Isoflurane (English Wikipedia)

World Health Organization (2025). The selection and use of essential medicines, 2025: WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, 24th list. Geneva: World Health Organization. doi:10.2471/B09474. hdl:10665/382243. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Mandal, et al. (April 2009). "Isoflurane and desflurane at clinically relevant concentrations induce amyloid b-peptide oligomerization: An NMR study". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 379 (3): 716–720. Bibcode:2009BBRC..379..716M. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.092. PMID 19116131.
Bu W, Pereira LM, Eckenhoff RG, Yuki K (6 May 2014). "Stereoselectivity of isoflurane in adhesion molecule leukocyte function-associated antigen-1". PLOS ONE. 9 (5) e96649. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996649B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096649. PMC 4011845. PMID 24801074.
Vollmer MK, Rhee TS, Rigby M, Hofstetter D, Hill M, Schoenenberger F, et al. (2015). "Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (5): 1606–1611. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.1606V. doi:10.1002/2014GL062785.

in.gov.br (Global: 3,151^st place; English: 5,932^nd place)

Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.

lib4ri.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

dora.lib4ri.ch

Vollmer MK, Rhee TS, Rigby M, Hofstetter D, Hill M, Schoenenberger F, et al. (2015). "Modern inhalation anesthetics: Potent greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere". Geophysical Research Letters. 42 (5): 1606–1611. Bibcode:2015GeoRL..42.1606V. doi:10.1002/2014GL062785.

medicines.org.uk (Global: 3,823^rd place; English: 2,387^th place)

"Isoflurane 100% Inhalation Vapour, Liquid - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 29 October 2019. Retrieved 9 September 2020.

