Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) (English Wikipedia)

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Lee 1997, p. 108 "Thus the Korea–Japan War of 1592–1598 came to a conclusion, with the Japanese totally defeated and in full-scale retreat. The Korean victory did not come easily." Lee, Kenneth B (1997). Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 108. ISBN 978-0275958237. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
Turnbull 2002, p. 227 "Out of 500 Japanese ships only 50 survived to limp home." Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Hawley 2005, p. 269. Hawley, Samuel (2005), The Imjin War, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, ISBN 978-8995442425, LCCN 2006295599, OCLC 64027936
Hawley 2005, p. 148. Hawley, Samuel (2005), The Imjin War, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, ISBN 978-8995442425, LCCN 2006295599, OCLC 64027936
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Turnbull 2002, p. 230. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 222. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 137–143, 204–227. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 134 "(Korean) war minister Yi Hang-bok pointed out that assistance from China was the only way Korea could survive." Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 222 "The Chinese Ming forces retreated with 30,000 losses" Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 225–236. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
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Rockstein 1993, pp. 7, 10–11. Rockstein, Edward D. (1993), Strategic And Operational Aspects of Japan's Invasions of Korea 1592–1598, Naval War College
Howe 1996, p. 337. Howe, Christopher (1996). The Origins of Japanese Trade Supremacy: Development and Technology in Asia. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-35485-7. LCCN 95003400. OCLC 1231685345. OL 1272121M.
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Turnbull 2002, p. 11. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 13. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Rockstein 1993, p. 23. Rockstein, Edward D. (1993), Strategic And Operational Aspects of Japan's Invasions of Korea 1592–1598, Naval War College
Rockstein 1993, p. 37. Rockstein, Edward D. (1993), Strategic And Operational Aspects of Japan's Invasions of Korea 1592–1598, Naval War College
Rockstein 1993, p. 24. Rockstein, Edward D. (1993), Strategic And Operational Aspects of Japan's Invasions of Korea 1592–1598, Naval War College
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Turnbull 2002, p. 34. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
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Perrin 1979, p. 27. Perrin, Noel (1979). Giving up the gun: Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543–1879. Boston: David R Godine. ISBN 978-0879237738.
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Rockstein 1993, p. 26. Rockstein, Edward D. (1993), Strategic And Operational Aspects of Japan's Invasions of Korea 1592–1598, Naval War College
Turnbull 2002, p. 9. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 35–36. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 22. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 187. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 26. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 15. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 16. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 17–18. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 20. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 40. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 42. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
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Hawley 2005, pp. 3–7. Hawley, Samuel (2005), The Imjin War, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, ISBN 978-8995442425, LCCN 2006295599, OCLC 64027936
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Turnbull 2002, pp. 53–54. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
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Turnbull 2002, pp. 57–58. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
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asiae.co.kr

Lee Hyeon-woo (13 February 2018). 조선군은 정말 '포졸복'만 입고 싸웠을까요? [Did the Joseon army really fight wearing only 'possession uniforms'?]. asia gyeongje (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-03-26.

books.google.com

Perez 2013, p. 141 "Korean and Chinese forces were able to hold off the Japanese troops and confine the fighting to the southern provinces." Perez, Louis (2013). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598847413.
Turnbull 2012, p. 17 "His naval victories were to prove decisive in the Japanese defeat, although Yi was to die during his final battle in 1598." Turnbull, Stephen (2012). The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1782007128. Retrieved 2015-05-02.^{[permanent dead link]}
Perez 2013, p. 140 "Just as a complete Japanese victory appeared imminent, Admiral Yi entered the war and quickly turned the tide." Perez, Louis (2013). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1598847413.
Lewis 2014, pp. 60–61 "The righteous armies that appeared in 1592 smashed the local rule distributed across Korea's eight provinces by the Japanese military. The righteous army activities were one of the most important factors for the frustration of the Toyotomi regime's ambition to subjugate Ming China and extend dominion over Korea." Lewis, James (5 December 2014). The East Asian War, 1592–1598: International Relations, Violence and Memory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317662747. OCLC 1100699443. OL 39528589M. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
Tucker 2009, p. 881 "These [Korean] victories led the Japanese to send naval reinforcements... The next day, he captured 12 Japanese ships and sank more than 40 others off Hansan-do" Tucker, Spencer (2009). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851096725.
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chf.or.kr

