Bushkovitch 2021, p. 51, "In 1471, as he marched off to subdue Novgorod, Ivan III gave the grand princely title to that son. The young Ivan Ivanovich first appeared with the title of grand prince at this moment, when his father left him, a youth of thirteen years, in Moscow during Ivan's first Novgorod campaign". Bushkovitch, Paul (18 March 2021). Succession to the Throne in Early Modern Russia: The Transfer of Power 1450–1725. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-108-47934-9.