Islam and violence (English Wikipedia)

Article on Jihad Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine by Dr. G. W. Leitner (founder of The Oriental Institute, UK) published in Asiatic Quarterly Review, 1886. ("Jihad, even when explained as a righteous effort of waging war in self defense against the grossest outrage on one's religion, is strictly limited..")
Ali, Maulana Muhammad; The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad" p. 414 "When shall war cease". Published by The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement[1] Archived 23 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
Sadr-u-Din, Maulvi. "Quran and War", p. 8. Published by The Muslim Book Society, Lahore, Pakistan.[2] Archived 20 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine
The Quranic Commandments Regarding War/Jihad Archived 26 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine An English rendering of an Urdu article appearing in Basharat-e-Ahmadiyya Vol. I, pp. 228–32, by Dr. Basharat Ahmad; published by the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam
Ali, Maulana Muhammad. The Religion of Islam (6th Edition), Ch V "Jihad". pp. 411–13. Published by The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement. link Archived 23 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine

academia.edu

Aisha Y. Musa, The Qur’anists, Florida International University, accessed 22 May 2013.
Imhoff, Roland & Recker, Julia "Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a new scale to measure Islamoprejudice and Secular Islam Critique" Journal of Political Psychology

africanajournal.org

Anderson, Ben (2007). "The Politics of Homosexuality in Africa" (PDF). Africana. 1 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2011.

ahmadiyya-islam.org

Hadrat Mirza Tahir Ahmad (2005). The Truth about the Alleged Punishment for Apostasy in Islam (PDF). Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-85372-850-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2014. Retrieved 31 March 2014.

al-ijtihaad.com

Grand Ayatullah Nasir Makarem Shirazi: Fatwas and viewpoints. Archived 29 October 2018 at the Wayback Machine Al-Ijtihaad Foundation. Retrieved 14 November 2011.

al-islam.org

"Part 2: Islamic Practices". al-Islam.org. Retrieved 27 August 2014.

alarabiya.net

english.alarabiya.net

"Saudi Arabia condemns Orlando shooting". 13 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.

alislam.org

Naeem Osman Memon (1994). An Enemy a Disbeliever a Liar, Claims of Hadhrat Ahmad. Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-85372-552-4.
B.A. Rafiq (1978). Truth about Ahmadiyyat, Reflection of all the Prophets. London Mosque. ISBN 978-0-85525-013-3.

allafrica.com

"Algeria: Orlando Mass Shooting, a 'Barbaric Crime,' Says President Bouteflika". All Africa. 13 June 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2016.

amnesty.org

"UN: General Assembly statement affirms rights for all". Amnesty International (Public Statement). 18 December 2008.

arabistjansen.nl

"Religious Roots of Muslim Violence". Archived from the original (doc) on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2023.

archive.org

Esposito, John (1999). The Oxford history of Islam. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510799-9.
Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 978-0-313-36025-1. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
Esposito, John L. (1988). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-19-504398-3.
Berkey, Jonathan Porter (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3. The Koran is not a squeamish document, and exhort the believers to jihad. Verses such as "Do not follow the unbelievers, but struggle against them mightily" (25.52) and "fight [those who have been given a revelation] who do not believe in God and the last day" (9.29) may originally have been directed against Muhammad's local enemies, the pagans of Mecca or the Jews of Medina, but could be redirected once a new set of enemies appeared.
Richard A. Gabriel (2007). Muhammad: Islam's First Great General. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-8061-3860-2.
Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: a comprehensive guide to belief and practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 89. ISBN 9780313360251.
Maulana Muhammad Ali (2008). The Founder of the Ahmadiyya Movement. A.a.i.i.l. (u.k.). pp. 74–79. ISBN 978-1-906109-02-8.
Mirza Tahir Ahmad (1998). Revelation Rationality Knowledge and Truth, Future of Revelation. Islam International Publications. ISBN 978-1-85372-640-8.
Zaki Badawi, M.A. (2003). "Islam". In Cookson, Catharine (ed.). Encyclopedia of religious freedom. New York: Routledge. pp. 204–8. ISBN 978-0-415-94181-5.
Rough Guide to South East Asia (Third ed.). Rough Guides Ltd. August 2005. p. 74. ISBN 978-1-84353-437-2.
Sutton, Philip W.; Vertigans, Stephen (2005). Resurgent Islam: a sociological approach. Polity. p. 7. ISBN 9780745632339. Stereotypical views which portray Islam as an inherently violent religion, a 'religion of the sword' and an increasing global threat have thus been reinforced and even extended over recent years.
Aldridge, Alan (1 February 2000). Religion in the Contemporary World: A Sociological Introduction. Polity Press. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-7456-2083-1.
Hood, Ralph W.; Hill, Peter C.; Spilka, Bernard (2009). The Psychology of Religion: An Empirical Approach. Guilford Press. p. 257. ISBN 9781606233924.

