Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe (English Wikipedia)

Christoph Kann (1993). "Michael Scotus". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 5. Herzberg: Bautz. cols. 1459–1461. ISBN 3-88309-043-3.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Leaman, Oliver (2013). History of Islamic Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 1017–1019. ISBN 978-1-136-78044-8.
Fulbert of Chartres (1976). Frederick Behrends (ed.). The letters and poems of Fulbert of Chartres. Translated by Behrends (Reproduction ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-19-822233-0. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
Frieder, Braden K. (2008). Chivalry & the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court. Truman State University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-931112-69-7.
Blanchard, Ian Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages Franz Steiner Verlag, 2001 ISBN 978-3-515-07958-7 [1], p.196
Cardini, Franco Europe and Islam Blackwell Publishing, 2001 ISBN 978-0-631-22637-6 [2], p.26
Grierson, Philip Medieval European Coinage Cambridge University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-521-58231-5 [3], p.3

britannica.com (Global: 40^th place; English: 58^th place)

"History of Europe". britannica.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

britishmuseum.org (Global: 1,505^th place; English: 1,194^th place)

"Examining the enamel on the Aldrevandini beaker". British Museum.
"Gold imitation dinar of Offa". British Museum.

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Gill, M. (2005). "Was Muslim Astronomy the Harbinger of Copernicanism?". Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-22.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 109 (2), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 2: 175–182, doi:10.2307/604423, JSTOR 604423
Marshall, Peter (September 1981), "Nicole Oresme on the Nature, Reflection, and Speed of Light", Isis, 72 (3): 357–374 [367–374], doi:10.1086/352787, S2CID 144035661
Beech, George T. (1992). "Troubadour Contacts with Muslim Spain and Knowledge of Arabic : New Evidence Concerning William IX of Aquitaine". Romania. 113 (449): 14–26. doi:10.3406/roma.1992.2180.

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"Liquid fire". The Economist. 18 December 2003. Retrieved 27 November 2016. legacy of Islamic civilisation is ... the rather unholy art of distilling alcohol ... Aristotle described a way of vaporising salt water into fresh, the Romans distilled turpentine from pine oil ...

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A translation of the Masāʾil Khālid li-Maryānus al-rāhib ("Khalid's Questions to the Monk Maryanos"), an Arabic text falsely attributed to Khalid; see Moureau 2020, p. 116. Moureau, Sébastien (2020). "Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages". Micrologus. 28: 87–141. hdl:2078.1/211340.
A translation of the Kitāb al-Sabʿīn ("Book of Seventy"), as all Jabir texts likely written by an anonymous 9th-century author; see Moureau 2020, p. 111. Moureau, Sébastien (2020). "Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages". Micrologus. 28: 87–141. hdl:2078.1/211340.
An interpolated paraphrase of the Kitāb al-Asrār ("Book of Secrets"), the only Latin work known so far to be partially translated from an authentic work by al-Razi; see Moureau 2020, pp. 117–118. Moureau, Sébastien (2020). "Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages". Micrologus. 28: 87–141. hdl:2078.1/211340.
A translation of Ibn Umayl's authentic work Kitāb al-Māʾ al-waraqī wa-l-arḍ al-najmiyya ("Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth"); see Moureau 2020, p. 111. Moureau, Sébastien (2020). "Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages". Micrologus. 28: 87–141. hdl:2078.1/211340.
Moureau 2020, pp. 106–107. Moureau, Sébastien (2020). "Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages". Micrologus. 28: 87–141. hdl:2078.1/211340.

history-science-technology.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering Archived 2008-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, History of Science and Technology in Islam
Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part 1: Avenues Of Technology Transfer Archived 2009-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
Ahmad Y Hassan. The Origin of the Suction Pump Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine.

jstor.org (Global: 26^th place; English: 20^th place)

Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 109 (2), Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 109, No. 2: 175–182, doi:10.2307/604423, JSTOR 604423

muslimphilosophy.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Paul A. (Paul Arthur) Cantor - The Uncanonical Dante: The Divine Comedy and Islamic Philosophy - Philosophy and Literature 20:1". www.muslimphilosophy.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

princeton.edu (Global: 741^st place; English: 577^th place)

