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Froeschner, Richard C. (1944). "Contributions to a synopsis of the Hemiptera of Missouri, pt. III. Lygaeidae, Pyrrhocoridae, Piesmidae, Tingididae, Enicocephalidae, Phymatidae, Ploriaridae, Reduviidae, Nabidae". American Midland Naturalist. 31 (3): 638–683. doi:10.2307/2421413. JSTOR2421413.