Islamic calendar (English Wikipedia)

"أوائل الشهور العربية .. هل يجوز شرعاً إثباتها" [The beginning of the Arab months..is it permissible according to Islamic law?]. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2008.

al-habib.info

"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2023". Al-Habib.info. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2024". Al-Habib.info. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.

al-islam.org

Al-Hilli, Mohammed (22 September 2021). "Muharram May Not Be The Start Of The Islamic Hijri New Year". Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
Rizvi, Sa'eed Akhtar (1401). "Martyrdom of Imam Husayn and the Muslim and Jewish Calendars". Al-Serat (a Journal of Islamic Studies). 6 (3–4). Retrieved 13 April 2024 – via Ahlul Bayt Digital Islamic Library Project.

archive.org

Mahmud Effendi (1858), as discussed in Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (London: 1901), pp. 460–470.
al-Biruni, Abu Rayhan Muhammad ibn Ahmad (1879). "Intercalation of the Ancient Arabs", The Chronology of Ancient Nations. Translated by Sachau, C. Edward. London: William H. Allen. pp. 13–14, 73–74.
Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (London: 1901) 370.
Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (1901) 376.
Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (1901) pp. 373–5, 382–4.

archives-ouvertes.fr

halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr

Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naïm (11 April 2019), "Recording debts in Sufyānid Fusṭāṭ: a reexamination of the procedures and calendar in use in the first/seventh century 1" (PDF), Geneses, New York: Routledge, pp. 148–188, doi:10.4324/9781351113311-8, ISBN 978-1-351-11331-1, S2CID 167115664, archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2020, retrieved 24 August 2020

askaquestionto.us

"What are the Events That Happened on the Day of Ashura? - Ask a Question to Us". askaquestionto.us. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.

bnf.fr

gallica.bnf.fr

Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886), Kitab al-Uluf Archived 3 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Journal Asiatique, series 5, xi (1858) 168+. (in French and Arabic)

books.google.com

A. Moberg, "NASI'", E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam.
Forsyth, Thomas Douglas (1875). Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund. Books on Demand [fr]. p. 512. ISBN 978-3-385-25329-2. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via Google Books. The [c]alendar (...) is the same as the Muhammadan Almanac, the months and year being lunar[.] (...) The names of the lunar months and their corresponding Arabic ones are these: 'Ashúr Ay = Muharram. Safar Ay = Safar. Safar Coshini Ay = Rabí'ulawwal. Jamádí-ul-awwal = Rabí-'uth-thání. Jamádí-ul-ákhir = Jamádí-ul-awwal. Talásh Ay = Jamádí-uth-thání. Duá Ay = Rajab. Barát Ay = Sha'bán. Roza Ay = Ramazán. Hít (Íd) Ay = Shawál. Ará Ay = Zi Ca'da. Hít Cúrbán Ay = Zi Híjja.
Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward (2018). "Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars". Calendrical Calculations (Third ed.). O'Reilly. p. 17. ISBN 9781108546935. OCLC 1137352777. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
Molavi, Afshin; Mawlawī, Afšīn (2002). Persian Pilgrimages by Afshin Molavi. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-393-05119-3.
Neil MacFarquhar (2010). The Media Relations Department of Hizbollah Wishes You a Happy Birthday: Unexpected Encounters in the Changing Middle East. ReadHowYouWant. ISBN 978-1-4587-6009-8. pages 37–38.

chinaislam.net.cn

uyghur.chinaislam.net.cn

"ھىجرىيە يىلنامىسى ھەققىدە قىسقىچە چۈشەنچە" [A brief description of the Hijri calendar]. Islamic Association of China (in Uyghur). 26 July 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2024.

doi.org

Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naïm (11 April 2019), "Recording debts in Sufyānid Fusṭāṭ: a reexamination of the procedures and calendar in use in the first/seventh century 1" (PDF), Geneses, New York: Routledge, pp. 148–188, doi:10.4324/9781351113311-8, ISBN 978-1-351-11331-1, S2CID 167115664, archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2020, retrieved 24 August 2020
Gast, M.; Delheur, J.; E.B. (1992). "Calendrier". Encyclopédie Berbère (in French) (11). OpenEdition: 1713–1720. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2039. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.

