum at UCSB, Irreducible Complexity Archived 2011-10-18 at the Wayback Machine and the references cited there.

web.archive.org

"True in this latest creationist variant, advocates of so-called intelligent design ... use more slick, pseudoscientific language. They talk about things like "irreducible complexity" Shulman, Seth (2006). Undermining science: suppression and distortion in the Bush Administration. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-520-24702-4. "for most members of the mainstream scientific community, ID is not a scientific theory, but a creationist pseudoscience."
Mu, David (Fall 2005). "Trojan Horse or Legitimate Science: Deconstructing the Debate over Intelligent Design" (PDF). Harvard Science Review. 19 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-24.
Perakh, M (Summer 2005). "Why Intelligent Design Isn't Intelligent — Review of: Unintelligent Design". Cell Biol. Educ. 4 (2): 121–2. doi:10.1187/cbe.05-02-0071. PMC 1103713.
Mark D. Decker. College of Biological Sciences, General Biology Program, University of Minnesota Frequently Asked Questions About the Texas Science Textbook Adoption Controversy Archived 2010-09-30 at the Wayback Machine "The Discovery Institute and ID proponents have a number of goals that they hope to achieve using disingenuous and mendacious methods of marketing, publicity, and political persuasion. They do not practice real science because that takes too long, but mainly because this method requires that one have actual evidence and logical reasons for one's conclusions, and the ID proponents just don't have those. If they had such resources, they would use them, and not the disreputable methods they actually use."
See also list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design
In Defense of the Irreducibility of the Blood Clotting Cascade: Response to Russell Doolittle, Ken Miller and Keith Robison, July 31, 2000, Discovery Institute article Archived 2015-09-06 at the Wayback Machine
William Paley:Natural Theology; or, Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity. Collected from the Appearances of Nature 12th edition, 1809 Archived 2008-04-30 at the Wayback Machine
De Formatione Foetus=The Construction of the Embryo, chapter 11 in Galen: Selected Works, translated by P. N. Singer, The World's Classics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997 ISBN 978-0-19-282450-9. One 18th-century reference to Galen is David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, 1779, Part 12 Archived 2005-11-22 at the Wayback Machine, § 3, page 215. Also see Galen's De Usu Partium=On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body, translated and edited by Margaret Tallmadge May, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 1968, especially book XVII. For a relevant discussion of Galen and other ancients see pages 121–122, Goodman, Lenn Evan (2010). Creation and evolution. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91380-5.
The Sacred Theory of the Earth Archived 2007-10-20 at the Wayback Machine, 2nd edition, London: Walter Kettilby, 1691. Book I Chapter IV page 43
"The Chicken or the Egg". talkreason.org. Archived from the original on 29 April 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
Darwin, Charles (1859). On the Origin of Species. London: John Murray. page 189, Chapter VI Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine
See for example, Rogers, Alan R. (2011). The Evidence for Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-72382-2. in pages 37–38, 48–49 citing Joseph John Murphy accepting natural selection within limits, excepting "the eye" with its multiple parts. Murphy, Joseph John (November 19, 1866). "Presidential Address to the Belfast Natural History and Philosophical Society". Northern Whig. Belfast. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. and in page 48 citing Pritchard, C. (1866). "Appendix Note A On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection". The Continuity of the Schemes of Nature and Revelation: A Sermon Preached, by request, on the occasion of the meeting of the British Association at Nottingham. With remarks on some relations of modern knowledge to theology. London: Bell and Daldy. pp. 31–37., especially page 33
Darwin, Charles (1868). "XXV. Laws of Variation continued – Correlated Variability". The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. Vol. 2. London: John Murray. pp. 321–338. Archived from the original on 2015-09-25. especially page 333 and following.
Asher, Robert J. (2012). Evolution and belief: confessions of a religious paleontologist. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 214. ISBN 978-0-521-19383-2. See also Christian Faculty Forum at UCSB, Irreducible Complexity Archived 2011-10-18 at the Wayback Machine and the references cited there.
Muller, HJ (1918). "Genetic variability, twin hybrids and constant hybrids, in a case of balanced lethal factors". Genetics. 3 (5): 422–99. doi:10.1093/genetics/3.5.422. PMC 1200446. PMID 17245914. Archived from the original on 2007-05-18. Retrieved 2006-10-31., especially pages 463–4.
McShea, Daniel W. and Wim Hordijk. "Complexity by Subtraction." Evolutionary Biology (April 2013). PDF Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Perakh, Mark (2008). "Bacteria Flagella Look Like Man-made Machines". 14 (3). Skeptic (U.S. magazine). Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. Retrieved 2008-12-06. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Boudry, Maarten; Blancke, Stefaan; Braeckman, Johan (September 2010). "Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience". Quarterly Review of Biology. 85 (3): 473–82. doi:10.1086/656904. hdl:1854/LU-952482. PMID 21243965. S2CID 27218269. Archived from the original on 2010-11-30.
McShea, Daniel W. and Wim Hordijk. "Complexity by Subtraction." Evolutionary Biology (April 2013). PDF Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.