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choongmoogongleesoonsin.co.kr

충무공 이순신. 제 4차 부산포 승첩을 아뢰는 계본, 만력 20년(1592) 9월 17일 [Admiral Yi Sun-sin. Report announcing the 4th Busanpo victory, September 17, 1592] (in Korean). Retrieved 2024-03-27. 壬辰狀草 화살을 맞아 죽은 왜적으로서 토굴속에 끌고 들어간 놈은 그 수를 헤아릴 수 없었으나, 배를 깨뜨리는 것이 급하여 머리를 벨 수는 없었습니다(만력 20년(1592) 9월 17일); lit. The number of Japanese pirates who were killed by arrows and dragged into the cave was innumerable, but they could not cut off their heads because they were in a hurry to destroy the ship (September 17, 20th year of Manrye (1592))

doi.org

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Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 23, June 8, Article 3 "Each village should also have weapons manufacturing facilities, and the managers of each village should make weapons according to the government's style, but each generation should be given one pitch, one armor or one eomsimgap, three-fifths of a bow, and two-fifths of a spear to inspect them according to what they have prepared at all times.". "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 17, September 1, Article 4. "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 38, June 7, Article 2 (1605) 上曰: "與我國人何如? 或曰: ‘倭不能馬戰’ 云, 然耶?" 時言曰: "馬戰亦非極難之事。倭賊初則不能, 終亦能之矣。" 上曰: "倭賊不能射, 而人莫敢敵, 何?" 時言曰: "我國人見賊, 則先潰以走爲能事。將則雖不忠, 畏有軍律, 不敢先走。軍之走者, 不可勝誅, 惟其不可勝誅, 是以走耳。倭賊雖不能射, 兩矢之間, 忽焉到前, 我國之人雖曰善射, 遠則不中, 近則倭劍可畏。發矢之後, 恐其短兵來接, 未得發矢, 射亦不足恃矣。倭雖善用劍, 我國人若持劍而進, 則可以敵矣。我國人則不能如此, 皆以走爲善策, 走且不及, 則爲賊所殺。賊見我國之人, 或走或死, 樂爲之赴戰。是以, 倭之氣增長; 我之氣沮喪矣。; "It said: "How are they like the people of our country? Or, 'Japanese can't fight on horseback', but that's right?" At that time, he said: "It's not extremely difficult to fight on horseback. The Japanese thieves were unable to do it at the beginning, but they were able to do it in the end." "It said: "Japanese thieves can't shoot, but no one dares to fight, so why?" Shi Yan said: "When our people see thieves, they will break up and run away first. Dare to go first. Those who move in the army cannot be defeated and punished, but they cannot be defeated and executed, so they move their ears. Although the Japanese thieves cannot shoot, they will suddenly come forward between the two arrows. Although our people are said to be good at shooting, they will miss at a distance. , the Japanese swords are formidable if they are close. After firing the arrow, they may be attacked by short soldiers. If the arrow is not fired, the shot will not be reliable. Although the Japanese are good at using swords, if our people advance with swords, they can defeat the enemy. Our country People can't do this. They all use walking as a good strategy. If they can't make it, they will be killed by thieves. When thieves see the people of our country walking or dying, they are happy to fight for them. Therefore, the Japanese spirit increases; my spirit becomes depressed. That’s it.". "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 29, January 24, Article 3 (1596) "變初, 以申砬爲都巡察使, 領大軍, 禦賊于鳥嶺。砬不爲據險把截之計, 迎入於平原廣野, 左右彌滿, 曾未交鋒, 而十萬精兵, 一敗塗地。; "At the beginning of the revolution, Shen Li was appointed as the patrol envoy of the capital, leading a large army to defend against thieves in Bird Ridge. Li didn't use the plan of taking advantage of the dangers, and marched into the plains and vast fields, filled with people on the left and right. There was no confrontation, but one hundred thousand elite soldiers were completely defeated."". "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 25, October 1, Article 10 (1592). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 26, February 16, Article 14 (1593). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 26, January 26, Article 5 (1593). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 25, August 1, Article 2 (1592). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 26, August 1, Article 6 (1593). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 25, May 29, Article 8 (1592). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 26, January1, Article 2 (1593). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 30, September 1, Article 2 (1597). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 30, October 13, Article 6 (1597) 靈光避亂儒生李洪鍾等船隻, 忠淸營前浦到泊, 問水路賊勢, 則洪鍾言內, 在海中時, 連遇上來鮑作人, 詳問下道賊勢, 則賊船或三四隻, 或八九隻, 入靈光以下諸島, 殺擄極慘, 靈光地有避亂船七隻, 無遺陷沒。; "Lingguang avoided the chaos of the Confucian scholar Li Hongzhong and other ships, and arrived at the pier in front of the Zhongqing camp. He asked about the thieves' situation on the waterway, and Hong Zhong said that when they were in the sea, Lian met Bao Zuoren. Four, or eight or nine, entered the islands below Lingguang, and were brutally killed and captured. There were seven boats that escaped the chaos in Lingguang, and all of them were sunk.". "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 31, February 11, Article 4 (1598) 退泊于務安地, 連日焚蕩; "He retreated to Mu'an and burned for days.". "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 31, January 14, Article 7 (1598). "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 31, November 24, Article 4 (1598) 軍門都監啓曰: "卽者陳提督差官入來曰: ‘賊船一百隻捕捉, 二百隻燒破, 斬首五百級, 生擒一百八十餘名。溺死者, 時未浮出, 故不知其數。李總兵一定死了云。敢啓。" 傳曰: "知道。"; "According to Chen Lin, Our army captured [approximately] 100 enemy ships, destroyed [approximately] 200 ships, beheaded 500 enemy soldiers, and caught 180-plus soldiers alive. The number of drowned enemy soldiers is unknown, because they have not all sunk.)"". "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History
Veritable Records of Seonjo, Year 25, April 14, Article 28 (1592) "都城宮省火。車駕將出, 都中有姦民, 先入內帑庫, 爭取寶物者。已而駕出, 亂民大起, 先焚掌隷院、刑曹, 以二局公、私奴婢文籍所在也。遂大掠宮省、倉庫, 仍放火滅迹。景福、昌德、昌慶三宮, 一時俱燼。昌慶宮卽順懷世子嬪欑宮所在也。歷代寶玩及文武樓、弘文館所藏書籍、春秋館各朝《實錄》、他庫所藏前朝史草、【修《高麗史》時所草。】《承政院日記》, 皆燒盡無遺。內外倉庫、各署所藏, 竝被盜先焚。臨海君家、兵曹判書洪汝諄家亦被焚, 以二家常時號多畜財故也。留都大將斬數人以警衆, 亂民屯聚, 不能禁。"; "The capital palace saves fire. As the chariots were about to leave, there were traitors in the capital. Those who entered the treasury first to seize the treasures. As soon as they left, a large number of people broke out. They first burned the Zhangliyuan and the Xingcao, as well as the two bureaus where the public and private slaves and maids had their documents. Then they looted the palace, provinces and warehouses, and set fire to destroy any traces. The three palaces of Gyeongbok, Changdeok, and Changgyeong were all destroyed in an instant. Changgyeong Palace is also where the concubine palace of Prince Shunhuai is located. Historical treasures and books collected in Wenwu Building and Hongwen Hall, "Records" of each dynasty in Chunqiu Hall, historical manuscripts of previous dynasties collected in Taku, and "History of Goryeo" compiled during the compilation. 】"Diary of Seungjeongyuan", all burned. They were stored in internal and external warehouses and departments, and were stolen and burned first. Linhai Jun's family and Bingcao Banshu's Hong Ruzhen's family were also burned, because the two families often had many animals and wealth. The general who stayed in the capital beheaded several people to police the crowd, and the people gathered in disorder and could not be restrained.". "Veritable Records of Seonjo", Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty (in Korean and Literary Chinese), 1567–1608, retrieved 2024-03-26 – via National Institute of Korean History