aucegypt.edu

dar.aucegypt.edu

Hebatallah Ghali (2006), Rights of Muslim Converts to Christianity Archived 4 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine PhD Thesis, Department of Law, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, The American University in Cairo, Egypt, page 2; "Whereas apostate (murtad) is the person who commits apostasy ('rtidad), that is the conscious abandonment of allegiance, and renunciation of a religious faith or abandonment of a previous loyalty".

bbc.co.uk

news.bbc.co.uk

cf., e.g., BBC news article Libya's Gaddafi urges 'holy war' against Switzerland
Court orders Iranian man blinded, BBC, 28 November 2008
Abdelhadi, Magdi (27 March 2006). "What Islam says on religious freedom". BBC News. Retrieved 14 October 2009.
Lowen, Mark (30 July 2009). "Albania 'to approve gay marriage'". BBC News. Retrieved 22 April 2013.

bbc.co.uk

"Jihad". Retrieved 20 February 2012.

bbc.com

Sudan woman faces death for apostasy BBC News (15 May 2014); Quote "There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view (...)."
"What does pacifism mean in Islam?". BBC. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.

books.google.com

Gleave, Robert; Kristó-Nagy, István, eds. (2015). Violence in Islamic Thought from the Qur'an to the Mongols. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 27–31, 106–127. doi:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748694235.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-7486-9423-5.
Sahner, Christian C. (2020) [2018]. "Introduction: Christian Martyrs under Islam". Christian Martyrs under Islam: Religious Violence and the Making of the Muslim World. Princeton, New Jersey and Woodstock, Oxfordshire: Princeton University Press. pp. 1–28. ISBN 978-0-691-17910-0. LCCN 2017956010.
Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003) [2001]. "Modern Islamic Justifications for Violence". Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Comparative Studies in Religion and Society (3rd, Revised and Updated ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. pp. 80–84. ISBN 978-0-520-24011-7. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt4cgfbx.8. LCCN 2003008770.
John L. Esposito, Natana J. DeLong-Bas (2001), Women in Muslim family law, p. 2. Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0815629085. Quote: "[...], by the ninth century, the classical theory of law fixed the sources of Islamic law at four: the Quran, the Sunnah of the Prophet, qiyas (analogical reasoning), and ijma (consensus)."
Hisham M. Ramadan (2006), Understanding Islamic Law: From Classical to Contemporary, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 978-0759109919, pp. 6–21
Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf; Sherifa, Zuhur (2004). Islamic Rulings on Warfare. DIANE Publishing. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-1-4289-1039-3.
Johnson, James Turner (1 November 2010). "1". Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. Penn State Press. pp. 20–25. ISBN 978-0-271-04214-5.
Khaled M. Abou El Fadl (13 October 2009). The Great Theft. HarperCollins. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-06-174475-4.
Al-Dawoody, Ahmed (15 February 2011). The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-230-31994-3. Seventeen derivatives of jihād occur altogether forty-one times in eleven Meccan texts and thirty Medinan ones, with the following five meanings: striving because of religious belief (21), war (12), non-Muslim parents exerting pressure, that is, jihād, to make their children abandon Islam (2), solemn oaths (5), and physical strength (1)
Wendy Doniger, ed. (1999). "Jihad". Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 571. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0., Jihad.
Josef W. Meri, ed. (2005). "Jihad". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-415-96690-0., Jihad.
Lloyd Steffen, Lloyd (2007). Holy War, Just War: Exploring the Moral Meaning of Religious Violence. Rowman& Littlefield. p. 221. ISBN 9781461637394.
Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam (University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 72. Cf. William M. Watt, Islamic Conceptions of the Holy War in: Thomas P. Murphy, The Holy War (Ohio State University Press, 1974), p. 143
Edwards, Richard; Zuhur, Sherifa (12 May 2008). The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 553. ISBN 9781851098422.
Coates, David, ed. (2012). The Oxford Companion to American Politics, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780199764310.
Aboul-Enein, H. Yousuf and Zuhur, Sherifa,"Islamic Rulings on Warfare", Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Diane Publishing Co., Darby PA, ISBN 1-4289-1039-5 p. 6.
William Montgomery Watt (1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780198810780.
Mathewes, Charles T. (2010). Understanding Religious Ethics. John Wiley and Sons. p. 197. ISBN 9781405133517.
Gupta, Dipak K. (2008). Understanding terrorism and political violence: the life cycle of birth, growth, transformation, and demise. Taylor & Francis. p. 232. ISBN 9780203930274.
Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, Boundaries and Justice: diverse ethical perspectives, Princeton University Press, p. 197
Oliver Leaman (2006). Jewish Thought. Taylor & Francis. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-203-08868-5.
Howard, Lawrence. "Terrorism: Roots, Impact, Responses", p. 48
Simon Ross Valentine (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice. C. Hurst & Co. pp. 190–208. ISBN 978-1-85065-916-7.
Colin Lago (2011). The Handbook of Transcultural Counselling and Psychotherapy. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). p. 312. ISBN 978-0-335-23851-4.