Barbara Forrest, The Wedge at Work Archived 2014-09-05 at the Wayback Machine. Talk Reason.
Forrest, B (2001). "1: The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism is Wedging its way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream". In Pennock, RT (ed.). Intelligent design creationism and its critics: philosophical, theological, and scientific perspectives. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. pp. 5–54. ISBN 978-0-262-66124-9.
The New Pandas: Has Creationist Scholarship Improved? Comments on 1993 Revisions by Frank J. Sonleitner (1994)
Introduction: Of Pandas and People, the foundational work of the 'Intelligent Design' movement Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine by Nick Matzke 2004,
Design on Trial in Dover, Pennsylvania (2006) Archived 2008-12-29 at the Wayback Machine by Nicholas J Matzke, NCSE Public Information Project Specialist
Behe, Michael J. (3 February 1999). "Molecular Machines: Experimental Support for the Design Inference". Access Research Network. Archived from the original on 3 February 1999. Retrieved 28 July 2023. This paper was originally presented in the Summer of 1994 at the meeting of the C. S. Lewis Society, Cambridge University.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
Behe, MJ (November 2001). "Reply to My Critics: A Response to Reviews of Darwin's Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution" (PDF). Biology and Philosophy. 16 (5): 685–709. doi:10.1023/A:1012268700496. S2CID 34945871. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-11.
Behe's testimony in Kitzmiller v. Dover Archived 2006-06-29 at the Wayback Machine
McDonald, John H. (2002). "A reducibly complex mousetrap". University of Delaware. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
Claim CA350: Professional literature is silent on the subject of the evolution of biochemical systems Archived 2007-03-04 at the Wayback Machine TalkOrigins Archive.
Action, George "Behe and the Blood Clotting Cascade" Archived 2005-06-05 at the Wayback Machine
Behe, Michael "In Defense of the Irreducibility of the Blood Clotting Cascade: Response to Russell Doolittle, Ken Miller and Keith Robison" Archived 2010-09-17 at the Wayback Machine
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Kenneth Miller's The Collapse of Intelligent Design: Section 5 Bacterial Flagellum Archived 2016-10-17 at the Wayback Machine (Case Western Reserve University, 2006 January 3)
Unlocking cell secrets bolsters evolutionists (Chicago Tribune, 2006 February 13)
Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum Archived 2016-09-19 at the Wayback Machine (Talk Design, 2006 September)
"Spinning Tales About the Bacterial Flagellum – Evolution News". evolutionnews.org. 21 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
Dembski, Rebuttal to Reports by Opposing Expert Witnesses, p. 52
Isaak, Mark (2006). "CB200.1: Bacterial flagella and Irreducibly Complexity". TalkOrigins Archive. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
Matt Inlay, 2002. "Evolving Immunity Archived 2006-01-11 at the Wayback Machine." In TalkDesign.org.
Nicholas J. Matzke, 2003. "Evolution in (Brownian) space: a model for the origin of the bacterial flagellum Archived 2005-12-20 at the Wayback Machine."
Pallen MJ, Matzke NJ (October 2006). "From The Origin of Species to the origin of bacterial flagella". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 4 (10): 784–90. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1493. PMID 16953248. S2CID 24057949. Archived from the original on 2006-09-27.
Pigliucci, Massimo "Secular Web Kiosk: Design Yes, Intelligent No: A Critique of Intelligent Design Theory and Neo-Creationism". Archived from the original on 2010-01-05. Retrieved 2009-12-26. Collaboration Sept. 2001
Press release Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine University of Oregon, April 4, 2006.
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Index to Creationist Claims. Mark Isaak. The Talk.Origins Archive. "Irreducible complexity and complex specified information are special cases of the "complexity indicates design" claim; they are also arguments from incredulity." "CI101: Complexity and design". Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2014-03-24. "The argument from incredulity creates a god of the gaps." "CA100: Argument from incredulity". Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved 2014-03-24.
Eugenie C. Scott and Glenn Branch, "Intelligent Design" Not Accepted by Most Scientists Archived 2009-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, National Center for Science Education website, September 10, 2002.
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Amerikanbeat.net: A Critique of Behe, Dembski on "Irreducible Complexity"[1]
IC and Evolution Archived 2004-08-13 at the Wayback Machine makes the point that: if "irreducible complexity" is tautologically redefined to allow a valid argument that intelligent design is the correct explanation for life then there is no such thing as "irreducible complexity" in the mechanisms of life; while, if we use the unmodified original definition then "irreducible complexity" has nothing whatever to do with evolution.
Michelangelo D'Agostino (Spring 2006). "In the matter of Berkeley v. Berkeley" (PDF). Berkeley Science Review. pp. 31–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 3 November 2007. Two years later, Johnson organized a meeting at Pajaro Dunes near Monterey to bring like-minded thinkers together. Its participants would become the major public figures in intelligent design: Scott Minnich and Michael Behe, who would testify on behalf of ID in Dover, ..... (also "In the matter of Berkeley v. Berkeley". The Berkeley Science Review: Read: Articles. 1 September 2006. Archived from the original on 1 September 2006. Retrieved 23 July 2023.)