db.history.go.kr

沿海의 貢物과 負役에 관한 병폐, 水軍將令에게만 갑옷과 투구 착용, 御營軍에게 保人 지급, 漕軍의 役, 세금 징수의 민폐에 관한 일에 대한 備邊司의 啓 [The problem of goods and duties in the coastal waters, the wearing of armor and helmets only for water soldiers, the provision of guards to subordinate soldiers, the role of marine soldiers, and the nuisance of tax collection, were discussed by the Ministry of Finance.] (in Korean). 1649. Retrieved 2024-03-26 – via Joseon Dynasty Historical Records Database, National Institute of Korean History.

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Kim 2012, pp. 237–239. Kim, Kyong tae (2012). "A Study on the Movements of Kato Kiyomasa in the Early Days of Imjin War ― A crisis in military merits and the possibility of peace negotiations" 임진전쟁 전반기, 가토 기요마사(加藤淸正)의 동향 - 戰功의 위기와 講和交涉으로의 가능성. 대동문화연구 [Daedong Culture Research] (in Korean and English) (77). Sungkyunkwan University Daedong Culture Research Institute: 223–268. doi:10.18219/ddmh..77.201203.223.
Kim 2012, pp. 242–243. Kim, Kyong tae (2012). "A Study on the Movements of Kato Kiyomasa in the Early Days of Imjin War ― A crisis in military merits and the possibility of peace negotiations" 임진전쟁 전반기, 가토 기요마사(加藤淸正)의 동향 - 戰功의 위기와 講和交涉으로의 가능성. 대동문화연구 [Daedong Culture Research] (in Korean and English) (77). Sungkyunkwan University Daedong Culture Research Institute: 223–268. doi:10.18219/ddmh..77.201203.223.

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Lewis 2014, pp. 60–61 "The righteous armies that appeared in 1592 smashed the local rule distributed across Korea's eight provinces by the Japanese military. The righteous army activities were one of the most important factors for the frustration of the Toyotomi regime's ambition to subjugate Ming China and extend dominion over Korea." Lewis, James (5 December 2014). The East Asian War, 1592–1598: International Relations, Violence and Memory. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317662747. OCLC 1100699443. OL 39528589M. Retrieved 2015-05-02.
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Swope 2005, p. 21. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Lewis 2004. Lewis, James B. (2004). "The Book of Corrections: Reflections on the National Crisis during the Japanese Invasion of Korea, 1592–1598. By Sôngnyong Yu. Translated by Choi Byonghyon. Berkeley: Institute of East Asian Studies". The Journal of Asian Studies. 63 (2): 524–526. doi:10.1017/S0021911804001378. S2CID 162820194.
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Swope 2005, p. 32. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 30. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 29. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 37. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 38. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 26. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 28. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 24. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Brown 1948, p. 252. Brown, Delmer M. (May 1948), "The Impact of Firearms on Japanese Warfare, 1543–1598", The Far Eastern Quarterly, 7 (3): 236–253, doi:10.2307/2048846, JSTOR 2048846, S2CID 162924328
Brown 1948, p. 243. Brown, Delmer M. (May 1948), "The Impact of Firearms on Japanese Warfare, 1543–1598", The Far Eastern Quarterly, 7 (3): 236–253, doi:10.2307/2048846, JSTOR 2048846, S2CID 162924328
Swope 2005, p. 13. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2002, p. 757. Swope, Kenneth M. (December 2002), "Deceit, Disguise, and Dependence: China, Japan, and the Future of the Tributary System, 1592–1596", The International History Review, 24 (4): 757–782, doi:10.1080/07075332.2002.9640980, ISSN 0707-5332, S2CID 154827808
Swope 2002, p. 781. Swope, Kenneth M. (December 2002), "Deceit, Disguise, and Dependence: China, Japan, and the Future of the Tributary System, 1592–1596", The International History Review, 24 (4): 757–782, doi:10.1080/07075332.2002.9640980, ISSN 0707-5332, S2CID 154827808
Swope 2002, pp. 758–759. Swope, Kenneth M. (December 2002), "Deceit, Disguise, and Dependence: China, Japan, and the Future of the Tributary System, 1592–1596", The International History Review, 24 (4): 757–782, doi:10.1080/07075332.2002.9640980, ISSN 0707-5332, S2CID 154827808
Kim 1998, p. 55. Kim, Yung-sik (1998), "Problems and Possibilities in the Study of the History of Korean Science", Osiris, 2nd Series, 13: 48–79, doi:10.1086/649280, ISSN 0369-7827, JSTOR 301878, S2CID 143724260
Swope 2005, p. 16. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 12. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 14. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
Swope 2005, p. 15. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515

