References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Islamization of Albania" in the English version

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Anscombe 2006, p. 88. "This Albanian participation in brigandage is easier to track than for many other social groups in Ottoman lands, because Albanian (Arnavud) was one of the relatively few ethnic markers regularly added to the usual religious (Muslim-Zimmi) tags used to identify people in state records. These records show that the magnitude of banditry involving Albanians grew through the 1770s and 1780s to reach crisis proportions in the 1790s and 1800s."; p.107. "In light of the recent violent troubles in Kosovo and Macedonia and the strong emotions tied to them, readers are urged most emphatically not to draw either of two unwarranted conclusions from this article: that Albanians are somehow inherently inclined to banditry, or that the extent of Ottoman "Albania" or Arnavudluk (which included parts of present-day northern Greece, western Macedonia, southern Montenegro, Kosovo, and southern Serbia) gives any historical "justification" for the creation of a "Greater Albania" today." Anscombe, Frederick (2006). "Albanians and "mountain bandits"". In Anscombe, Frederick (ed.). The Ottoman Balkans, 1750–1830. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 87–113. ISBN 9781558763838. Archived from the original on 2016-01-25.

Anscombe 2006b, p. 772. "In this case, however, Ottoman records contain useful information about the ethnicities of the leading actors in the story. In comparison with ‘Serbs’, who were not a meaningful category to the Ottoman state, its records refer to ‘Albanians’ more frequently than to many other cultural or linguistic groups. The term ‘Arnavud’ was used to denote persons who spoke one of the dialects of Albanian, came from mountainous country in the western Balkans (referred to as ‘Arnavudluk’, and including not only the area now forming the state of Albania but also neighbouring parts of Greece, Macedonia, Kosovo, and Montenegro), organized society on the strength of blood ties (family, clan, tribe), engaged predominantly in a mix of settled agriculture and livestock herding, and were notable fighters — a group, in short, difficult to control. Other peoples, such as Georgians, Ahkhaz, Circassians, Tatars, Kurds, and Bedouin Arabs who were frequently identified by their ethnicity, shared similar cultural traits." Anscombe, Frederick (2006b). "The Ottoman Empire in Recent International Politics - II: The Case of Kosovo" (PDF). The International History Review. 28 (4): 758–793. doi:10.1080/07075332.2006.9641103. JSTOR 40109813. S2CID 154724667. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2020-04-28.

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Ramet 1998, p. 209. "The Ottomans first invaded Albania in 1385. A second Ottoman force was sent to Albania 1394-96, occupying the country. Given both the Ottoman disposition to tolerate religious diversity among loyal subjects and the generally bellicose traditions of the Albanians, Ottoman authorities adopted a conciliatory policy toward Albanian Christians in the early decades of occupation. Still, although conversion to Islam was not required, a Christian Albanian lord could count on winning favor if he converted. If the Ottomans did not believe that religious reasons could compel a Christian to convert to Islam, they nonetheless looked askance when a Muslim converted (or reconverted) to Christianity. This happened in 1443 when Gjergj Kastrioti (called Skenderbeg), who had been reared as a Muslim in the sultan's palace, abandoned the Islamic faith and publicly reverted to the creed of his forefathers. But this conversion was not merely a public gesture of defiance. It was the first act in a revolutionary drama. For, after changing his religious allegiance, Skenderbeg demanded that Muslim colonists and converts alike embrace Christianity on pain of death, declaring a kind of holy war against the sultan/caliph." Ramet, Sabrina (1998). Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822320708.

Fine, John V. A.; Fine, John Van Antwerp (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. p. 535. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

Ergo 2010, p. 22. Ergo, Dritan (2010). "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9783631602959.

Marinescu 1994, p. 182. Marinescu, Constantin (1994). La politique orientale d'Alfonse V d'Aragón, roi de Naples (1416-1458). Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. ISBN 9788472832763.

Inalcik 1989, p. 327. Inalcik, Halil (1989). "The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522". In Hazard, Harry; Zacour, Norman (eds.). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 222–275. ISBN 9780299107444.

Shaw, Stanford J. (2016). The Jews of the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. Springer. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-349-12235-6. Retrieved 3 April 2020. In Albania, the important trade center Valona had a large number of Jewish immigrants from the Iberian peninsula... though the subsequent Christian Albanian revolt against the Ottomans, led by Scanderbeg, massacred most of the area's Muslims and Jews and forced the remainder to flee, mostly to Istanbul or Italy.

