Istanbul pogrom (English Wikipedia)

Ulusoy, Talat (7 September 2018). "İzmir'in '6–7 Eylül'ü". Agos (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.

aksiyon.com.tr

Mercan, Faruk (8 September 2003). "Bombacı da, MIT elemanı da değildim". Aksiyon (in Turkish). 457. Archived from the original on 23 December 2004. Retrieved 21 September 2008.

al-monitor.com

"Turkish Netflix series turns cameras on pogroms, hidden Greeks". Al-monitor. 12 January 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2022.

archive.org

Barsoumian, Hagop (1997), "The Eastern Question and the Tanzimat Era", in Hovannisian, Richard G (ed.), The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, vol. II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's, pp. 175–201, ISBN 0312101686

archive.today

Birand, Mehmet Ali. "The shame of Sept. 6–7 is always with us," Turkish Daily News, 7 September 2005.
Ergil, Doğu. "Past as present", Turkish Daily News 12 September 2005.
Ferentinou, Ariana (19 September 2005). "Sept. 6–7 in the Greek media – Part II". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
Ferentinou, Ariana (12 September 2005). "Sept. 6–7, 1955, in Greek Media". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
BÇ/EÜ (18 September 2008). "Eleven Taken Into Custody For Ergenekon Investigation". Bianet. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.

asianews.it

"Erdogan attacks the past, labels Kemalist ethnic cleansing Fascist". www.asianews.it. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

att.net

home.att.net

"From "Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity" series of Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. 2 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 July 2006.

auth.gr

invenio.lib.auth.gr

Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 56. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. pp. 22, 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2011.

bianet.org

Doğuoğlu, Nazlı (4 September 2010). "55 Yıl Sonra 6–7 Eylül Olayları" [Events of September 6–7, 55 Years Later]. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
Karaköse, Nayat (8 September 2007). ""Annem 'Sağ Çıkamayacağız' Diyordu"..." ["My mother said 'We won't make it out alive'"....]. Bianet. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
Ozmen, Kemal (6 September 2005). "Haberlere abone ol| Eski sayfalara git RSS 6–7 Eylül Sergisine Saldırdılar". Bianet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
BÇ/EÜ (18 September 2008). "Eleven Taken Into Custody For Ergenekon Investigation". Bianet. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2008.

birmingham.ac.uk

Rumelili, Bahar. The European Union and Cultural Change in Greek–Turkish Relations (PDF). p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2016.