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Freiermuth D, Mets B, Bolliger D, Reuthebuch O, Doebele T, Scholz M, et al. (December 2016). "Sevoflurane and Isoflurane-Pharmacokinetics, Hemodynamic Stability, and Cardioprotective Effects During Cardiopulmonary Bypass". Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 30 (6): 1494–1501. doi:10.1053/j.jvca.2016.07.011. PMID 27692704.
Seto T, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I, Kanashiro M, Taniguchi Y (January 1992). "The solubility of volatile anaesthetics in water at 25.0 degrees C using 19F NMR spectroscopy". Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 10 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/0731-7085(92)80003-6. PMID 1391078.
Pauca AL, Dripps RD (July 1973). "Clinical experience with isoflurane (Forane): preliminary communication". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 45 (7): 697–703. doi:10.1093/bja/45.7.697. PMID 4730162.
Chen Z (August 2004). "The effects of isoflurane and propofol on intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during spinal surgery". Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 18 (4): 303–308. doi:10.1007/s10877-005-5097-5. PMID 15779842. S2CID 195331061.
Hawkley TF, Preston M, Maani CV (2022). "Isoflurane". StatPearls. PMID 30422552.
Jones MV, Brooks PA, Harrison NL (April 1992). "Enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated Cl-currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurones by three volatile anaesthetics". The Journal of Physiology. 449: 279–293. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019086. PMC 1176079. PMID 1326046.
Jenkins A, Franks NP, Lieb WR (February 1999). "Effects of temperature and volatile anesthetics on GABA(A) receptors". Anesthesiology. 90 (2): 484–491. doi:10.1097/00000542-199902000-00024. PMID 9952156.
Lin LH, Chen LL, Zirrolli JA, Harris RA (November 1992). "General anesthetics potentiate gamma-aminobutyric acid actions on gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors expressed by Xenopus oocytes: lack of involvement of intracellular calcium". The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 263 (2): 569–578. doi:10.1016/S0022-3565(25)10387-X. PMID 1331405.
Krasowski MD, Harrison NL (February 2000). "The actions of ether, alcohol and alkane general anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations". British Journal of Pharmacology. 129 (4): 731–743. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703087. PMC 1571881. PMID 10683198.
Grasshoff C, Antkowiak B (November 2006). "Effects of isoflurane and enflurane on GABAA and glycine receptors contribute equally to depressant actions on spinal ventral horn neurones in rats". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 97 (5): 687–694. doi:10.1093/bja/ael239. PMID 16973644. S2CID 14269792.
Buljubasic N, Rusch NJ, Marijic J, Kampine JP, Bosnjak ZJ (June 1992). "Effects of halothane and isoflurane on calcium and potassium channel currents in canine coronary arterial cells". Anesthesiology. 76 (6): 990–998. doi:10.1097/00000542-199206000-00020. PMID 1318010.
Franks JJ, Horn JL, Janicki PK, Singh G (January 1995). "Halothane, isoflurane, xenon, and nitrous oxide inhibit calcium ATPase pump activity in rat brain synaptic plasma membranes". Anesthesiology. 82 (1): 108–117. doi:10.1097/00000542-199501000-00015. PMID 7832292. S2CID 26993898.
Weis F, Beiras-Fernandez A, Hauer D, Hornuss C, Sodian R, Kreth S, et al. (August 2010). "Effect of anaesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass on blood endocannabinoid concentrations during cardiac surgery". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 105 (2): 139–144. doi:10.1093/bja/aeq117. PMID 20525978.
Mellon RD, Simone AF, Rappaport BA (March 2007). "Use of anesthetic agents in neonates and young children". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 104 (3): 509–520. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000255729.96438.b0. PMID 17312200. S2CID 43818997. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009.
Mandal, et al. (April 2009). "Isoflurane and desflurane at clinically relevant concentrations induce amyloid b-peptide oligomerization: An NMR study". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 379 (3): 716–720. Bibcode:2009BBRC..379..716M. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.12.092. PMID 19116131.
Kuehn BM (April 2007). "Anesthesia-Alzheimer disease link probed". JAMA. 297 (16): 1760. doi:10.1001/jama.297.16.1760. PMID 17456811.
Bu W, Pereira LM, Eckenhoff RG, Yuki K (6 May 2014). "Stereoselectivity of isoflurane in adhesion molecule leukocyte function-associated antigen-1". PLOS ONE. 9 (5) e96649. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996649B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096649. PMC 4011845. PMID 24801074.
Terrell RC (March 2008). "The invention and development of enflurane, isoflurane, sevoflurane, and desflurane". Anesthesiology. 108 (3): 531–533. doi:10.1097/ALN.0b013e31816499cc. PMID 18292690.
Calvey TN (August 1995). "Isomerism and anaesthetic drugs". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 106: 83–90. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04316.x. PMID 8533553. S2CID 24183480.
Ludders JW (March 1992). "Advantages and guidelines for using isoflurane". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice. 22 (2): 328–331. doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50626-x. PMID 1585568.

dailymed.nlm.nih.gov

"Forane- isoflurane inhalant". DailyMed. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
"Terrell- isoflurane liquid". DailyMed. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
"Isosol- isoflurane liquid". DailyMed. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
"Isospire- isoflurane liquid". DailyMed. 13 December 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2025.
"Fluriso- isoflurane liquid". DailyMed. 14 February 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2025.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Hawkley TF, Preston M, Maani CV (2022). "Isoflurane". StatPearls. PMID 30422552.
Jones MV, Brooks PA, Harrison NL (April 1992). "Enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated Cl-currents in cultured rat hippocampal neurones by three volatile anaesthetics". The Journal of Physiology. 449: 279–293. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1992.sp019086. PMC 1176079. PMID 1326046.
Krasowski MD, Harrison NL (February 2000). "The actions of ether, alcohol and alkane general anaesthetics on GABAA and glycine receptors and the effects of TM2 and TM3 mutations". British Journal of Pharmacology. 129 (4): 731–743. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0703087. PMC 1571881. PMID 10683198.
Bu W, Pereira LM, Eckenhoff RG, Yuki K (6 May 2014). "Stereoselectivity of isoflurane in adhesion molecule leukocyte function-associated antigen-1". PLOS ONE. 9 (5) e96649. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996649B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096649. PMC 4011845. PMID 24801074.

pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

"Isoflurane". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 7 April 2022.

noahcompendium.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Isoflurane-Vet 100% w/w Inhalation vapour, liquid". www.noahcompendium.co.uk. Retrieved 7 April 2022.