Nasse 1964, pp. 24–26 Nasse, George Nicholas (1964). The Italo-Albanian Villages of Southern Italy. Washington, District of Columbia: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. ISBN 9780598204004.

Treptow, Kurt W. (1992). From Zalmoxis to Jan Palach: Studies in East European History. Eastern European Monographs. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-88033-225-5. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

Treptow, Kurt W. (1991). "The Ottoman Invasion of Italy and the Albanian Rebellion, 1480-1481". The Ukrainian Quarterly. 47 (2): 182–190.

Ergo 2010, p. 18. Ergo, Dritan (2010). "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9783631602959.

Nurja 2012, pp. 197–198. Nurja, Ermal (2012). "The rise and destruction of Ottoman Architecture in Albania: A brief history focused on the mosques". In Furat, Ayşe Zişan; Er, Hamit (eds.). Balkans and Islam Encounter, Transformation, Discontinuity, Continuity. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 191–207. ISBN 9781443842839.

Ergo 2010, pp. 34–35. Ergo, Dritan (2010). "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9783631602959.

Malcolm 2015, pp. 12–13. Malcolm, Noel (2015). Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-century Mediterranean World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190262785.

Ramet 1998, pp. 209–210. Ramet, Sabrina (1998). Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822320708.

Ergo 2010, p. 8. Ergo, Dritan (2010). "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9783631602959.

Ramet 1998, p. 210. "Then, in 1644, war broke out between Venice and the Ottoman empire. At the urging of the clergy, many Albanian Catholics sided with Venice. The Ottomans responded with severe repressions, which in turn drove many Catholics to embrace Islam (although a few elected to join the Orthodox Church instead)... Within the span of twenty-two years (1649-71) the number of Catholics in the diocese of Alessio fell by more than 50 percent, while in the diocese of Pulati (1634-71) the number of Catholics declined from more than 20,000 to just 4,045. In general, Albanian insurrections during the Ottoman-Venetian wars of 1644-69 resulted in stiff Ottoman reprisals against Catholics in northern Albania and significantly accelerated Islamization... In general, a pattern emerged. When the, Ottoman empire was attacked by Catholic powers, local Catholics were pressured to convert, and when the attack on the Ottoman empire came from Orthodox Russia, the pressure was on local Orthodox to change faith. In some cases Islamization was only superficial, however, and in the nineteenth century many villages and some entire districts remained "crypto-Catholic" in spite of the adopting the externals of Islamic culture." Ramet, Sabrina (1998). Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822320708.

Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: a short history. Macmillan. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-333-66612-8. Retrieved 21 June 2011.

Frazee 2006, pp. 167–168. Frazee, Charles (2006). Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453–1923. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027007.

Stavrianos 2000, p. 498. Stavrianos, Leften Stavros (2000). The Balkans Since 1453. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. ISBN 9781850655510.

Ramet 1998, p. 203. "The Ottoman conquest between the end of the fourteenth century and the mid-fifteenth century introduced a third religion – Islam - but the Turks did not at first use force in its expansion, and it was only in the 1600s that large-scale conversion to Islam began – chiefly, at first, among Albanian Catholics."; p.204. "The Orthodox community enjoyed broad toleration at the hands of the Sublime Porte until the late eighteenth century."; p. 204. "In the late eighteenth century Russian agents began stirring up the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman empire against the Sublime Porte. In the Russo-Turkish wars of 1768-74 and 1787-91 Orthodox Albanians rose against the Turks. In the course of the second revolt the "New Academy" in Voskopoje was destroyed (1789), and at the end of the second Russo-Turkish war more than a thousand Orthodox fled to Russia on Russian warships. As a result of these revolts, the Porte now applied force to Islamicize the Albanian Orthodox population, adding economic incentives to provide positive stimulus. In 1798 Ali Pasha of Janina led Ottoman forces against Christian believers assembled in their churches to celebrate Easter in the villages of Shen Vasil and Nivica e Bubarit. The bloodbath unleashed against these believers frightened Albanian Christians in other districts and inspired a new wave of mass conversions to Islam." Ramet, Sabrina (1998). Nihil obstat: religion, politics, and social change in East-Central Europe and Russia. Durham: Duke University Press. ISBN 9780822320708.

Ergo 2010, p. 26. Ergo, Dritan (2010). "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9783631602959.

Ergo 2010, p. 37. Ergo, Dritan (2010). "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9783631602959.