books.google.com

Speros Vryonis (2005). The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul. greekworks.com. p. 225. ISBN 978-0974766034. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2016. That night, many men, shouting and screaming, were Islamized forcefully by the cruel knife. Among those circumcised, there was also a priest.
Jongerden, Joost (2021). The Routledge Handbook on Contemporary Turkey. Routledge. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-429-55906-8. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2022. In 1934 and 1955, the Thrace and Istanbul pogroms respectively, were state-sponsored attacks which were committed against non-Muslim populations as part of the Turkish government's plan to create a homogeneous Turkish nation during the post-Republican period.
Katsoulas, Spyros (2021). The United States and Greek–Turkish Relations: The Guardian's Dilemma. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-000-51433-9. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022. In September 1955, the Turkish government orchestrated anti-Greek riots in Istanbul, amassing an angry mob for a pogrom that left tens of people dead, thousands of houses and shops destroyed, and an indelible mark on Greek–Turkish history.
Holland, Robert. "The Struggle for Mastery, 4 October 1955–9 March 1956 Archived 6 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine," Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 1954–59, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, pp. 75–77.
Gurel, Meltem, ed. (2015). Mid-Century Modernism in Turkey: Architecture Across Cultures in the 1950s and 1960s. Routledge. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-1317616375.
Moltke, Helmuth (1984). Unter dem Halbmond: Erlebnisse in der alten Türkei 1835–1839. Thienemann Edition Erdmann. p. 17. ISBN 978-3522603102. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
Seewald, Berthold (1994). Karl Wilhelm v. Heideck: ein bayerischer General im befreiten Griechenland (1826–1835). Oldenbourg Verlag. p. 40. ISBN 978-3486560589.^{[permanent dead link]}
Kluge, Alexander (2006). Tur an Tur mit einem anderen Leben. Suhrkamp. p. 321. ISBN 978-3518418239. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
Mariana, Correia; Letizia, Dipasquale; Saverio, Mecca (2014). Versus: Heritage for Tomorrow. Firenze University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-8866557418. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
"A crisis struck at the end of 1955 as political and economic restlessness culminated in the riots of September 6 in Istanbul and İzmir (ostensibly induced by the issue of Cyprus) and a subsequent political shake-up. Contributing reasons for the violence: (1) use of the Greek Orthodox Church as a political instrument by the Greek government, thus sparking latent Moslem-Christian hostilities (which were laid on top of latent Greek-Turkish national hostility); (2) the presence in Istanbul of a large, floating, unemployed, male population of village origin which sought economic gain from looting; (3) popular identification of certain Istanbul merchants of Greek ethnic extraction with hoarding, speculation, and unsavory wealth; (4) deliberate stimulation and organization of the crowds to violent ends by an unknown group. (Communists? Doubtful, none were arrested. Opposition politicians? Equally doubtful; even the government made no such charge. Prime Minister Menderes? Doubtful; the riot ran contrary to every conceivable interest of his, A group of second echelon Democrats seeking to unseat Menderes? Somewhat more likely; an effort within the party was made in December. Religious and racial fanatics? Equally likely. Possibly a combination of the last two constituted the guilty parties. In such event, criminal convictions may have been avoided because those guilty were too closely identified with the Prime Minister. An outstanding feature of the Istanbul riot: no one was killed.) In July 1961, both Menderes and Bayar were found guilty by a revolutionary tribunal of inciting the 1955 riot, but the evidence was not impressive. What was proved was that the government had planned a popular demonstration to support its position in Cyprus. A critic of the Menderes regime commented to the author in 1962 "It is now almost generally agreed that these riots were planned, organized, and started by Democratic leaders and local bosses, but developed into far beyond the original plan and intention." It seems to me most likely that the demonstration was deliberately incited to unintended violence by other parties, the identity of whom still remains undisclosed. Local authorities, knowing of the government-sponsored demonstration, apparently did not know how to respond to the violence during the first few destructive hours. But was no evidence to prove that Menderes deliberately planned the type of mass violence that in fact erupted.", Richard D. Robinson, The First Turkish Republic: a case study in national development, Harvard University Press, 1965, p. 157. Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
Syracuse journal of international law and commerce. 1989. p. 29. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2013. ... its interest in Cyprus at the time of the tripartite conference, planned and organized riots against its Greek citizens and residents in Istanbul and İzmir. ... Greek priests were reported circumcised, scalped, burned in bed; Greek women raped. The Greek Consulate was destroyed in İzmir. Just nine out of eighty Greek Orthodox churches in Istanbul were left undesecrated; twenty-nine were demolished.
United States. Congress (1956). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2013. Greek priests were reported circumcised, scalped, burned In bed; Greek women raped. Toe Greek ... Just 9 out of 80 Greek Orthodox churches In Istanbul were left undesecrated; 28 were demolished. Ghouls ...
Aziz Nesin, Salkım Salkım Asılacak Adamlar (1987) quoted in: (Vryonis, 2005, p. 225 Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine), as quoted in: (Gilson, 2005).
Citizen's Association of Constantinople (1997). The Struggle for Justice: 1923–1993. Citizen's Association of Constantinople, Imvros, Tenedos, Eastern Thrace of Thrace. p. 51.
Vryonis, Speros (2000). The great catastrophes: Asia Minor/Smyrna – September 1922; Constantinople – September 6 & 7, 1955 : a lecture. Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle. p. 14. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ...the central cemetery at Sisli and the cemetery of the Patriarchs at Balikli. The former sustained particularly extensive destruction. Crosses and statues were knocked down, sepulchers and vaults opened and the remains of the dead removed and dispersed. At Balıklı, the sarcophaguses of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchs were desecrated.
Güven, Dilek (2005). Cumhuriyet Dönemi Azınlık Politikaları ve Stratejileri Bağlamında 6–7 Eylül Olayları. Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. pp. 36–49. ISBN 9753331967. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Şahin, Dilek Güven; çeviren Bahar (2006). Cumhuriyet dönemi azınlık politikaları bağlamında : 6–7 Eylül olayları = Nationalismus, sozialer wandel und minderheitten : die ausschreitungen gegen die nichtmuslime der Türkei (6–7 september 1955) (in Turkish) (4. baskı. ed.). Istanbul: İletişim yayınları. ISBN 978-9750504365. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

ceterisparibus.net

"Belge İstemeyen Bahis Siteleri – 7 Güvenilir Bahis Sitesi". Archived from the original on 12 February 2007.

doi.org

Kuyucu, Ali Tuna (2005). "Ethno-religious 'unmixing' of 'Turkey': 6–7 September riots as a case in Turkish nationalism". Nations and Nationalism. 11 (3): 361–380. doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2005.00209.x.
E. G. Vallianatos (Winter 2006). "The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul (review)". Mediterranean Quarterly. 17 (1): 133–140. doi:10.1215/10474552-17-1-133. S2CID 154913600. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

ehw.gr

Benlisoy, Foti (2008). "Anti-Greek riots of September 1955 in Constantinople (Istanbul)". Constantinople.ehw.gr. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2020. There is a general consensus that the events broke out on the government's initiative and they were organised in collaboration with the secret police

ekathimerini.com

Maglinis, Ilias K. (28 June 2005). "Istanbul 1955: The anatomy of a pogrom". Kathimerini. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016. The rally got out of control and resulted in a «Kristallnacht» against Greeks in Istanbul.
Magra, Iliana (5 November 2020). "Greeks in Istanbul keeping close eye on developments". www.ekathimerini.com. Ekathimerini. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.

