Japanese grammar (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Japanese grammar" in English language version.

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The Typology of Adjectival Predication, Harrie Wetzer, p. 311
The Art of Grammar: A Practical Guide, Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, p. 96

cbbforum.com

"Closed and open classes in Natlangs (Especially Japanese)". 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.

doi.org

Dixon, R. M. W. (1 January 1977). "Where Have all the Adjectives Gone?". Studies in Language. 1 (1): 19–80. doi:10.1075/sl.1.1.04dix.

groups-beta.google.com

Bart Mathias. Discussion of pronoun reference constraints on sci.lang.japan.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

早津, 恵美子 (1 December 1987). 壇辻正剛; 楢崎勝則 (eds.). "Taiō suru tadōshi no aru jidōshi no imiteki tōgoteki tokuchō" 対応する他動詞のある自動詞の意味的・統語的特徴 [Semantic and syntactic characteristics of intransitive verbs that have corresponding transitive verbs] (PDF). 論文. Gengogaku kenkyū 言語学研究 [Linguistic Research] (in Japanese). 6. 京都大学言語学研究会 (Kyōto daigaku gengogaku kenkyūkai) [Kyoto University Linguistics Circle]: 79–109. hdl:2433/87929. ISSN 0915-6178. NAID 120001712186. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

itmedia.co.jp

nlab.itmedia.co.jp

"「ディスる」「タクる」は70%が聞いたことがないと回答国語世論調査で判明" [70% of Japanese people have never heard of the words taku-ru and disu-ru.]. Retrieved 20 January 2016.

japaneselevelup.com

Adam (18 July 2011). "Homage to る(ru), The Magical Verbifier". Japanese Level Up.

kotobank.jp

Without explicit furigana in this particular source, this pronunciation was inferred from pronunciations in other sources that treated hinshi as part of a sequence of numeral+counter+noun, in which case hin (品) was a counter for the noun shi (詞). Examples included jippinshi (十（じつ）品（ぴん）詞（し）) and happinshi (八（はつ）品（ぴん）詞（し）), happinshi (八（ハツ）品（ピン）詞（シ）), happinshi (八（はつ）品（ぴん）詞（し）), ハツピンシ（八品詞）, ハッピンシ（八品詞）. Current dictionaries treat hinshi as a full-fledged noun, hence hachihinshi (八（はち）品（ひん）詞（し）).

kyoto-u.ac.jp

repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp

早津, 恵美子 (1 December 1987). 壇辻正剛; 楢崎勝則 (eds.). "Taiō suru tadōshi no aru jidōshi no imiteki tōgoteki tokuchō" 対応する他動詞のある自動詞の意味的・統語的特徴 [Semantic and syntactic characteristics of intransitive verbs that have corresponding transitive verbs] (PDF). 論文. Gengogaku kenkyū 言語学研究 [Linguistic Research] (in Japanese). 6. 京都大学言語学研究会 (Kyōto daigaku gengogaku kenkyūkai) [Kyoto University Linguistics Circle]: 79–109. hdl:2433/87929. ISSN 0915-6178. NAID 120001712186. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