dur.ac.uk

etheses.dur.ac.uk

For an overview of the various theories and a discussion of the problem of "hindsight chronology" in early and pre-Islamic sources, see Maurice A. McPartlan, The Contribution of Qu'rān and Hadīt to Early Islamic Chronology (Durham, 1997) Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

dw.com

"Saudi Arabia trims expenses and work days". DW News. Deutsche Welle. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.

economist.com

"The prince's time machine: Saudi Arabia adopts the Gregorian calendar". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 17 December 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

fiqhcouncil.org

"Fiqh Council of North America Islamic lunar calendar". Archived from the original on 16 May 2008.

gulf-times.com

"The beginning of a new Islamic year". Gulf-Times (in Arabic). 20 August 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.

hindustantimes.com

"Muharram 2020: Al Hijri date, significance of the Islamic New Year". Hindustan Times. 20 August 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.

icbwayland.org

"Zulfikar Ali Shah The astronomical calculations: a fiqhi discussion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2008.
"Islamic Center of Boston, Wayland" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.

icoproject.org

"Crescent sighting using the Uml al Qura calendar in Saudi Arabia To Determine Ramadan And Eid Ul Fitir Of 1422 AH And Its Implications For Unity In Different Countries By Dr. Muhammad M H Khan" (PDF). Ico Project. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

iranicaonline.org

Balland, Daniel (1990). "The Afghan lunar calendar". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. Retrieved 7 April 2024. "Pashto: Ḥasan-o-Ḥosayn, Ṣafara, Lumṛəy ḵо̄r, Dwayəma ḵо̄r, Drēyəma ḵо̄r, Calarəma ḵо̄r, Ḵodāytaʻālā myāšt, Barāt, Rо̄ža, Waṛakay aḵtar, Mīānī, Lо̄y aḵtar. Hazāragī: ʻĀšūr, Ṣafar, Alḡо̄-ye awwal, Alḡо̄-ye dovvom, Alḡо̄-ye sevvom, Alḡо̄-ye čahārom, Rajab, Ša'bо̄, Ramażо̄, ʻĪd, Ḵālī, Qorbо̄."

islamonline.net

Abderrahman al-Haj (2003). "لماذا الاختلاف حول الحساب الفلكي؟" [Why the difference about the astronomical calculation?] (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008.

minhaj.org

Hanif, Muhammad (18 February 2010). "The significance of the 12th of Rabi al - Awwal". Minhaj - ul - Quran. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2016.

moonsighting.com

"Calculations or Sighting for starting an Islamic month". www.moonsighting.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.

nasa.gov

eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov

"NASA phases of the moon 601–700". Archived from the original on 8 October 2010.

nation.com.pk

"Islamic New Year: To celebrate, or not to celebrate?". The Nation. 5 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2020.

navy.mil

aa.usno.navy.mil

Richards, E. G. (2012). "Calendars" (PDF). In Urban, Sean E.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (eds.). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 606. ISBN 978-1-891389-85-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2019.

nus.edu.sg

math.nus.edu.sg

"The Islamic Calendar". Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008.

openedition.org

journals.openedition.org

Gast, M.; Delheur, J.; E.B. (1992). "Calendrier". Encyclopédie Berbère (in French) (11). OpenEdition: 1713–1720. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2039. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.

oumma.com

Oumma (23 June 2010). "Le mois islamique est-il universel ou national ?". Oumma. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
Oumma (19 July 2012). "Le Conseil Français du Culte Musulman (CFCM): Ramadan moubarak!". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

oummatv.tv

Nidhal Guessoum (5 July 2012). "Quel sera le premier jour du mois de Ramadan 2012? (On which date will Ramadan 2012 begin?)". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.