greekreporter.com

Chrysopoulos, Philip (6 September 2019). "September 6, 1955: The Violent Istanbul Pogrom Against Greeks". Greek Reporter. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.

greekworks.com

de Zayas, Alfred. "International Law and the Istanbul Pogrom" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.

hurriyet.com.tr

arama.hurriyet.com.tr

Ferentinou, Ariana (19 September 2005). "Sept. 6–7 in the Greek media – Part II". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
Ferentinou, Ariana (12 September 2005). "Sept. 6–7, 1955, in Greek Media". Turkish Daily News. Archived from the original on 14 January 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2008.

webarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr

Kaplan, Sefa (6 September 2001). "Nâzım Kalkavan, Ian Fleming'in roman kahramanı oldu". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.

hurriyetdailynews.com

"Attack on Sept. 6–7 events photo exhibit condemned". Hurriyet. Istanbul. 9 August 2005. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
"Turkey's Greek minority irked by 'discriminatory' TV show". Hürriyet Daily News. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

in.gr

news.in.gr

"50 χρόνια μετά..το ίδιο πνεύμα" [50 years later...the same spirit] (in Greek). 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2013.

jhu.edu

muse.jhu.edu

E. G. Vallianatos (Winter 2006). "The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul (review)". Mediterranean Quarterly. 17 (1): 133–140. doi:10.1215/10474552-17-1-133. S2CID 154913600. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

levantineheritage.com

Sasanlar, Binnaz Tugba. "A Historical Panorama of an Istanbul Neighborhood: Cihancir from the Late Nineteenth Century to the 2000s" (PDF). Bogaziçi University. p. 94. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2011.

loc.gov

thomas.loc.gov

"S.RES.160 A resolution marking the anniversary of the anti-Greek pogrom in Turkey, on September 6, 1955". 104th Congress, U.S. House of Representatives, Library of Congress. 8 July 1995. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2011.

mi6.co.uk

"James Bond 007". MI6. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008. In Turkey, Fleming met the Oxford alumnus Nâzım Kalkavan whom he took a great liking to and roamed the country with. Kalkavan gave Fleming the spirit and knowledge of his upcoming novel and the characterisation of Bond's Turkish ally: Darko Kerim.

milliyet.com.tr

Dündar, Can (1 April 2007). "Özel Harp'çinin tırmanış öyküsü". Milliyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
Akgünes, Gürkan. "6–7 Eylül Sergisi'ni ülkücüler bastı". Milliyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2013.

ntv.com.tr

"Farklı kimliktekileri kovduk 'sözüne tepki". www.ntv.com.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.: "Yıllarca bu ülkede bir şeyler yapıldı. Farklı etnik kimlikte olanlar ülkemizden kovuldu. Acaba kazandık mı? Bunların üzerinde durarak bir düşünmek lazım. Ama aklıselim ile bunların üzerinde düşünülmedi. Bu aslında faşizan bir yaklaşımın neticesiydi. Bu hatalara zaman içerisinde zaman zaman biz de düştük ama aklıselim ile düşününce şuralarda ne gibi yanlışlar yaptık ki şöyle bir başımızı iki elimizin arasına aldığımızda hakikaten ne yanlışlar yapmışsınız, diyorsunuz."

ntvmsnbc.com

"6–7 Eylül sergisine saldırı". NTV-MSNBC (in Turkish). 7 September 2005. Archived from the original on 5 December 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2008.

politico.eu

Erdemir, Aykan (7 September 2016). "The Turkish Kristallnacht". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.

radikal.com.tr

Güven, Dilek (6 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül Olayları (1)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 15 September 2008.
Güven, Dilek (7 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül Olayları (2)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Güven, Dilek (8 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül Olayları (3)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
"Ergenekon davasında sıra Kemal Kerinçsiz'in". Radikal (in Turkish).

red-thread.org

Ergener, Balca (2009). "On the Exhibition "Incidents of September 6–7 on their Fiftieth Anniversary" and the Attack on the Exhibition" (PDF). Red Thread (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2013.