Winnifrith 2002, p. 107."But the difficult archbishops of Ohrid must have produced some difference in their flocks. Less contentious faiths were available. It so happens that converting to Islam in central Albania was eased by the strength there of the Bektashi cult, a mystical faith, designed to appeal to all, demanding little in the way of strict rules of observance." Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. London: Duckworth. ISBN 9780715632017.

Ergo 2010, p. 38. Ergo, Dritan (2010). "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9783631602959.

Skendi 1967a, pp. 10–13. Skendi, Stavro (1967a). The Albanian national awakening. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400847761.

Vickers 2011, p. 16. Vickers, Miranda (2011). The Albanians: a modern history. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 9780857736550.

Hammond 1967, p. 30. Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198142539.

Hammond 1976, p. 62. Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1976). Migrations and invasions in Greece and adjacent areas. Park Ridge: Noyes Press. ISBN 9780815550471.

Koukoudis 2003, pp. 321–322. "Particularly interesting is the case of Vithkuq, south of Moschopolis, which seems to have shared closely in the town's evolution, though it is far from clear whether it was inhabited by Vlachs [Aromanians] in the glory days before 1769. It may well have had Vlach inhabitants before 1769, though the Arvanites were certainly far more numerous, if not the largest population group. This is further supported by the linguistic identity of the refugees who fled Vithkuq and accompanied the waves of departing Vlachs. Today it is inhabited by Arvanites and Vlachs, though the forebears of the modern Vlach residents arrived after the village had been abandoned by its previous inhabitants and are mainly of Arvanitovlach descent. They are former pastoral nomads who settled permanently in Vithkuq."; p. 339. "As the same time as, or possibly shortly before or after, these events in Moschopolis, unruly Arnauts also attacked the smaller Vlach and Arvanitic communities round about. The Vlach inhabitants of Llengë, Niçë, Grabovë, Shipckë, and the Vlach villages on Grammos, such as Nikolicë, Linotopi, and Grammousta, and the inhabitants of Vithkuq and even the last Albanian speaking Christian villages on Opar found themselves at the mercy of the predatory Arnauts, whom no-one could withstand. For them too, the only solution was to flee... During this period, Vlach and Arvanite families from the surrounding ruined market towns and villages settled alongside the few Moscopolitans who had returned. Refugee families came from Dushar and other villages in Opar, from Vithkuq, Grabovë, Nikolicë, Niçë, and Llengë and from Kolonjë." Koukoudis, Asterios (2003). The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Thessaloniki: Zitros Publications. ISBN 9789607760869.

Jorgaqi 2005, pp. 38–39. Jorgaqi, Nasho (2005). Jeta e Fan S. Nolit: Vëllimi 1. 1882–1924 [The life of Fan S. Noli: Volume 1. 1882–1924]. Tiranë: Ombra GVG. ISBN 9789994384303.

Winnifrith 2002, p. 109. "Of these Vithkuq... All these villages have a Vlach [Aromanian] element in their population, and it is Vlach tradition that they were large and important... This culture was of course Greek culture... Winnifrith, Tom (2002). Badlands-borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania. London: Duckworth. ISBN 9780715632017.

Elsie 2001, pp. 59–60. Elsie, Robert (2001). A dictionary of Albanian religion, mythology, and folk culture. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850655701.

Mackridge 2009, pp. 58–59. Mackridge, Peter (2009). Language and national identity in Greece, 1766–1976. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199599059.

Myhill 2006, p. 232. Myhill, John (2006). Language, religion and national identity in Europe and the Middle East: A historical study. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027227119.

Duijzings 2000, p. 16. Duijzings, Gerlachlus (2000). Religion and the politics of identity in Kosovo. London: Hurst & Company. ISBN 9781850654315.

De Soto, Beddies & Gedeshi 2005, p. 7. De Soto, Hermine; Beddies, Sabine; Gedeshi, Ilir (2005). Roma and Egyptians in Albania: From social exclusion to social inclusion. Washington D.C.: World Bank Publications. ISBN 9780821361719.

Crowe 1996, p. 196. Crowe, David (1996). A history of the Gypsies of Eastern Europe and Russia. New York: St Martin's Griffin. ISBN 9781349606719.

Jordan 2015, p. 1582. Jordan, Peter (2015). "An exception in the Balkans: Albania's multi confessional identity". In Brunn, Stanley D. (ed.). The changing world religion map: Sacred places, identities, practices and politics. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 1577–1598. ISBN 9789401793766.

Hammond 1967, p. 217. Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: the Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198142539.

Ergo 2010, p. 23. Ergo, Dritan (2010). "Islam in the Albanian lands (XVth-XVIIth Century)". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 13–52. ISBN 9783631602959.