ndl.go.jp

dl.ndl.go.jp

Without explicit furigana in this particular source, this pronunciation was inferred from pronunciations in other sources that treated hinshi as part of a sequence of numeral+counter+noun, in which case hin (品) was a counter for the noun shi (詞). Examples included jippinshi (十（じつ）品（ぴん）詞（し）) and happinshi (八（はつ）品（ぴん）詞（し）), happinshi (八（ハツ）品（ピン）詞（シ）), happinshi (八（はつ）品（ぴん）詞（し）), ハツピンシ（八品詞）, ハッピンシ（八品詞）. Current dictionaries treat hinshi as a full-fledged noun, hence hachihinshi (八（はち）品（ひん）詞（し）).
Translated by the author as intensive.
Translated by the author as adjective. As this is a revised edition of the 1924 grammar, fukutaishi was intended as a replacement for the confusing unorthodox use of keiyōshi (形容詞) as meaning "attributives." As for keiyōshi (形容詞) as meaning "adjectives," "adjectival verbs" (形容動詞, keiyō dōshi) is used instead.
長, 連恒 (December 1908). 日本語𭓘史 (in Japanese). Hakubunkan. p. 68.
小𭓘敎則 (in Japanese). Izumoji Manjirō. July 1872.
Tanaka, Yoshikado (January 1874). 小學日本文典 (in Japanese). 雁金屋清吉. p. 2.
Tanaka, Yoshikado (2 November 1877). 日本小文典 (in Japanese). p. 7.
Nakane, Kiyoshi (March 1876). 日本文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Moriya Jihee. p. 27.
Yasuda, Keisai (January 1877). Tanaka, Yoshikado (ed.). 日本小學文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. p. 7.
Hori, Hidenari (September 1877). 日本語學階梯 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Nagai Naokoto. p. 7.
Nakajima, Misao, ed. (January 1879). 小學文法書 (in Japanese). Banshōdō. p. 15.
Ōya, Tōru (17 January 1880). 語格指南 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Hara Ryōzaburō. p. 1.
Ōya, Tōru (28 March 1899). 國語溯原 (in Japanese).
Chamberlain, Basil Hall (8 April 1887). 日本小文典 (in Japanese). Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture. p. 3.
Ōtsuki, Fumihiko (5 May 1889). 日本辭書言海 (in Japanese). p. 6.
Ōtsuki, Fumihiko (9 January 1897). 廣日本文典 (in Japanese). p. 49.
Ochiai, Naobumi; Konakamura, Yoshitaka (5 December 1890). 中等教育日本文典 (in Japanese). Nihondō.
Ochiai, Naobumi (16 May 1893). 普通日本文典 (in Japanese). Matsumura Kyūbee.
Ochiai, Naobumi (26 March 1895). 日本大文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Hakubunkan. pp. 1–2.
Ochiai, Naobumi (28 February 1897). 日本大文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 4. Hakubunkan. p. 1.
Ochiai, Naobumi (5 July 1915). 普通文典 (in Japanese). Shūgakudō.
Tejima, Haruji (15 May 1891) [26 December 1890]. Miyake, Yonekichi (ed.). 日本文法敎科書 (in Japanese) (2nd ed.). Kinkōdō. p. 2.
Tejima, Haruji (26 September 1899). Miyake, Yonekichi (ed.). 新撰日本文典 (in Japanese). Kinkōdō. p. 36.
Takada, Utarō (21 March 1899). Inoue, Yorikuni; Henmi, Chūzaburō (eds.). 中等國文典 (in Japanese). Yoshikawa Hanshichi. pp. 26–27.
Ōwada, Takeki (16 April 1891). 和文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Chūōdō. p. 2.
Ōwada, Takeki; Koyama, Sakunosuke (3 November 1901). 日本文典唱歌 (in Japanese). Keihatsusha. p. 2.
Takatsu, Kuwasaburō (22 June 1891). 日本中文典 (in Japanese). Kinkōdō.
Okakura, Yoshisaburō (24 June 1891). 日本新文典 (in Japanese). Fuzanbō. p. 28.
Hayama, Hisanori (October 1891). 普通教育和文初學 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Matsumura Kyūbee. p. 26.
Hirata, Moritane (1893). 小野村, 胤信 (ed.). 國語學教授書 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. 小坂書店. p. 9.