sabah.com.tr

arsiv.sabah.com.tr

Kilic, Ecevit (7 September 2008). "Sermaye nasıl el değiştirdi?". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 6–7 Eylül olaylarından önce İstanbul'da 135 bin Rum yaşıyordu. Sonrasında bu sayı 70 bine düştü. 1978'e gelindiğinde bu rakam 7 bindi.
Kiliç, Ecevıt (2 February 2009). "400 kadına tecavüz edildi" [400 women were raped]. Sabah newspaper. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
Aktar, Ayhan (6 September 2005). "Ellerinde sopalarla Beyoğlu'na girdiler". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Dilek Güven, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Azınlık Politikaları Bağlamında 6–7 Eylül Olayları, quoted in "20–30 kişilik organize birlikler". Sabah (in Turkish). 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Gonullu, Tayfun (1 July 2000). "6–7 Eylül üstüme kaldı". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Kilic, Ecevit (7 September 2008). "Rum komşularını yağmacılardan kurtaran Türk general". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
Kilic, Ecevit (7 September 2008). "Bombayı atan da vali oldu". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2008.

sabah.com.tr

"Erdoğan'ın sözleri Atina'da yankı buldu" [Erdogan's words echoed in Athens]. Sabah (in Turkish). 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2020. Erdogan's words about the expulsion of people with different ethnic identities were covered in the Greek press with the headline "Prime Minister made self-criticism"

salom.com.tr

Kaya, Önder (9 January 2013). "İstanbul'da Gürcü Cemaati ve Katolik Gürcü kilisesi". Şalom (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

E. G. Vallianatos (Winter 2006). "The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul (review)". Mediterranean Quarterly. 17 (1): 133–140. doi:10.1215/10474552-17-1-133. S2CID 154913600. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

sonbaski.com

"UKavukçuoğlu, Deniz (6 September 2011). "Utanç Günü" [Day of Shame]. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.

taraf.com.tr

Hür, Ayşe (7 September 2008). "6–7 Eylül'de devletin 'muhteşem örgütlenmesi'". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2008.

teori.org

ulas.teori.org

Gezgin, Ulas Basar (11 December 2007). "That Was When I realized I was Georgian!". Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2013.

todayszaman.com

"Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
Ergil, Doğu (17 September 2008). "The dark side of nationalism: Sept. 6–7 incident". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
Aslihan, Aydin. "Greek minorities in Turkey disturbed by negative profiling of Greeks in TV shows". todayszaman. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
"'Güz Sancısı' casts light on dark chapter of Turkish past". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2010.

twitter.com

Zeynalov, Mahir (5 September 2016). "Mahir Zeynalov on Twitter". Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016. Tomorrow is the 61st anniversary of Turkey's own Kristallnacht, in which Greeks, Armenians and Jews were attacked and lynched.

usf.edu

scholarcommons.usf.edu

de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). "The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2): 137–154. ISSN 1911-0359. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2015. The Septemvriana satisfies the criteria of article 2 of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) because the intent to destroy in whole or in part the Greek minority in Istanbul was demonstrably present, the pogrom having been orchestrated by the government of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Even if the number of deaths (estimated at thirty-seven) among members of the Greek community was relatively low, the result of the pogrom was the flight and emigration of the Greek minority of Istanbul, which once numbered some 100,000 and was subsequently reduced to a few thousand. The vast destruction of Greek property, businesses, and churches provides evidence of the Turkish authorities' intent to terrorize the Greeks in Istanbul into abandoning the territory, thus eliminating the Greek minority. This practice falls within the ambit of the crime of ethnic cleansing, which the UN General Assembly and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia have interpreted as constituting a form of genocide... Besides the deaths, thousands were injured; some 200 Greek women were raped, and there are reports that Greek boys were raped as well. Many Greek men, including at least one priest, were subjected to forced circumcision. The riots were accompanied by enormous material damage, estimated by Greek authorities at US$500 million, including the burning of churches and the devastation of shops and private homes. As a result of the pogrom, the Greek minority eventually emigrated from Turkey.
de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). "The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2): 138. ISSN 1911-0359. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2015.

uth.gr

demography-lab.prd.uth.gr

Tsilenisdemography-lab.prd.uth.gr Archived 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine

washingtonpost.com

Vick, Karl (30 September 2005). "In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History". The Washington post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2023.