qalaymiqan.com

niko.qalaymiqan.com

Schluessel, Eric (2015). "Turki lunar year". Digital Glossary of Eastern Turki. Retrieved 3 April 2024.

quran.com

Some theologians also interpret Surah al-Baqarah 2:185 as requiring direct sighting, but they represent only a minority. The Quranic verse reads as follows : "The month of Ramadân in which was revealed the Qur'ân, a guidance for mankind and clear proofs for the guidance and the criterion (between right and wrong). So whoever of you sights (the crescent on the first night of) the month (of Ramadân i.e., is present at his home), he must observe Saum (fasts) that month, and whoever is ill or on a journey, the same number [of days which one did not observe Saum (fasts) must be made up] from other days. God intends for you ease, and He does not want to make things difficult for you. (He wants that you) must complete the same number (of days), and that you must magnify God [i.e., to say Takbîr ("Allāhu-Akbar", [i.e.] "God is the Most Great") on seeing the crescent of the months of Ramadân and Shawwâl] for having guided you so that you may be grateful to Him."- Quran 2:185 ^{-Noble Quran (Hilali–Khan)}.

royalacademy.dk

Klaus, Ferdinand (1959). "Preliminary notes on Hazāra culture: The Danish Scientific Mission to Afghanistan 1953-55" (PDF). Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser [Wikidata]. 37 (5). Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters: 44–46. Until the time of Amānullāh, the Hazāras used the following terms to indicate the Mohammedan lunar months: Ashur, (...) Safar, Algho-i-awwal, Algho-i-doyum, Algho-i-seyum, Algho-i-chārum, Rejāb, Shabo, Ramazo, Id mah, Khāli, Qurbo.

saudigazette.com.sa

"The four sacred months". Saudigazette. 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naïm (11 April 2019), "Recording debts in Sufyānid Fusṭāṭ: a reexamination of the procedures and calendar in use in the first/seventh century 1" (PDF), Geneses, New York: Routledge, pp. 148–188, doi:10.4324/9781351113311-8, ISBN 978-1-351-11331-1, S2CID 167115664, archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2020, retrieved 24 August 2020

sharjah.ae

Hijri Calendar, Government of Sharjah, archived from the original on 2 February 2017, retrieved 21 January 2017.

soundvision.com

Paul Lunde. "The Beginning of Hijri calendar". Saudi Aramco World Magazine. No. November/December 2005. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.

tabsir.net

Chraibi, Khalid (16 August 2008). "Issues in the Islamic Calendar". tabsir.net. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
For a detailed discussion of Shakir's legal opinion on the subject, see "Issue N° 9" in Khalid Chraibi: Issues in the Islamic Calendar, Tabsir.net Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
For a detailed discussion of the issues and the FCNA and ECFR positions, see : Khalid Chraibi: Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar? Tabsir.net Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Chraibi, Khalid (23 July 2008). "Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar?". tabsir.net. WordPress. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.

usc.edu

"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement". usc.edu. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014.

uu.nl

webspace.science.uu.nl

van Gent, R.H. (April 2021). "The Islamic Calendar of Turkey". Mathematical Institute. Utrecht University. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
van Gent, R.H. (April 2021). "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". Mathematical Institute. Utrecht University. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
The "Kuwaiti Algorithm" Archived 23 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Robert van Gent).