Shinbo, Iwaji (25 July 1897) [29 March 1896]. 中學國文典 (in Japanese) (revised ed.). Kinkōdō. pp. 10–11.
Shiratori, Kikuji (23 December 1893). 雅文俗文作文語格 (in Japanese). Eisai Shinshi Sha.
Shiratori, Kikuji; Ochiai, Naobumi (15 April 1898). 中等敎育新撰日本文典 (in Japanese). Eisai Shinshi Sha. pp. 1–2.
Matsushita, Daizaburō; Miyamoto, Shizuka (19 April 1898). 日本文典 (in Japanese). 中等学科教授法研究会. p. 5.
Matsushita, Daizaburō (15 August 1901) [27 April 1901]. 日本俗語文典 (in Japanese) (revised ed.). Seishidō. p. 7.
Matsushita, Daizaburō (31 December 1924). 標準日本文法 (in Japanese). Kigensha. p. 179.
Matsushita, Daizaburō (25 April 1928). 改撰標準日本文法 (in Japanese). Kigensha. pp. 189–190.
Morishita, Matsue (15 March 1900). 中學國文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. 普及舎. p. 38.
Matsudaira, Shizuka; Matsushita, Daizaburō (15 December 1900). 新編日本文典 (in Japanese). Seishidō. p. 22.
Matsudaira, Shizuka (1 January 1908). 文法及作文 (in Japanese). Ikubundō. pp. 2–3.
Mitsuchi, Chūzō (26 February 1901). 中等國文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Fuzanbō. pp. 46–47.
Kanai, Yasuzō (22 July 1901). 日本俗語文典 (in Japanese). Hōeikan. pp. 45–46.
Ishikawa, Kuraji (10 August 1901). はなしことばのきそく (in Japanese). Kinkōdō. p. 139.
Suzuki, Nobuyuki (10 September 1902). 日本文法 (in Japanese). Kōfūkan. pp. 20–21.
Suzuki, Nobuyuki (1 January 1904). 日本口語典 (in Japanese). 大日本普通學講習會出版部. p. 40.
Suzuki, Nobuyuki (2 April 1906). 日本口語文典 (in Japanese). Hakubunkan. p. 47.
Haga, Yaichi (24 February 1905). 中等教科明治文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Fuzanbō. p. 49.
Yoshioka, Kyōsuke (21 January 1906). 日本口語法 (in Japanese). Dainippon Tosho. pp. 1–6.
Yoshioka, Kyōsuke (26 April 1933). 日本口語法 (in Japanese) (Shōwa ed.). Tōyō Tosho. pp. 1–3.
Mitsuya, Shigematsu (15 December 1908). 高等日本文法 (in Japanese). Meiji Shoin. pp. 32–34.
Hoshina, Kōichi (1909). 日本口語法 (in Japanese). Waseda University.
Hoshina, Kōichi (6 October 1917). 大正日本文法 (in Japanese). Ikuei Shoin. p. 114.
Tsuge, Zenzō (1 February 1916). 日本新文典 (in Japanese). 小坂書店. p. 33.
Yamada, Yoshio; Utsumi, Kōzō (7 February 1918) [30 October 1917]. 中等國文法教科書 (in Japanese). Vol. 1 (revised ed.). Hōbunkan. p. 9.
Yamada, Yoshio (23 September 1922) [25 February 1922]. 日本文法講義 (in Japanese) (revised ed.). Hōbunkan. p. 11.
Yamada, Yoshio (28 November 1922). 日本口語法講義 (in Japanese). Hōbunkan. p. 10.
Fujimura, Tsukuru; Shimazu, Hisamoto (20 August 1926) [15 September 1921]. 大正日本文法 (in Japanese) (3rd ed.). Shibundō. p. 13.
Yoshizawa, Yoshinori (25 June 1923). 中等新國文典別記 (in Japanese). Shūbunkan. p. 21.
Hashimoto, Shinkichi (13 March 1935). 新文典別記上級用 (in Japanese). Fuzanbō. p. 7.
Hamada, Kenjirō (1887). 副假字法規 (in Japanese). Tetsugaku Shoin. p. 18.
Ōwada, Takeki (April 1891). 和文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Chūōdō. p. 37.
Ōtsuki, Fumihiko (1897). 廣日本文典別記 (in Japanese). p. 80.
萩井, 重次 (February 1893). 尋常高等教授細目及教授法 (in Japanese). 盛文館. p. 97.
Ochiai, Naobumi (26 March 1895). 日本大文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 2. Hakubunkan. pp. 27–28.
Haga, Yaichi (24 February 1905). 中等教科明治文典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Fuzanbō. p. 35.
Matsushita, Daizaburō (31 December 1924). 標準日本文法. Kigensha. p. 290.
Matsushita, Daizaburō (25 April 1928). 改撰標準日本文法. Kigensha. p. 323.
Matsushita, Daizaburō (27 February 1930). 標準日本口語法. Chūbunkan Shoten. p. 59.