web.archive.org

Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). "The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2): 137–154. ISSN 1911-0359. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2015. The Septemvriana satisfies the criteria of article 2 of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) because the intent to destroy in whole or in part the Greek minority in Istanbul was demonstrably present, the pogrom having been orchestrated by the government of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Even if the number of deaths (estimated at thirty-seven) among members of the Greek community was relatively low, the result of the pogrom was the flight and emigration of the Greek minority of Istanbul, which once numbered some 100,000 and was subsequently reduced to a few thousand. The vast destruction of Greek property, businesses, and churches provides evidence of the Turkish authorities' intent to terrorize the Greeks in Istanbul into abandoning the territory, thus eliminating the Greek minority. This practice falls within the ambit of the crime of ethnic cleansing, which the UN General Assembly and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia have interpreted as constituting a form of genocide... Besides the deaths, thousands were injured; some 200 Greek women were raped, and there are reports that Greek boys were raped as well. Many Greek men, including at least one priest, were subjected to forced circumcision. The riots were accompanied by enormous material damage, estimated by Greek authorities at US$500 million, including the burning of churches and the devastation of shops and private homes. As a result of the pogrom, the Greek minority eventually emigrated from Turkey.
Erdemir, Aykan (7 September 2016). "The Turkish Kristallnacht". Politico Europe. Archived from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Speros Vryonis (2005). The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul. greekworks.com. p. 225. ISBN 978-0974766034. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2016. That night, many men, shouting and screaming, were Islamized forcefully by the cruel knife. Among those circumcised, there was also a priest.
Jongerden, Joost (2021). The Routledge Handbook on Contemporary Turkey. Routledge. p. 56. ISBN 978-0-429-55906-8. Archived from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2022. In 1934 and 1955, the Thrace and Istanbul pogroms respectively, were state-sponsored attacks which were committed against non-Muslim populations as part of the Turkish government's plan to create a homogeneous Turkish nation during the post-Republican period.
Katsoulas, Spyros (2021). The United States and Greek–Turkish Relations: The Guardian's Dilemma. Routledge. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-000-51433-9. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022. In September 1955, the Turkish government orchestrated anti-Greek riots in Istanbul, amassing an angry mob for a pogrom that left tens of people dead, thousands of houses and shops destroyed, and an indelible mark on Greek–Turkish history.
Benlisoy, Foti (2008). "Anti-Greek riots of September 1955 in Constantinople (Istanbul)". Constantinople.ehw.gr. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2020. There is a general consensus that the events broke out on the government's initiative and they were organised in collaboration with the secret police
Güven, Dilek (6 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül Olayları (1)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 15 September 2008.
de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). "The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2): 138. ISSN 1911-0359. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Yaman, Ilker (17 March 2014). "The Istanbul Pogrom". We Love Istanbul. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
Tsilenisdemography-lab.prd.uth.gr Archived 9 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
Kilic, Ecevit (7 September 2008). "Sermaye nasıl el değiştirdi?". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 25 December 2008. 6–7 Eylül olaylarından önce İstanbul'da 135 bin Rum yaşıyordu. Sonrasında bu sayı 70 bine düştü. 1978'e gelindiğinde bu rakam 7 bindi.
"Foreign Ministry: 89,000 minorities live in Turkey". Today's Zaman. 15 December 2008. Archived from the original on 1 May 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2008.
"From "Denying Human Rights and Ethnic Identity" series of Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. 2 July 2006. Archived from the original on 7 July 2006.
Holland, Robert. "The Struggle for Mastery, 4 October 1955–9 March 1956 Archived 6 September 2023 at the Wayback Machine," Britain and the Revolt in Cyprus, 1954–59, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998, pp. 75–77.
Maglinis, Ilias K. (28 June 2005). "Istanbul 1955: The anatomy of a pogrom". Kathimerini. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016. The rally got out of control and resulted in a «Kristallnacht» against Greeks in Istanbul.
Zeynalov, Mahir (5 September 2016). "Mahir Zeynalov on Twitter". Archived from the original on 27 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016. Tomorrow is the 61st anniversary of Turkey's own Kristallnacht, in which Greeks, Armenians and Jews were attacked and lynched.
"Erdoğan'ın sözleri Atina'da yankı buldu" [Erdogan's words echoed in Athens]. Sabah (in Turkish). 26 May 2009. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 20 January 2020. Erdogan's words about the expulsion of people with different ethnic identities were covered in the Greek press with the headline "Prime Minister made self-criticism"
"Erdogan attacks the past, labels Kemalist ethnic cleansing Fascist". www.asianews.it. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
"Farklı kimliktekileri kovduk 'sözüne tepki". www.ntv.com.tr (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.: "Yıllarca bu ülkede bir şeyler yapıldı. Farklı etnik kimlikte olanlar ülkemizden kovuldu. Acaba kazandık mı? Bunların üzerinde durarak bir düşünmek lazım. Ama aklıselim ile bunların üzerinde düşünülmedi. Bu aslında faşizan bir yaklaşımın neticesiydi. Bu hatalara zaman içerisinde zaman zaman biz de düştük ama aklıselim ile düşününce şuralarda ne gibi yanlışlar yaptık ki şöyle bir başımızı iki elimizin arasına aldığımızda hakikaten ne yanlışlar yapmışsınız, diyorsunuz."
Moltke, Helmuth (1984). Unter dem Halbmond: Erlebnisse in der alten Türkei 1835–1839. Thienemann Edition Erdmann. p. 17. ISBN 978-3522603102. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