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Katz, Victor J., ed. (2007), The mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a sourcebook, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9, archived from the original on 2016-10-01, retrieved 2011-01-26, p.4

reference.com (Global: 657^th place; English: 613^th place)

dictionary.reference.com

"the definition of alkali". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

santafe.cc.fl.us (Global: low place; English: low place)

inst.santafe.cc.fl.us

Bieber, Jerome B. "Medieval Translation Table 2: Arabic Sources". Santa Fe Community College. Archived from the original on March 18, 2001.

sciencemuseum.org.uk (Global: 9,230^th place; English: 7,258^th place)

Albucasis Archived 2016-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Science museum on Albucasis

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api.semanticscholar.org

Marshall, Peter (September 1981), "Nicole Oresme on the Nature, Reflection, and Speed of Light", Isis, 72 (3): 357–374 [367–374], doi:10.1086/352787, S2CID 144035661

st-andrews.ac.uk (Global: 1,547^th place; English: 1,410^th place)

mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk

O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Muadh Al-Jayyani", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews

stanford.edu (Global: 179^th place; English: 183^rd place)

plato.stanford.edu

Dag Nikolaus Hasse (2014). "Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
Ormsby, Eric. "Averroes (Ibn Rushd): His Life, Works and Influence". H-Net Reviews. "The Influence of Islamic Thought on Maimonides". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 27 November 2016. According to Margaret Smith (1944), "There can be no doubt that Ghazali’s works would be among the first to attract the attention of these European scholars" and "The greatest of these Christian writers who was influenced by Al-Ghazali was St. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), who made a study of the Islamic writers and admitted his indebtedness to them. He studied at the University of Naples where the influence of Islamic literature and culture was predominant at the time." Margaret Smith, Al-Ghazali: The Mystic (London 1944)
"John Buridan > Notes (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)". plato.stanford.edu. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

uiuc.edu (Global: 3,087^th place; English: 2,519^th place)

online.physics.uiuc.edu

Richard Powers (University of Illinois), Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open Archived 2008-02-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, April 18, 1999.

unesco.org (Global: 104^th place; English: 199^th place)

unesdoc.unesco.org

H. Salih, M. Al-Amri, M. El Gomati (2005). "The Miracle of Light", A World of Science 3 (3), UNESCO

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Bieber, Jerome B. "Medieval Translation Table 2: Arabic Sources". Santa Fe Community College. Archived from the original on March 18, 2001.
Katz, Victor J., ed. (2007), The mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: a sourcebook, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-11485-9, archived from the original on 2016-10-01, retrieved 2011-01-26, p.4
Gill, M. (2005). "Was Muslim Astronomy the Harbinger of Copernicanism?". Archived from the original on 2 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-22.
Richard Powers (University of Illinois), Best Idea; Eyes Wide Open Archived 2008-02-29 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, April 18, 1999.
Albucasis Archived 2016-01-12 at the Wayback Machine Science museum on Albucasis
The Saphea Arzachelis Archived 2011-07-25 at the Wayback Machine, astrolabes.org
Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part II: Transmission Of Islamic Engineering Archived 2008-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, History of Science and Technology in Islam
Ahmad Y Hassan, Transfer Of Islamic Technology To The West, Part 1: Avenues Of Technology Transfer Archived 2009-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
Ahmad Y Hassan. The Origin of the Suction Pump Archived 2008-02-26 at the Wayback Machine.

wikisource.org (Global: 27^th place; English: 51^st place)

en.wikisource.org

Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Michael Scotus" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Gerard of Cremona" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
Alighieri, Dante. "The Divine Comedy". Retrieved 8 April 2018 – via Wikisource.

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Sabra, A. I.; Hogendijk, J. P. (2003), The Enterprise of Science in Islam: New Perspectives, MIT Press, pp. 85–118, ISBN 0-262-19482-1, OCLC 237875424
(Farmer 1988, p. 137) Farmer, Henry George (1988), Historical facts for the Arabian Musical Influence, Ayer Publishing, ISBN 0-405-08496-X, OCLC 220811631

Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe (English Wikipedia)

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