skku.edu

sjeas.skku.edu

Swope 2006, p. 180 "A prolonged and bizarre period of peace talks then followed, with both the Chinese and Japanese negotiators deceiving their respective governments even as the Koreans were largely kept out of the process." Swope, Kenneth M. (2006), "Beyond Turtleboats: Siege Accounts from Hideyoshi's Second Invasion of Korea, 1597–1598", Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies, 6 (2), Academy of East Asian Studies: 177–206, ISSN 1598-2661
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wikisource.org

en.wikisource.org

History of Ming, Chapter 322: Japan. "前後七載，喪師數十萬，糜餉數百萬，中朝與朝鮮迄無勝算" (For seven years, hundreds of thousands of soldiers were killed, and millions have been spent. There were no chances of victory in China and Korea.) Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 320. "士卒物故者二萬." (20000 losses) Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. "官軍乃退駐開城" (The officers and soldiers retreated to Kaicheng) Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. 遂複開城; "Then Kaicheng was restored" Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. 官軍既連勝，有輕敵心二十七日再進師。朝鮮人以賊棄王京告。如松信之，將輕騎趨碧蹄館。; "Since the officers and soldiers had won consecutive victories, they were determined to underestimate the enemy and marched into the division again on the 27th. The Koreans accused Wang Jing of abandoning him. If Song Xinzhi rides lightly, he will ride towards the Blue Toe Pavilion." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238:Li Rusong. 將輕騎趨碧蹄館。距王京三十裏，猝遇倭，圍數重。如松督部下鏖戰。一金甲倭搏如松急，指揮李有聲殊死救，被殺。如柏、寧等奮前夾擊，如梅射金甲倭墜馬，楊元兵亦至，斫重圍入，倭乃退，官軍喪失甚多。會天久雨，騎入稻畦中不得逞。倭背嶽山，面漢水，聯營城中，廣樹飛樓，箭砲不絕，官軍乃退駐開城。; "Will Qingqi ride towards Bi Tie Pavilion. Thirty miles away from Wangjing, we suddenly encountered Japanese invaders and surrounded them heavily. Such as Songdu's subordinates fighting fiercely. A golden-armored Japanese warrior was in a hurry, and he commanded Li Yousheng to save him with all his might, but was killed. Rubai, Ning and others stepped forward to attack. Rumei shot the golden-armored Japanese and fell off their horses. Yang Yuan's soldiers also arrived and surrounded them heavily. The Japanese retreated and the officers and soldiers lost a lot. It will be raining for a long time, and riding into the rice field will not succeed. Wobeiyue Mountain faces the Han River. In the Lianying City, there are trees and flying towers, and there are endless arrows and cannons. The officers and soldiers retreated to Kaicheng." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. 聞倭將平秀嘉據龍山倉，積粟數十萬，密令大受率死士從間焚之。倭遂乏食。; "Hearing that the Japanese general Ping Xiujia had occupied Longshan Cang and accumulated hundreds of thousands of grains, he secretly ordered Dashou to lead his dead soldiers to burn them. The Japanese were short of food." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 259. 明年正月二日，行長救兵驟至。鎬大懼，狼狽先奔，諸軍繼之。賊前襲擊，死者無算。副將吳惟忠、遊擊茅國器斷後，賊乃還，輜重多喪失。