Kluge, Alexander (2006). Tur an Tur mit einem anderen Leben. Suhrkamp. p. 321. ISBN 978-3518418239. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
Magra, Iliana (5 November 2020). "Greeks in Istanbul keeping close eye on developments". www.ekathimerini.com. Ekathimerini. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
Mariana, Correia; Letizia, Dipasquale; Saverio, Mecca (2014). Versus: Heritage for Tomorrow. Firenze University Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-8866557418. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. p. 56. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
Güven, Dilek (7 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül Olayları (2)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Hür, Ayşe (7 September 2008). "6–7 Eylül'de devletin 'muhteşem örgütlenmesi'". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 11 September 2014. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
Güven, Dilek (8 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül Olayları (3)". Radikal (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008.
Kıvanç, Taha (8 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül'de ne oldu? (2)". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Kiliç, Ecevıt (2 February 2009). "400 kadına tecavüz edildi" [400 women were raped]. Sabah newspaper. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
Aktar, Ayhan (6 September 2005). "Ellerinde sopalarla Beyoğlu'na girdiler". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Gungor, Nasuhi (21 January 2001). "Selanik'e düşen bomba". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
Mercan, Faruk (8 September 2003). "Bombacı da, MIT elemanı da değildim". Aksiyon (in Turkish). 457. Archived from the original on 23 December 2004. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
Dilek Güven, Cumhuriyet Dönemi Azınlık Politikaları Bağlamında 6–7 Eylül Olayları, quoted in "20–30 kişilik organize birlikler". Sabah (in Turkish). 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Dündar, Can (1 April 2007). "Özel Harp'çinin tırmanış öyküsü". Milliyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
Ergil, Doğu (17 September 2008). "The dark side of nationalism: Sept. 6–7 incident". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 23 November 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
Doğuoğlu, Nazlı (4 September 2010). "55 Yıl Sonra 6–7 Eylül Olayları" [Events of September 6–7, 55 Years Later]. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
"UKavukçuoğlu, Deniz (6 September 2011). "Utanç Günü" [Day of Shame]. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
Gonullu, Tayfun (1 July 2000). "6–7 Eylül üstüme kaldı". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Kıvanç, Taha (7 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül'de ne oldu? (1)". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008. 25 seneyi bulan gazetecilik hayatımda açık veya gizli hiçbir faaliyetten geri durmadığımı herkesten evvel servisin bildiği kanaatindeyim
Karaköse, Nayat (8 September 2007). ""Annem 'Sağ Çıkamayacağız' Diyordu"..." ["My mother said 'We won't make it out alive'"....]. Bianet. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
de Zayas, Alfred. "International Law and the Istanbul Pogrom" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 April 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
Λιμπιτσιούνη, Ανθή Γ. "Το πλέγμα των ελληνοτουρκικών σχέσεων και η ελληνική μειονότητα στην Τουρκία, οι Έλληνες της Κωνσταντινούπολης της Ίμβρου και της Τενέδου" (PDF). University of Thessaloniki. pp. 22, 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2011.
"A crisis struck at the end of 1955 as political and economic restlessness culminated in the riots of September 6 in Istanbul and İzmir (ostensibly induced by the issue of Cyprus) and a subsequent political shake-up. Contributing reasons for the violence: (1) use of the Greek Orthodox Church as a political instrument by the Greek government, thus sparking latent Moslem-Christian hostilities (which were laid on top of latent Greek-Turkish national hostility); (2) the presence in Istanbul of a large, floating, unemployed, male population of village origin which sought economic gain from looting; (3) popular identification of certain Istanbul merchants of Greek ethnic extraction with hoarding, speculation, and unsavory wealth; (4) deliberate stimulation and organization of the crowds to violent ends by an unknown group. (Communists? Doubtful, none were arrested. Opposition politicians? Equally doubtful; even the government made no such charge. Prime Minister Menderes? Doubtful; the riot ran contrary to every conceivable interest of his, A group of second echelon Democrats seeking to unseat Menderes? Somewhat more likely; an effort within the party was made in December. Religious and racial fanatics? Equally likely. Possibly a combination of the last two constituted the guilty parties. In such event, criminal convictions may have been avoided because those guilty were too closely identified with the Prime Minister. An outstanding feature of the Istanbul riot: no one was killed.) In July 1961, both Menderes and Bayar were found guilty by a revolutionary tribunal of inciting the 1955 riot, but the evidence was not impressive. What was proved was that the government had planned a popular demonstration to support its position in Cyprus. A critic of the Menderes regime commented to the author in 1962 "It is now almost generally agreed that these riots were planned, organized, and started by Democratic leaders and local bosses, but developed into far beyond the original plan and intention." It seems to me most likely that the demonstration was deliberately incited to unintended violence by other parties, the identity of whom still remains undisclosed. Local authorities, knowing of the government-sponsored demonstration, apparently did not know how to respond to the violence during the first few destructive hours. But was no evidence to prove that Menderes deliberately planned the type of mass violence that in fact erupted.", Richard D. Robinson, The First Turkish Republic: a case study in national development, Harvard University Press, 1965, p. 157. Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine