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896^th place; English: 674^th place)

"How does anesthesia work?". Scientific American. 7 February 2005. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Chen Z (August 2004). "The effects of isoflurane and propofol on intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during spinal surgery". Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing. 18 (4): 303–308. doi:10.1007/s10877-005-5097-5. PMID 15779842. S2CID 195331061.
Grasshoff C, Antkowiak B (November 2006). "Effects of isoflurane and enflurane on GABAA and glycine receptors contribute equally to depressant actions on spinal ventral horn neurones in rats". British Journal of Anaesthesia. 97 (5): 687–694. doi:10.1093/bja/ael239. PMID 16973644. S2CID 14269792.
Franks JJ, Horn JL, Janicki PK, Singh G (January 1995). "Halothane, isoflurane, xenon, and nitrous oxide inhibit calcium ATPase pump activity in rat brain synaptic plasma membranes". Anesthesiology. 82 (1): 108–117. doi:10.1097/00000542-199501000-00015. PMID 7832292. S2CID 26993898.
Mellon RD, Simone AF, Rappaport BA (March 2007). "Use of anesthetic agents in neonates and young children". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 104 (3): 509–520. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000255729.96438.b0. PMID 17312200. S2CID 43818997. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009.
Calvey TN (August 1995). "Isomerism and anaesthetic drugs". Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. Supplementum. 106: 83–90. doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.1995.tb04316.x. PMID 8533553. S2CID 24183480.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Anvisa (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 4 April 2023). Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
Aglio LS, Lekowski RW, Urman RD (2015). Essential Clinical Anesthesia Review: Keywords, Questions and Answers for the Boards. Cambridge University Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-107-68130-9. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
Kliegman R, Stanton B, St Geme J, Schor NF (2015). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics (20 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-323-26352-8. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.
Niedermeyer E, da Silva FH (2005). Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1156. ISBN 978-0-7817-5126-1. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016.
"How does anesthesia work?". Scientific American. 7 February 2005. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016.
Mellon RD, Simone AF, Rappaport BA (March 2007). "Use of anesthetic agents in neonates and young children". Anesthesia and Analgesia. 104 (3): 509–520. doi:10.1213/01.ane.0000255729.96438.b0. PMID 17312200. S2CID 43818997. Archived from the original on 9 March 2009.

Isoflurane (English Wikipedia)

anesthesia-analgesia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

drugs.com (Global: 399th place; English: 333rd place)

fda.gov (Global: 447th place; English: 338th place)

accessdata.fda.gov

handle.net (Global: 102nd place; English: 76th place)

hdl.handle.net

harvard.edu (Global: 18th place; English: 17th place)

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

in.gov.br (Global: 3,151st place; English: 5,932nd place)

lib4ri.ch (Global: low place; English: low place)

dora.lib4ri.ch

medicines.org.uk (Global: 3,823rd place; English: 2,387th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

dailymed.nlm.nih.gov

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

noahcompendium.co.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896th place; English: 674th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

drugs.com (Global: 399^th place; English: 333^rd place)

fda.gov (Global: 447^th place; English: 338^th place)

handle.net (Global: 102^nd place; English: 76^th place)

harvard.edu (Global: 18^th place; English: 17^th place)

in.gov.br (Global: 3,151^st place; English: 5,932^nd place)

medicines.org.uk (Global: 3,823^rd place; English: 2,387^th place)

nih.gov (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

scientificamerican.com (Global: 896^th place; English: 674^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 11^th place; English: 8^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)