; "On the second day of the first lunar month next year, reinforcements from the president arrived suddenly. Hao was so frightened that he ran first in embarrassment, followed by other troops. If a thief attacks, the dead will not be counted. After the deputy general Wu Weizhong and the guerrilla Mao Guo were cut off, the thieves returned and lost much of their baggage." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238. 明年正月二日，行長來援，九將兵俱潰。賊張旗幟江上，鎬大懼，倉皇撤師; "On the second day of the first lunar month next year, the president came to help, but all nine generals were defeated. The thieves raised their flags on the river, and Hao was so frightened that he withdrew his troops hastily." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 239. 朝鮮再用師，詔一元隸總督邢玠麾下，參贊軍事。尋代李如梅為禦倭總兵官。時兵分四路。一元由中路，禦石曼子於泗州，先拔晉州，下望晉，乘勝濟江，連毀永春、昆陽二寨。賊退保泗州老營，攻下之，遊擊盧得功陣歿。前逼新寨。寨三面臨江，一面通陸，引海為濠，海艘泊寨下千計，築金海、固城為左右翼。一元分馬步夾攻。步兵遊擊彭信古用大棓擊寨，碎其數處。眾軍進逼賊濠，毀其柵。忽營中炮裂，煙焰漲天。賊乘勢沖擊，固城援賊亦至。騎兵諸將先奔，一元亦還晉州。事聞，詔斬遊擊馬呈文、郝三聘，落信古等職，充為事官；一元亦奪宮保，貶秩三等。; "North Korea again used divisions, and ordered Yiyuan to serve under the governor Xing Jie as military counselor. Li Rumei was appointed as the chief military officer against the Japanese. At that time, the troops were divided into four groups. In Yiyuan, he marched from the middle road and led Shi Manzi to Sizhou. He first captured Jinzhou and then went down to Jinzhou. He took advantage of Jijiang River and destroyed Yongchun and Kunyang villages. The thieves retreated to the old camp in Sizhou and captured it. Lu was defeated in the guerrilla attack and died in the battle. Push forward to Xinzhai. The stronghold faces the river on three sides, and is connected to the land on one side. It leads to the sea as a sea, and thousands of ships are docked in the stronghold. The golden sea and solid city are built as the left and right wings. One yuan divides the horse and attacks from both sides. Peng Xingu, an infantry guerrilla, attacked the stronghold with a large raft and smashed it in several places. All the troops advanced on Thiefhao and destroyed its gates. Suddenly a cannon crackled in the camp and smoke rose into the sky. The thieves took advantage of the situation to attack, and the thieves also arrived to strengthen the city. The cavalry generals ran first and returned one yuan to Jinzhou. After hearing about the incident, the imperial edict was issued to kill the guerrillas Ma Chengwen and Hao Sanpin. They were dismissed from the ancient and other posts and became officials. Yiyuan also took away the palace security and was demoted to the third class." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 320. 璘遣子龍偕朝鮮統制使李舜臣督水軍千人; "Lin sent Zilong and the Korean commander Yi Sun-sin to supervise thousands of naval troops." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 247: Deng Zilong. 他舟误掷火器入子龙舟，舟中火，贼乘之，子龙战死。舜臣赴救，亦死; "His boat accidentally threw a firearm into Zilong's boat, which caught fire. Thieves took advantage of it, and Zilong died in the battle. Shun Chen went to rescue him but also died." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.