E. G. Vallianatos (Winter 2006). "The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul (review)". Mediterranean Quarterly. 17 (1): 133–140. doi:10.1215/10474552-17-1-133. S2CID 154913600. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Syracuse journal of international law and commerce. 1989. p. 29. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2013. ... its interest in Cyprus at the time of the tripartite conference, planned and organized riots against its Greek citizens and residents in Istanbul and İzmir. ... Greek priests were reported circumcised, scalped, burned in bed; Greek women raped. The Greek Consulate was destroyed in İzmir. Just nine out of eighty Greek Orthodox churches in Istanbul were left undesecrated; twenty-nine were demolished.
United States. Congress (1956). Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress. U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 2 June 2013. Greek priests were reported circumcised, scalped, burned In bed; Greek women raped. Toe Greek ... Just 9 out of 80 Greek Orthodox churches In Istanbul were left undesecrated; 28 were demolished. Ghouls ...
Aziz Nesin, Salkım Salkım Asılacak Adamlar (1987) quoted in: (Vryonis, 2005, p. 225 Archived 12 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine), as quoted in: (Gilson, 2005).
"Belge İstemeyen Bahis Siteleri – 7 Güvenilir Bahis Sitesi". Archived from the original on 12 February 2007.
Chrysopoulos, Philip (6 September 2019). "September 6, 1955: The Violent Istanbul Pogrom Against Greeks". Greek Reporter. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
Vryonis, Speros (2000). The great catastrophes: Asia Minor/Smyrna – September 1922; Constantinople – September 6 & 7, 1955 : a lecture. Order of Saint Andrew the Apostle. p. 14. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 24 February 2021. ...the central cemetery at Sisli and the cemetery of the Patriarchs at Balikli. The former sustained particularly extensive destruction. Crosses and statues were knocked down, sepulchers and vaults opened and the remains of the dead removed and dispersed. At Balıklı, the sarcophaguses of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchs were desecrated.
Vick, Karl (30 September 2005). "In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History". The Washington post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
Kaplan, Sefa (6 September 2001). "Nâzım Kalkavan, Ian Fleming'in roman kahramanı oldu". Hürriyet (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
"James Bond 007". MI6. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008. In Turkey, Fleming met the Oxford alumnus Nâzım Kalkavan whom he took a great liking to and roamed the country with. Kalkavan gave Fleming the spirit and knowledge of his upcoming novel and the characterisation of Bond's Turkish ally: Darko Kerim.
Kilic, Ecevit (7 September 2008). "Rum komşularını yağmacılardan kurtaran Türk general". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
"6–7 Eylül 1955 olaylarının İzmir bilançosu" (in Turkish). yurtsuz.net. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
Ulusoy, Talat (7 September 2018). "İzmir'in '6–7 Eylül'ü". Agos (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
Ara Guler Istanbul Pogromhttp://www.tercumaniahval.com/foto-muhabiri-ara-guler/ Archived 23 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine
Kilic, Ecevit (7 September 2008). "Bombayı atan da vali oldu". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2008.
Güven, Dilek (2005). Cumhuriyet Dönemi Azınlık Politikaları ve Stratejileri Bağlamında 6–7 Eylül Olayları. Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları. pp. 36–49. ISBN 9753331967. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
Rumelili, Bahar. The European Union and Cultural Change in Greek–Turkish Relations (PDF). p. 16. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2016.
Sasanlar, Binnaz Tugba. "A Historical Panorama of an Istanbul Neighborhood: Cihancir from the Late Nineteenth Century to the 2000s" (PDF). Bogaziçi University. p. 94. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2011.
Kaya, Önder (9 January 2013). "İstanbul'da Gürcü Cemaati ve Katolik Gürcü kilisesi". Şalom (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
Gezgin, Ulas Basar (11 December 2007). "That Was When I realized I was Georgian!". Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
Ergener, Balca (2009). "On the Exhibition "Incidents of September 6–7 on their Fiftieth Anniversary" and the Attack on the Exhibition" (PDF). Red Thread (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Ozmen, Kemal (6 September 2005). "Haberlere abone ol| Eski sayfalara git RSS 6–7 Eylül Sergisine Saldırdılar". Bianet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
Akgünes, Gürkan. "6–7 Eylül Sergisi'ni ülkücüler bastı". Milliyet (in Turkish). Istanbul. Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
"50 χρόνια μετά..το ίδιο πνεύμα" [50 years later...the same spirit] (in Greek). 6 September 2005. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
"6–7 Eylül sergisine saldırı". NTV-MSNBC (in Turkish). 7 September 2005. Archived from the original on 5 December 2005. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
"Attack Video" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=towG9RF9R7o&t=2m39s Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Şahin, Dilek Güven; çeviren Bahar (2006). Cumhuriyet dönemi azınlık politikaları bağlamında : 6–7 Eylül olayları = Nationalismus, sozialer wandel und minderheitten : die ausschreitungen gegen die nichtmuslime der Türkei (6–7 september 1955) (in Turkish) (4. baskı. ed.). Istanbul: İletişim yayınları. ISBN 978-9750504365. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 23 February 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"Attack on Sept. 6–7 events photo exhibit condemned". Hurriyet. Istanbul. 9 August 2005. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
Screamers Documentary, archived from the original on 4 April 2015, retrieved 12 July 2023
Gungor, Nasuhi (22 January 2001). "Oktay Engin: Devletin ihmali var". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
"S.RES.160 A resolution marking the anniversary of the anti-Greek pogrom in Turkey, on September 6, 1955". 104th Congress, U.S. House of Representatives, Library of Congress. 8 July 1995. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
Aslihan, Aydin. "Greek minorities in Turkey disturbed by negative profiling of Greeks in TV shows". todayszaman. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
"Turkey's Greek minority irked by 'discriminatory' TV show". Hürriyet Daily News. 4 January 2013. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
"'Güz Sancısı' casts light on dark chapter of Turkish past". Today's Zaman. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
"Turkish Netflix series turns cameras on pogroms, hidden Greeks". Al-monitor. 12 January 2022. Archived from the original on 13 April 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2022.