Blumi & Krasniqi 2014, pp. 480–482. Blumi, Isa; Krasniqi, Gëzim (2014). "Albanians' Islam". In Cesari, Jocelyne (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 475–516. ISBN 9780191026409.

Shaw, Stanford J.; Shaw, Ezel Kural (1976). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280-1808. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-521-29163-7. Retrieved 3 April 2020.

Malcolm 2002, p. 82. "Modern historians would also think it necessary to refer to the many examples of cooperation (sometimes to mutual advantage) between inhabitants of the Albanian lands and their foreign rulers - above all, in the case of the Ottomans, with their innumerable soldiers and officials of Albanian origin. Malcolm, Noel (2002). "Myths of Albanian national identity: Some key elements". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 70–87. ISBN 9780253341891.

Clayer 2007, pp. 33–36. Clayer, Nathalie (2007). "Saints and Sufi's in post-Communist Albania". In Kisaichi, Masatoshi (ed.). Popular Movements and Democratization in the Islamic World. London: Routledge. pp. 33–42. ISBN 9781134150618.

Gawrych 2006, pp. 21–22. Gawrych, George (2006). The crescent and the eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913. London: IB Tauris. ISBN 9781845112875.

Nurja 2012, p. 193. Nurja, Ermal (2012). "The rise and destruction of Ottoman Architecture in Albania: A brief history focused on the mosques". In Furat, Ayşe Zişan; Er, Hamit (eds.). Balkans and Islam Encounter, Transformation, Discontinuity, Continuity. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 191–207. ISBN 9781443842839.

Lloshi 1999, p. 277. "They called themselves arbënesh, arbëresh, the country Arbëni, Arbëri, and the language arbëneshe, arbëreshe. In the foreign languages, the Middle Ages denominations of these names survived, but for the Albanians they were substituted by shqiptarë, Shqipëri and shqipe. The primary root is the adverb shqip, meaning "clearly, intelligibly". There is a very close semantic parallel to this in the German noun Deutsche, "the Germans" and "the German language" (Lloshi 1984) Shqip spread out from the north to the south, and Shqipni/Shqipëri is probably a collective noun, following the common pattern of Arbëni, Arbëri. The change happened after the Ottoman conquest because of the conflict in the whole line of the political, social, economic, religious, and cultural spheres with a totally alien world of the Oriental type. A new and more generalised ethnic and linguistic consciousness of all these people responded to this." Lloshi, Xhevat (1999). "Albanian". In Hinrichs, Uwe; Büttner, Uwe (eds.). Handbuch der Südosteuropa-Linguistik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 272–299. ISBN 9783447039390.

Misha 2002, p. 35. Misha, Piro (2002). "Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 33–48. ISBN 9780253341891.

Endresen 2011, pp. 47–48. Endresen, Cecilie (2011). "Diverging images of the Ottoman legacy in Albania". In Hartmuth, Maximilian (ed.). Images of imperial legacy: Modern discourses on the social and cultural impact of Ottoman and Habsburg rule in Southeast Europe. Berlin: Lit Verlag. pp. 37–52. ISBN 9783643108500.

Brisku 2013, pp. 181–183. Brisku, Adrian (2013). Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9780857459855.

Sulstarova 2013, pp. 68–72. Sulstarova, Enis (2013). "I am Europe! The meaning of Europe in the discourse of Intellectuals in transitional Albania". In Beshku, Klodiana; Malltezi, Orinda (eds.). Albania and Europe in a Political Regard. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 63–74. ISBN 9781443852609.

Brisku 2013, pp. 184–186. Brisku, Adrian (2013). Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9780857459855.

Schmidt-Neke 2014, p. 15. "Hasan Kaleshi who argued that the islamization of the majority of the Albanians saved them from assimilation into Greeks and Slavs (Kaleshi 1975)." Schmidt-Neke, Michael (2014). "A burden of Legacies: The transformation of Albanian's political system". In Pichler, Robert (ed.). Legacy and Change: Albanian Transformation from Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 13–30. ISBN 9783643905666.

Misha 2002, p. 46. Misha, Piro (2002). "Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 33–48. ISBN 9780253341891.

Misha 2002, p. 45. Misha, Piro (2002). "Invention of a Nationalism: Myth and Amnesia". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 33–48. ISBN 9780253341891.

Brisku 2013, p. 187. Brisku, Adrian (2013). Bittersweet Europe: Albanian and Georgian Discourses on Europe, 1878–2008. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 9780857459855.

