Petrucci, R. H.; Harwood, W. S.; Herring, F. G.; Madura, J. D. (2007). "Chapter 12". General Chemistry. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. ISBN978-0-13-149330-8.
Atkins, Peter (1997). "Chapter 2: The first law: the concepts". Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN0-7167-2871-0.
Atkins, Peter (1997). "Chapter 4: The second law: the concepts". Physical Chemistry (6th ed.). New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Co. ISBN0-7167-2871-0.