weloveist.com

Yaman, Ilker (17 March 2014). "The Istanbul Pogrom". We Love Istanbul. Archived from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 8 September 2016.

wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Phanariotes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 346.

worldcat.org

de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). "The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2): 137–154. ISSN 1911-0359. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2015. The Septemvriana satisfies the criteria of article 2 of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (UNCG) because the intent to destroy in whole or in part the Greek minority in Istanbul was demonstrably present, the pogrom having been orchestrated by the government of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Even if the number of deaths (estimated at thirty-seven) among members of the Greek community was relatively low, the result of the pogrom was the flight and emigration of the Greek minority of Istanbul, which once numbered some 100,000 and was subsequently reduced to a few thousand. The vast destruction of Greek property, businesses, and churches provides evidence of the Turkish authorities' intent to terrorize the Greeks in Istanbul into abandoning the territory, thus eliminating the Greek minority. This practice falls within the ambit of the crime of ethnic cleansing, which the UN General Assembly and the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia have interpreted as constituting a form of genocide... Besides the deaths, thousands were injured; some 200 Greek women were raped, and there are reports that Greek boys were raped as well. Many Greek men, including at least one priest, were subjected to forced circumcision. The riots were accompanied by enormous material damage, estimated by Greek authorities at US$500 million, including the burning of churches and the devastation of shops and private homes. As a result of the pogrom, the Greek minority eventually emigrated from Turkey.
de Zayas, Alfred (August 2007). "The Istanbul Pogrom of 6–7 September 1955 in the Light of International Law". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 2 (2): 138. ISSN 1911-0359. Archived from the original on 19 May 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2015.
Vick, Karl (30 September 2005). "In Turkey, a Clash of Nationalism and History". The Washington post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
Astourian, Stephan H.; Kévorkian, Raymond H. (2021). Collective and state violence in Turkey : the construction of a national identity from empire to nation-state. New York. p. 285. ISBN 978-1789204513. OCLC 1152391341.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

yenisafak.com

Gungor, Nasuhi (21 January 2001). "Selanik'e düşen bomba". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2008.

yenisafak.com.tr

Kıvanç, Taha (8 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül'de ne oldu? (2)". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 10 December 2008.
Kıvanç, Taha (7 September 2005). "6–7 Eylül'de ne oldu? (1)". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 10 December 2008. 25 seneyi bulan gazetecilik hayatımda açık veya gizli hiçbir faaliyetten geri durmadığımı herkesten evvel servisin bildiği kanaatindeyim
Gungor, Nasuhi (22 January 2001). "Oktay Engin: Devletin ihmali var". Yeni Şafak (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2008.

youtube.com

"Attack Video" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=towG9RF9R7o&t=2m39s Archived 3 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine
Screamers Documentary, archived from the original on 4 April 2015, retrieved 12 July 2023

yurtsuz.net

"6–7 Eylül 1955 olaylarının İzmir bilançosu" (in Turkish). yurtsuz.net. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2018.