Barbullushi 2010, p. 158. Barbullushi, Odeta (2010). "The Politics of 'Religious Tolerance' in Post-Communist Albania: Ideology, Security and Euro-Atlantic Integration". In Pace, Michelle (ed.). Europe, the USA and political Islam: Strategies for engagement. Springer. pp. 140–160. ISBN 9780230298156.

Malcolm 2002, p. 86. "Even more confusing was his deployment of another standard argument, using the evidence of syncretistic folk-religion to suggest that the Albanian commitment to Islam was only superficial: ‘The Albanian Moslem has never forgotten... his former religion to some of the saints of which he still pays tribute, such as St. George... and St. Demeter. This argument (understandably popular among Catholic and Orthodox Albanians, but, in view of the use made of it by Slav and Greek propagandists, a dangerous one for Albanian interests) raised a potentially awkward question. If the Albanians had been so devoted to Christianity (which was at one stage their national religion), why had so many of them converted to Islam?" Malcolm, Noel (2002). "Myths of Albanian national identity: Some key elements". In Schwanders-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd J. (eds.). Albanian Identities: Myth and History. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 70–87. ISBN 9780253341891.

Jazexhi 2012, p. 14. Jazexhi, Olsi (2012). "Albania". In Nielsen, Jørgen; Akgönül, Samim; Alibašić, Ahmet; Racius, Egdunas (eds.). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe: Volume 4. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–16. ISBN 9789004225213.

Endresen 2010, p. 237 "The Muslim leaders advocate the view that the Albanians' embracing of Islam was voluntary. The Christians, conversely, characterise the Ottoman rule as anti-Christian and oppressive."; pp. 238-239; p. 241. "In Christian narratives, by contrast, Islam represents a foreign element disrupting Albanian unity and tradition."; pp. 240-241. Endresen, Cecilie (2010). ""Do not look to church and mosque"? Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258. ISBN 9783631602959.

Endresen 2010, p. 241. "The Christians’ view that the historical conversion to Islam presents a kind of falsification of national identity has interesting similarities with Serbian nationalist interpretations of Slavic conversions to Islam, though the Albanian clergy distinguish between Islam and local Muslims and not consider their compatriots’ conversion as treason to the same extent. Although the Christian leaders do place Islam on the wrong side of history, its Albanian adherents are portrayed as innocent victims of the cruel polities of foreign intruders. Moreover, the Christian clergy do not exclude Albanian Muslims from the national community, and by the same token none of the Muslim leaders seem to nurture any resentment towards those who did not embrace Islam." Endresen, Cecilie (2010). ""Do not look to church and mosque"? Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258. ISBN 9783631602959.

Endresen 2010, pp. 241–242. Endresen, Cecilie (2010). ""Do not look to church and mosque"? Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258. ISBN 9783631602959.

Endresen 2010, p. 250. "Myths of martyrdom and "unjust treatment" in the sense that the national and/or the religious community is a "victim of aggression", run like a thread through the clerics’ discourse. These are partly based on the historical fact that in one way or another each community is or has been under threat: since the second half of the 19th Century, Albania and Albanians in the Balkans have been in the firing line of Christian neighbours with territorial claims, which have made efforts to assimilate, expel or even kill the population in disputed areas. This is reflected in the Communities’ constructions of the national community. Orthodox and Catholic identities are shaped by the fact that Christianity is a minority religion in Albania, and that the country’s Christians have a long history as second class citizens under various forms of Muslim pressures, either as imperial, Islamist polity or under authoritarian leadership dominated by leaders with a Muslim background (Zogu and Hoxha). Conversely, the Muslim clerics focus on how the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire has given the Balkans’s Christians the upper hand politically. Islam is also a minority religion in Europe with a historical reputation as demonic and with a modern image problem in the West related to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism and global terrorist networks." Endresen, Cecilie (2010). ""Do not look to church and mosque"? Albania's post-Communist clergy on nation and religion". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 233–258. ISBN 9783631602959.

Clayer 1997, pp. 135. Clayer, Nathalie (1997). "Islam, state and society in Post-communist Albania". In Poulton, Hugh; Taji-Farouki, Suha (eds.). Muslim identity and the Balkan state. London: Hurst & Co. Publishers. pp. 115–138. ISBN 9781850652762.

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Skendi 1967b, pp. 235–242. Skendi, Stavro (1967b). "Crypto-Christianity in the Balkan Area under the Ottomans". Slavic Review. 26 (2): 227–246. doi:10.2307/2492452. JSTOR 2492452. S2CID 163987636.