nii.ac.jp

tsukuba.repo.nii.ac.jp

Morita, Shingo (26 July 2021). 「学校文法」成立過程における指導内容の生成と収斂 (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy in Education thesis) (in Japanese). University of Tsukuba. 10.15068/0002000707.

ci.nii.ac.jp

早津, 恵美子 (1 December 1987). 壇辻正剛; 楢崎勝則 (eds.). "Taiō suru tadōshi no aru jidōshi no imiteki tōgoteki tokuchō" 対応する他動詞のある自動詞の意味的・統語的特徴 [Semantic and syntactic characteristics of intransitive verbs that have corresponding transitive verbs] (PDF). 論文. Gengogaku kenkyū 言語学研究 [Linguistic Research] (in Japanese). 6. 京都大学言語学研究会 (Kyōto daigaku gengogaku kenkyūkai) [Kyoto University Linguistics Circle]: 79–109. hdl:2433/87929. ISSN 0915-6178. NAID 120001712186. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

researchmap.jp

平山, 仁美. "Rising Declaratives in Japanese" (PDF). researchmap.jp. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.

sheepdogdesign.net

kimallen.sheepdogdesign.net

Allen, Kim (2000). "Verbs, Part II". Japanese for the Western Brain. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2025.

sljfaq.org

Bullock, Ben, ed. (n.d.) [First version likely published in 1994]. "What are the personal pronouns of Japanese?". sci.lang.japan Frequently Asked Questions. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
Bullock, Ben, ed. (n.d.) [First version likely published in 1994]. "What's the difference between hajimeru and hajimaru?". sci.lang.japan Frequently Asked Questions. Archived from the original on 4 May 2025. Retrieved 12 July 2025.

stackexchange.com

japanese.stackexchange.com

"morphology - Characteristics of 'loan word root + る' verbs - Japanese Language StackExchange". Retrieved 27 January 2025.

linguistics.stackexchange.com

Languages with different open and closed word classes

tofugu.com

Stainton, Jenny (7 July 2020). "は and が: What's the Difference Between These Japanese Particles, Really?". Tofugu. Retrieved 29 May 2025. The murkiness surrounding the Japanese particles は (ha/wa) and が (ga) is often picked out as the most confusing area of Japanese study, and it continues to be confusing right the way through from beginner to advanced level.

web.archive.org

"Closed and open classes in Natlangs (Especially Japanese)". 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
平山, 仁美. "Rising Declaratives in Japanese" (PDF). researchmap.jp. Archived from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.
Bullock, Ben, ed. (n.d.) [First version likely published in 1994]. "What's the difference between hajimeru and hajimaru?". sci.lang.japan Frequently Asked Questions. Archived from the original on 4 May 2025. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
Allen, Kim (2000). "Verbs, Part II". Japanese for the Western Brain. Archived from the original on 10 August 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2025.
早津, 恵美子 (1 December 1987). 壇辻正剛; 楢崎勝則 (eds.). "Taiō suru tadōshi no aru jidōshi no imiteki tōgoteki tokuchō" 対応する他動詞のある自動詞の意味的・統語的特徴 [Semantic and syntactic characteristics of intransitive verbs that have corresponding transitive verbs] (PDF). 論文. Gengogaku kenkyū 言語学研究 [Linguistic Research] (in Japanese). 6. 京都大学言語学研究会 (Kyōto daigaku gengogaku kenkyūkai) [Kyoto University Linguistics Circle]: 79–109. hdl:2433/87929. ISSN 0915-6178. NAID 120001712186. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2025.

weblio.jp

"-tachi (達)" たち【▽達】. "Tachi" no imi ya tsukaikata 「達」の意味や使い方 [The meaning and usage of "-tachi"]. Dejitaru daijisen デジタル大辞泉 (in Japanese). Shōgakukan 小学館. Retrieved 26 June 2025 – via Weblio辞書 by GRAS Group. Chikagoro 'dōgutachi' no yō ni mono ni 'tachi' o tsukeru koto ga mirareruga, kore wa tadashī tsukaikata to wa ienai. 近ごろ「道具たち」のように物に「たち」を付けることがみられるが、これは正しい使い方とはいえない。 [These days, it can be seen that '-tachi' can be suffixed to [terms for] items, as in 'tool-tachi', but this is not a correct way to use [it].]

worldcat.org

search.worldcat.org

早津, 恵美子 (1 December 1987). 壇辻正剛; 楢崎勝則 (eds.). "Taiō suru tadōshi no aru jidōshi no imiteki tōgoteki tokuchō" 対応する他動詞のある自動詞の意味的・統語的特徴 [Semantic and syntactic characteristics of intransitive verbs that have corresponding transitive verbs] (PDF). 論文. Gengogaku kenkyū 言語学研究 [Linguistic Research] (in Japanese). 6. 京都大学言語学研究会 (Kyōto daigaku gengogaku kenkyūkai) [Kyoto University Linguistics Circle]: 79–109. hdl:2433/87929. ISSN 0915-6178. NAID 120001712186. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 May 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2025.