zh.wikisource.org

History of Ming, Chapter 322: Japan. "前後七載，喪師數十萬，糜餉數百萬，中朝與朝鮮迄無勝算" (For seven years, hundreds of thousands of soldiers were killed, and millions have been spent. There were no chances of victory in China and Korea.) Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 320. "士卒物故者二萬." (20000 losses) Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. "官軍乃退駐開城" (The officers and soldiers retreated to Kaicheng) Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. 遂複開城; "Then Kaicheng was restored" Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. 官軍既連勝，有輕敵心二十七日再進師。朝鮮人以賊棄王京告。如松信之，將輕騎趨碧蹄館。; "Since the officers and soldiers had won consecutive victories, they were determined to underestimate the enemy and marched into the division again on the 27th. The Koreans accused Wang Jing of abandoning him. If Song Xinzhi rides lightly, he will ride towards the Blue Toe Pavilion." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238:Li Rusong. 將輕騎趨碧蹄館。距王京三十裏，猝遇倭，圍數重。如松督部下鏖戰。一金甲倭搏如松急，指揮李有聲殊死救，被殺。如柏、寧等奮前夾擊，如梅射金甲倭墜馬，楊元兵亦至，斫重圍入，倭乃退，官軍喪失甚多。會天久雨，騎入稻畦中不得逞。倭背嶽山，面漢水，聯營城中，廣樹飛樓，箭砲不絕，官軍乃退駐開城。; "Will Qingqi ride towards Bi Tie Pavilion. Thirty miles away from Wangjing, we suddenly encountered Japanese invaders and surrounded them heavily. Such as Songdu's subordinates fighting fiercely. A golden-armored Japanese warrior was in a hurry, and he commanded Li Yousheng to save him with all his might, but was killed. Rubai, Ning and others stepped forward to attack. Rumei shot the golden-armored Japanese and fell off their horses. Yang Yuan's soldiers also arrived and surrounded them heavily. The Japanese retreated and the officers and soldiers lost a lot. It will be raining for a long time, and riding into the rice field will not succeed. Wobeiyue Mountain faces the Han River. In the Lianying City, there are trees and flying towers, and there are endless arrows and cannons. The officers and soldiers retreated to Kaicheng." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238: Li Rusong. 聞倭將平秀嘉據龍山倉，積粟數十萬，密令大受率死士從間焚之。倭遂乏食。; "Hearing that the Japanese general Ping Xiujia had occupied Longshan Cang and accumulated hundreds of thousands of grains, he secretly ordered Dashou to lead his dead soldiers to burn them. The Japanese were short of food." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 259. 明年正月二日，行長救兵驟至。鎬大懼，狼狽先奔，諸軍繼之。賊前襲擊，死者無算。副將吳惟忠、遊擊茅國器斷後，賊乃還，輜重多喪失。; "On the second day of the first lunar month next year, reinforcements from the president arrived suddenly. Hao was so frightened that he ran first in embarrassment, followed by other troops. If a thief attacks, the dead will not be counted. After the deputy general Wu Weizhong and the guerrilla Mao Guo were cut off, the thieves returned and lost much of their baggage." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 238. 明年正月二日，行長來援，九將兵俱潰。賊張旗幟江上，鎬大懼，倉皇撤師; "On the second day of the first lunar month next year, the president came to help, but all nine generals were defeated. The thieves raised their flags on the river, and Hao was so frightened that he withdrew his troops hastily." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 239. 朝鮮再用師，詔一元隸總督邢玠麾下，參贊軍事。尋代李如梅為禦倭總兵官。時兵分四路。一元由中路，禦石曼子於泗州，先拔晉州，下望晉，乘勝濟江，連毀永春、昆陽二寨。賊退保泗州老營，攻下之，遊擊盧得功陣歿。前逼新寨。寨三面臨江，一面通陸，引海為濠，海艘泊寨下千計，築金海、固城為左右翼。一元分馬步夾攻。步兵遊擊彭信古用大棓擊寨，碎其數處。眾軍進逼賊濠，毀其柵。忽營中炮裂，煙焰漲天。賊乘勢沖擊，固城援賊亦至。騎兵諸將先奔，一元亦還晉州。事聞，詔斬遊擊馬呈文、郝三聘，落信古等職，充為事官；一元亦奪宮保，貶秩三等。; "North Korea again used divisions, and ordered Yiyuan to serve under the governor Xing Jie as military counselor. Li Rumei was appointed as the chief military officer against the Japanese. At that time, the troops were divided into four groups. In Yiyuan, he marched from the middle road and led Shi Manzi to Sizhou. He first captured Jinzhou and then went down to Jinzhou. He took advantage of Jijiang River and destroyed Yongchun and Kunyang villages. The thieves retreated to the old camp in Sizhou and captured it. Lu was defeated in the guerrilla attack and died in the battle. Push forward to Xinzhai. The stronghold faces the river on three sides, and is connected to the land on one side. It leads to the sea as a sea, and thousands of ships are docked in the stronghold. The golden sea and solid city are built as the left and right wings. One yuan divides the horse and attacks from both sides. Peng Xingu, an infantry guerrilla, attacked the stronghold with a large raft and smashed it in several places. All the troops advanced on Thiefhao and destroyed its gates. Suddenly a cannon crackled in the camp and smoke rose into the sky. The thieves took advantage of the situation to attack, and the thieves also arrived to strengthen the city. The cavalry generals ran first and returned one yuan to Jinzhou. After hearing about the incident, the imperial edict was issued to kill the guerrillas Ma Chengwen and Hao Sanpin. They were dismissed from the ancient and other posts and became officials. Yiyuan also took away the palace security and was demoted to the third class." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.
History of Ming, Chapter 247: Deng Zilong. 他舟误掷火器入子龙舟，舟中火，贼乘之，子龙战死。舜臣赴救，亦死; "His boat accidentally threw a firearm into Zilong's boat, which caught fire. Thieves took advantage of it, and Zilong died in the battle. Shun Chen went to rescue him but also died." Zhang Tingyu; et al. (1739). History of Ming (in Chinese) – via Wikisource.