web.archive.org

Paul Lunde. "The Beginning of Hijri calendar". Saudi Aramco World Magazine. No. November/December 2005. Archived from the original on 1 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
Hijri Calendar, Government of Sharjah, archived from the original on 2 February 2017, retrieved 21 January 2017.
"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2023". Al-Habib.info. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
"Important dates in Islamic Calendar in the Year 2024". Al-Habib.info. Archived from the original on 3 October 2023. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (787–886), Kitab al-Uluf Archived 3 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Journal Asiatique, series 5, xi (1858) 168+. (in French and Arabic)
For an overview of the various theories and a discussion of the problem of "hindsight chronology" in early and pre-Islamic sources, see Maurice A. McPartlan, The Contribution of Qu'rān and Hadīt to Early Islamic Chronology (Durham, 1997) Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
"Islamic New Year: To celebrate, or not to celebrate?". The Nation. 5 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
"The four sacred months". Saudigazette. 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 10 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
"Muharram 2020: Al Hijri date, significance of the Islamic New Year". Hindustan Times. 20 August 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
"The beginning of a new Islamic year". Gulf-Times (in Arabic). 20 August 2020. Archived from the original on 21 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
Richards, E. G. (2012). "Calendars" (PDF). In Urban, Sean E.; Seidelmann, P. Kenneth (eds.). Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. p. 606. ISBN 978-1-891389-85-6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2019.
"Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement". usc.edu. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014.
Hanif, Muhammad (18 February 2010). "The significance of the 12th of Rabi al - Awwal". Minhaj - ul - Quran. Archived from the original on 15 January 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2016.
Tillier, Mathieu; Vanthieghem, Naïm (11 April 2019), "Recording debts in Sufyānid Fusṭāṭ: a reexamination of the procedures and calendar in use in the first/seventh century 1" (PDF), Geneses, New York: Routledge, pp. 148–188, doi:10.4324/9781351113311-8, ISBN 978-1-351-11331-1, S2CID 167115664, archived (PDF) from the original on 22 October 2020, retrieved 24 August 2020
Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward (2018). "Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars". Calendrical Calculations (Third ed.). O'Reilly. p. 17. ISBN 9781108546935. OCLC 1137352777. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
"NASA phases of the moon 601–700". Archived from the original on 8 October 2010.
Chraibi, Khalid (16 August 2008). "Issues in the Islamic Calendar". tabsir.net. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2008.
"Calculations or Sighting for starting an Islamic month". www.moonsighting.com. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.
Oumma (23 June 2010). "Le mois islamique est-il universel ou national ?". Oumma. Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 20 September 2010.
Abderrahman al-Haj (2003). "لماذا الاختلاف حول الحساب الفلكي؟" [Why the difference about the astronomical calculation?] (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
"The Islamic Calendar". Archived from the original on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
"أوائل الشهور العربية .. هل يجوز شرعاً إثباتها" [The beginning of the Arab months..is it permissible according to Islamic law?]. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2008.
For a detailed discussion of Shakir's legal opinion on the subject, see "Issue N° 9" in Khalid Chraibi: Issues in the Islamic Calendar, Tabsir.net Archived 6 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine
"Fiqh Council of North America Islamic lunar calendar". Archived from the original on 16 May 2008.
"Zulfikar Ali Shah The astronomical calculations: a fiqhi discussion" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2008.
"Islamic Center of Boston, Wayland" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
For a detailed discussion of the issues and the FCNA and ECFR positions, see : Khalid Chraibi: Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar? Tabsir.net Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine
Oumma (19 July 2012). "Le Conseil Français du Culte Musulman (CFCM): Ramadan moubarak!". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
Nidhal Guessoum (5 July 2012). "Quel sera le premier jour du mois de Ramadan 2012? (On which date will Ramadan 2012 begin?)". Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
van Gent, R.H. (April 2021). "The Islamic Calendar of Turkey". Mathematical Institute. Utrecht University. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
"Crescent sighting using the Uml al Qura calendar in Saudi Arabia To Determine Ramadan And Eid Ul Fitir Of 1422 AH And Its Implications For Unity In Different Countries By Dr. Muhammad M H Khan" (PDF). Ico Project. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2006. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
van Gent, R.H. (April 2021). "The Umm al-Qura Calendar of Saudi Arabia". Mathematical Institute. Utrecht University. Archived from the original on 11 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
Chraibi, Khalid (23 July 2008). "Can the Umm al Qura calendar serve as a global Islamic calendar?". tabsir.net. WordPress. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
"Saudi Arabia trims expenses and work days". DW News. Deutsche Welle. 10 February 2016. Archived from the original on 16 January 2023. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
"The prince's time machine: Saudi Arabia adopts the Gregorian calendar". The Economist. The Economist Newspaper Limited. 17 December 2016. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2022.
The "Kuwaiti Algorithm" Archived 23 July 2022 at the Wayback Machine (Robert van Gent).
"What are the Events That Happened on the Day of Ashura? - Ask a Question to Us". askaquestionto.us. Archived from the original on 31 July 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2022.
Gast, M.; Delheur, J.; E.B. (1992). "Calendrier". Encyclopédie Berbère (in French) (11). OpenEdition: 1713–1720. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2039. Archived from the original on 6 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.