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

"We therefore find that Professor Behe's claim for irreducible complexity has been refuted in peer-reviewed research papers and has been rejected by the scientific community at large." 4:Whether ID Is Science, in E. Application of the Endorsement Test to the ID Policy, Ruling, Judge John E. Jones III, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District
Behe, Michael 2005 Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 4: whether ID is science (p. 88)
Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 6: Conclusion, section H
Ruling, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, December 2005. Page 74.
Memorandum Opinion, Judge John E. Jones III, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

Scott, Eugenie C.; Matzke, Nicholas J. (15 May 2007). "Biological design in science classrooms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (suppl_1): 8669–8676. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8669S. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701505104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1876445. PMID 17494747.
Wickstead, Bill; Gull, Keith (2011-08-22). "The evolution of the cytoskeleton". Journal of Cell Biology. 194 (4): 513–525. doi:10.1083/jcb.201102065. ISSN 1540-8140. PMC 3160578. PMID 21859859.
Milne-Davies, Bailey; Wimmi, Stephan; Diepold, Andreas (March 2021). "Adaptivity and dynamics in type III secretion systems". Molecular Microbiology. 115 (3): 395–411. doi:10.1111/mmi.14658. ISSN 0950-382X. PMID 33251695.
Faguy, David M.; Jarrell, Ken F.; Kuzio, John; Kalmokoff, Martin L. (1994-01-01). "Molecular analysis of archaeal flagellins: similarity to the type IV pilin – transport superfamily widespread in bacteria". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 40 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1139/m94-011. ISSN 0008-4166. PMID 7908603.
Taylor, Tiffany B.; Mulley, Geraldine; Dills, Alexander H.; Alsohim, Abdullah S.; McGuffin, Liam J.; Studholme, David J.; Silby, Mark W.; Brockhurst, Michael A.; Johnson, Louise J.; Jackson, Robert W. (2015-02-27). "Evolution. Evolutionary resurrection of flagellar motility via rewiring of the nitrogen regulation system". Science. 347 (6225): 1014–1017. doi:10.1126/science.1259145. hdl:10871/16523. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 25722415. S2CID 206561157.

worldwidewanderings.net

McShea, Daniel W. and Wim Hordijk. "Complexity by Subtraction." Evolutionary Biology (April 2013). PDF Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.
McShea, Daniel W. and Wim Hordijk. "Complexity by Subtraction." Evolutionary Biology (April 2013). PDF Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine.

youtube.com

Kenneth Miller's The Collapse of Intelligent Design: Section 5 Bacterial Flagellum Archived 2016-10-17 at the Wayback Machine (Case Western Reserve University, 2006 January 3)