worldcat.org

Turnbull 2002, p. 227 "Out of 500 Japanese ships only 50 survived to limp home." Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Hawley 2005, p. 269. Hawley, Samuel (2005), The Imjin War, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, ISBN 978-8995442425, LCCN 2006295599, OCLC 64027936
Hawley 2005, p. 148. Hawley, Samuel (2005), The Imjin War, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, ISBN 978-8995442425, LCCN 2006295599, OCLC 64027936
Swope 2009, p. 333. Swope, Kenneth M. (2009), A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0806155814, OCLC 949865853
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Hawley 2005, p. 305. Hawley, Samuel (2005), The Imjin War, The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch/UC Berkeley Press, ISBN 978-8995442425, LCCN 2006295599, OCLC 64027936
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Swope 2009, p. 8. Swope, Kenneth M. (2009), A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592–1598, University of Oklahoma Press, ISBN 978-0806155814, OCLC 949865853
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Turnbull 2008, p. 17. Turnbull, Stephen (2008), The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98, Osprey Publishing Ltd, ISBN 9781846032547, OCLC 244583893
Turnbull 2008, pp. 20–21. Turnbull, Stephen (2008), The Samurai Invasion of Korea 1592–98, Osprey Publishing Ltd, ISBN 9781846032547, OCLC 244583893
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Turnbull 2002, p. 9. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Swope 2005, p. 32. Swope, Kenneth M. (2005), "Crouching Tigers, Secret Weapons: Military Technology Employed During the Sino-Japanese-Korean War, 1592–1598", The Journal of Military History, 69 (1): 11–42, doi:10.1353/jmh.2005.0059, ISSN 1543-7795, S2CID 159829515
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Turnbull 2002, p. 15. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, p. 16. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 17–18. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 20. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 40. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
Turnbull 2002, pp. 42. Turnbull, Stephen (2002), Samurai Invasion: Japan's Korean War 1592–98, Cassell & Co, ISBN 978-0304359486, OCLC 50289152
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