Dammer, Harry; Albanese, Jay (4 January 2013). Comparative Criminal Justice Systems. Cengage Learning. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-285-06786-5.
Richard J. Terrill (7 April 2010). World Criminal Justice Systems: A Comparative Survey. Routledge. p. 629. ISBN 978-1-4377-5577-0.
Hood, Roger; Hoyle, Carolyn (2015). The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective. Oxford University Press. p. 178. ISBN 978-0-19-870173-6.
Kronenwetter, Michael (2001). Capital Punishment: A Reference Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576074329.
James Watson; Anne Hill (2015). Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 325. ISBN 9781628921489.
Alia Brahami (2010). Sibylle Scheipers (ed.). Terrorist Beheadings: Politics and Reciprocity. Vol. Prisoners in War. Oxford University Press. p. 551. ISBN 9780191610387.
Abdullah Saeed; Hassan Saeed (2004). Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Ashgate. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-7546-3083-8.
Richard T. Antoun (2014). Muslim Preacher in the Modern World: A Jordanian Case Study in Comparative Perspective. Princeton University Press. p. 194. ISBN 978-1-4008-6007-4. All the negative connotations of factionalism, social dissension, blasphemy, and their logical conclusions conspiracy, military confrontation and damnation - are captured in the title of this sura, al-Ahzab (The Confederates, Book 33)
Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century, Volume 2, Part 2, p.179, Irfan Shahîd. Also see footnote
Husayn Haykal, Muhammad (2008). The Life of Muhammad. Selangor: Islamic Book Trust. p. 250. ISBN 978-983-9154-17-7.
Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman (2009). The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). MSA Publication Limited. p. 412. ISBN 978-1-86179-769-8.
Mohammed Abu-Nimer; David Augsburger (16 February 2009). Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians. Lexington Books. pp. 179–194. ISBN 978-0-7391-3523-5.
Kecia Ali; Oliver Leaman (2008). Islam: the key concepts. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 9780415396387.
John L. Esposito (2004). The Oxford dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 9780195125597.
Khaled M. Abou El Fadl (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperCollins. p. 158. ISBN 978-0-06-118903-6.
Zaki Badawi, M.A. (2003). "Islam". In Cookson, Catharine (ed.). Encyclopedia of religious freedom. New York: Routledge. pp. 204–8. ISBN 978-0-415-94181-5.
Juan Eduardo Campo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.
Wafer, Jim (1997). "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality". In Stephen O. Murray & Will Roscoe (eds.). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History and Literature. New York University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780814774687.
Jim Wafer (1997). "Muhammad and Male Homosexuality". In Stephen O. Murray; Will Roscoe (eds.). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. NYU Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8147-7468-7.
Emily Lynn Osborn (10 October 2011). Our New Husbands Are Here: Households, Gender, and Politics in a West African State from the Slave Trade to Colonial Rule. Ohio University Press. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-8214-4397-2.
Louise Müller (2013). Religion and Chieftaincy in Ghana: An Explanation of the Persistence of a Traditional Political Institution in West Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 207–. ISBN 978-3-643-90360-0.
Fish, M. Steven (2011). Are Muslims Distinctive? A Look at the Evidence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199769209.
Neapolitan, Jerome L. (1997). Cross-national Crime: A Research Review and Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 79. ISBN 9780313299148.
Fish, M. Steven (2011). Are Muslims Distinctive? A Look at the Evidence. Oxford University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780199769209.
Fish, M. Steven (2011). Are Muslims Distinctive? A Look at the Evidence. Oxford University Press. p. 45. ISBN 9780199769209.
John Hinnells; Richard King (2007). Religion and Violence in South Asia. Taylor & Francis. p. 79. ISBN 978-0-203-08869-2.
Puniyani, Ram (2005). Religion, power & violence: expression of politics in contemporary times. SAGE. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780761933380.
Corrigan, John; Hudson, Winthrop Still (2004). Religion in America: an historical account of the development of American religious life. Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 444. ISBN 9780130923899.
Puniyani, Ram (2005). Religion, power & violence: expression of politics in contemporary times. SAGE. p. 98. ISBN 9780761933380.
Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003). Terror in the mind of God: the global rise of religious violence. University of California Press. p. 80. ISBN 9780520240117.
Muzaffar, Chandra (2002). Rights, religion and reform: enhancing human dignity through spiritual and moral transformation. Taylor & Francis. p. 345. ISBN 9780700716487.

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Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003) [2001]. "Modern Islamic Justifications for Violence". Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Comparative Studies in Religion and Society (3rd, Revised and Updated ed.). Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press. pp. 80–84. ISBN 978-0-520-24011-7. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt4cgfbx.8. LCCN 2003008770.

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