wikidata.org

Klaus, Ferdinand (1959). "Preliminary notes on Hazāra culture: The Danish Scientific Mission to Afghanistan 1953-55" (PDF). Historisk-filosofiske Meddelelser [Wikidata]. 37 (5). Copenhagen: Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters: 44–46. Until the time of Amānullāh, the Hazāras used the following terms to indicate the Mohammedan lunar months: Ashur, (...) Safar, Algho-i-awwal, Algho-i-doyum, Algho-i-seyum, Algho-i-chārum, Rejāb, Shabo, Ramazo, Id mah, Khāli, Qurbo.

wikipedia.org

de.wikipedia.org

Raquette, Gösta (1912). "Eastern Turki Grammar". In Sachau, Eduard (ed.). Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen an der Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin [Notices from the Seminar for Oriental Languages at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin]. Part 2: Westasiatische Studien [West Asian Studies]. Vol. 15. Berlin: Georg Reimer publishing house [de]. pp. 179–183. The Mohammedans only employ the Chinese system in documents to be presented before the Chinese authorities, otherwise they keep to their own. They have a Lunar year[.] (...) It has 12 months with 29 or 30 days. Their names, corresponding to the Arabic ones, (...) are as follows: عشور آی ʾä̬šu̬r ay, صفر آی säpär ay, صفر قوشنەسی säpär qošnä̬sı̬̊, جمادی‌الاول ǰämadi ulä̬vä̬l, جمادی‌الآخر ǰämadi ulaχir, تلاش آی talaš ay, دعا آی dʾu̥ā ay, براعت آی baraʾt ay, روزە آی roze ay, عید آی ʾä̬yd ay, آرا آی ārḁ ay, عید قربان آی ʾä̬ydqurban ay.

fr.wikipedia.org

Forsyth, Thomas Douglas (1875). Report of a Mission to Yarkund in 1873, Under Command of Sir T. D. Forsyth: With Historical and Geographical Information Regarding the Possessions of the Ameer of Yarkund. Books on Demand [fr]. p. 512. ISBN 978-3-385-25329-2. Retrieved 3 April 2024 – via Google Books. The [c]alendar (...) is the same as the Muhammadan Almanac, the months and year being lunar[.] (...) The names of the lunar months and their corresponding Arabic ones are these: 'Ashúr Ay = Muharram. Safar Ay = Safar. Safar Coshini Ay = Rabí'ulawwal. Jamádí-ul-awwal = Rabí-'uth-thání. Jamádí-ul-ákhir = Jamádí-ul-awwal. Talásh Ay = Jamádí-uth-thání. Duá Ay = Rajab. Barát Ay = Sha'bán. Roza Ay = Ramazán. Hít (Íd) Ay = Shawál. Ará Ay = Zi Ca'da. Hít Cúrbán Ay = Zi Híjja.

worldcat.org

Watt, W. Montgomery. "Hidjra". In P.J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam Online. Brill Academic Publishers. ISSN 1573-3912.
Dershowitz, Nachum; Reingold, Edward (2018). "Table 1.2 Epochs for various calendars". Calendrical Calculations (Third ed.). O'Reilly. p. 17. ISBN 9781108546935. OCLC 1137352777. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.