Lederer 1994, pp. 333–334. Lederer, Gyorgy (1994). "Islam in Albania". Central Asian Survey. 13 (3): 331–359. doi:10.1080/02634939408400866.

Doja 2008, p. 60. Doja, Albert (2008). "Instrumental Borders of Gender and Religious Conversion in the Balkans". Religion, State & Society. 36 (1): 55–63. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.366.8652. doi:10.1080/09637490701809738. S2CID 9464280.

Pistrick 2013, p. 78. Pistrick, Eckehard (2013). "Interreligious Cultural Practice as Lived Reality: The Case of Muslim and Orthodox Shepherds in Middle Albania". Anthropological Journal of European Cultures. 22 (2): 72–90. doi:10.3167/ajec.2013.220205.

Pistrick 2013, pp. 79–81. Pistrick, Eckehard (2013). "Interreligious Cultural Practice as Lived Reality: The Case of Muslim and Orthodox Shepherds in Middle Albania". Anthropological Journal of European Cultures. 22 (2): 72–90. doi:10.3167/ajec.2013.220205.

Babuna 2004, pp. 290–291. Babuna, Aydin (2004). "The Bosnian Muslims and Albanians: Islam and Nationalism". Nationalities Papers. 32 (2): 287–321. doi:10.1080/0090599042000230250. S2CID 162218149.

Doja 2006, pp. 91–93, 100–102. Doja, Albert (2006). "A Political History of Bektashism in Albania". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 7 (1): 83–107. doi:10.1080/14690760500477919. S2CID 53695233.

Doja 2006, pp. 86–87. Doja, Albert (2006). "A Political History of Bektashism in Albania". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 7 (1): 83–107. doi:10.1080/14690760500477919. S2CID 53695233.

Doja 2006, pp. 94–98. Doja, Albert (2006). "A Political History of Bektashism in Albania". Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions. 7 (1): 83–107. doi:10.1080/14690760500477919. S2CID 53695233.

Hasluck 1913, p. 97. Hasluck, Frederick (1913). "Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi Propaganda". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 20: 94–119. doi:10.1017/s0068245400009424. JSTOR 30096467. S2CID 159705807.

Hasluck 1913, pp. 106–119. Hasluck, Frederick (1913). "Ambiguous Sanctuaries and Bektashi Propaganda". The Annual of the British School at Athens. 20: 94–119. doi:10.1017/s0068245400009424. JSTOR 30096467. S2CID 159705807.

Elsie 1992, pp. 289–305. Elsie, Robert (1992). "Albanian Literature in the Moslem Tradition: Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Albanian Writing in Arabic Script". Oriens. 33: 287–306. doi:10.2307/1580608. JSTOR 1580608.

Elbasani & Roy 2015, p. 465. Elbasani, Arolda; Roy, Olivier (2015). "Islam in the post-Communist Balkans: Alternative pathways to God". Southeast European and Black Sea Studies. 15 (4): 457–471. doi:10.1080/14683857.2015.1050273. S2CID 143368513.

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Manahasa & Kolay 2015, pp. 70, 78. Manahasa, Edmond; Kolay, Aktuğ (2015). "Observations on the existing Ottoman mosques in Albania" (PDF). ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture. 12 (2): 69–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2017-04-15.

Manahasa & Kolay 2015, pp. 70–79. Manahasa, Edmond; Kolay, Aktuğ (2015). "Observations on the existing Ottoman mosques in Albania" (PDF). ITU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture. 12 (2): 69–81. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2017-04-15.

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Giakoumis 2010, pp. 79–81. Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 69–110. ISBN 9783631602959.

Giakoumis 2010, p. 84. On Durres: "At the end of the 16th century, conversion to Islam had so much penetrated into central Albania, that a Greek traveller in Durrës in 1580 reported that ―in the region of Durrës there are no Greeks‖ (that is, Orthodox Christians)" Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 69–110. ISBN 9783631602959.

Giakoumis 2010, pp. 89–91. Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 69–110. ISBN 9783631602959.

Giakoumis 2010, pp. 86–87. Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2010). "The Orthodox Church in Albania Under the Ottoman Rule 15th-19th Century". In Schmitt, Oliver Jens (ed.). Religion und Kultur im albanischsprachigen Südosteuropa [Religion and culture in Albanian-speaking southeastern Europe]. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. pp. 69–110. ISBN 9783631602959.

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"Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-01-08. Retrieved 2009-11-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

Islamization of Albania (English Wikipedia)

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