Jay Gatsby (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Jay Gatsby" in English language version.

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Bruccoli 2002, p. 178: "Jay Gatsby was inspired in part by a local figure, Max Gerlach. Near the end of her life Zelda Fitzgerald said that Gatsby was based on 'a neighbor named Von Guerlach or something who was said to be General Pershing's nephew and was in trouble over bootlegging'". Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 209; Slater 1973, p. 56. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 117–118: "Just why these inventions were a source of satisfaction to James Gatz of North Dakota, isn't easy to say.... His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2002, p. 178. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Tredell 2007, p. 95. Tredell, Nicolas (February 28, 2007). Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Reader's Guide. London: Continuum Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8264-9010-0 – via Internet Archive.
Green 1926. Green, Abel (November 24, 1926). "The Great Gatsby". Variety. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
Mizener 1965, p. 164. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Mizener 1965, pp. 135, 140. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Mizener 1965, pp. 140–41. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Mizener 1965, p. 140: Although Fitzgerald strove "to become member of the community of the rich, to live from day to day as they did, to share their interests and tastes", he found such a privileged lifestyle to be morally disquieting. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Mizener 1965, p. 141: Fitzgerald "admired deeply the rich" and yet his wealthy friends often disappointed or repulsed him. Consequently, he harbored "the smouldering hatred of a peasant" towards the wealthy and their milieu. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962, p. 150: According to Fitzgerald himself, he was unable "to forgive the rich for being rich, and it has colored my entire life and works." Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962, p. 150. Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive.
Kruse 2002, pp. 45–83; Bruccoli 2002, p. 178. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2002, p. 178; Kruse 2002, pp. 47–48; Kruse 2014, p. 15 Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 185. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962. Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 120. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 118. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 209: "A little before three the Lutheran minister arrived from Flushing, and I began to look involuntarily out the windows for other cars. So did Gatsby's father". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 119: "An instinct toward his future glory had led him, some months before, to the small Lutheran College of St. Olaf's". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 119: "He stayed there two weeks, dismayed at its ferocious indifference to the drums of his destiny, to destiny itself, and despising the janitor's work with which he was to pay his way through". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 120: "The none too savory ramifications by which Ella Kaye, the newspaper woman, played Madame de Maintenon to his weakness and sent him to sea in a yacht, were common property of the turgid journalism of 1902. He had been coasting along all too hospital shores for five years when he turned up as James Gatz's destiny in Little Girl Bay". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 118: "I suppose he'd had the name ready for a long time, even then.... He invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 118, 120–121. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 121: "And it was from Cody that he inherited money—a legacy of twenty-five thousand dollars. He didn't get it. He never understood the legal device that was used against him, but what remained of the millions went intact to Ella Kaye". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 57. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Robbins & Chipman 2013, p. 255. Robbins, Louise E.; Chipman, Peter, eds. (2013). The American Heritage Desk Dictionary (5th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-547-70813-3. OCLC 768728947 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 79. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Corrigan 2014, p. 58. Corrigan, Maureen (September 9, 2014). So We Read On: How The Great Gatsby Came to Be and Why It Endures. New York City: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-23008-7. Retrieved January 1, 2023 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 177–179: "He found her excitingly desirable. He went to her house, at first with other officers from Camp Taylor, then alone.... I can't describe to you how surprised I was to find out I loved her, old sport". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 57, 79–80, 180, 205. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 57: "Your face is familiar," he said, politely. "Weren't you in the First Division during the war?" "Why, yes. I was in the Twenty-eighth Infantry." "I was in the Sixteenth Infantry until June nineteen-eighteen. I knew I'd seen you somewhere before." Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 155: "It was in nineteen-nineteen, I only stayed five months. That's why I can't really call myself an Oxford man.... It was an opportunity they gave to some of the officers after the armistice". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 180: "After the armistice he tried frantically to get home, but some complication or misunderstanding sent him to Oxford instead". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
West 2005, p. 68. West, James L. W. III (2005). The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King, His First Love. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6308-6 – via Internet Archive.
West 2005, p. 73. West, James L. W. III (2005). The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King, His First Love. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6308-6 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 182: "The letter reached Gatsby while he was still at Oxford". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2000, pp. 9–11, 246; Bruccoli 2002, p. 86; West 2005, pp. 66–70. Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. (2000). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-0996-0 – via Google Books. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive. West, James L. W. III (2005). The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King, His First Love. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6308-6 – via Internet Archive.
West 2005, pp. 4, 57–59. West, James L. W. III (2005). The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King, His First Love. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6308-6 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 91–94. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 183. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 178: "However glorious might be his future as Jay Gatsby, he was at present a penniless young man without a past, and at any moment the invisible cloak of his uniform might slip from his shoulders. So he made the most of his time". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962, pp. 92–93. Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1945, p. 18: "In any case, the Jazz Age now raced along under its own power, served by great filling stations full of money". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1945). Wilson, Edmund (ed.). The Crack-Up. New York: New Directions. LCCN 45035148 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1945, p. 15: The Jazz Age represented "a whole race going hedonistic, deciding on pleasure". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1945). Wilson, Edmund (ed.). The Crack-Up. New York: New Directions. LCCN 45035148 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2000, p. 29; Mizener 1965, p. 186. Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. (2000). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-0996-0 – via Google Books. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2002, p. 179; Mizener 1965, p. 186. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 73, 88, 160–161, 205–207. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 88: "Meyer Wolfsheim? No, he's a gambler." Gatsby hesitated, then added coolly: "He's the man who fixed the World's Series back in 1919". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 95: "He had waited five years [since 1917] and bought a mansion where he dispensed starlight to casual moths". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962, p. 112. Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive.
Noden 2003; Corrigan 2014, p. 58. Noden, Merrell (November 5, 2003). "Fitzgerald's first love: A Young Debutante who became the Model for Gatsby's Daisy". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Archived from the original on January 4, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Corrigan, Maureen (September 9, 2014). So We Read On: How The Great Gatsby Came to Be and Why It Endures. New York City: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-23008-7. Retrieved January 1, 2023 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 94–96. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 60–61: "When the 'Jazz History of the World' was over, girls were putting their heads on men's shoulders in a puppyish, convivial ways, girls were swooning backward playfully into men's arms, even into groups, knowing that some one would arrest their falls". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 2–3. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2002, p. 211. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
West 2005, pp. 57–59. West, James L. W. III (2005). The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King, His First Love. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6308-6 – via Internet Archive.
Tredell 2007, p. 124: An index note refers to Laurence E. MacPhee's "The Great Gatsby's Romance of Motoring: Nick Carraway and Jordan Baker", Modern Fiction Studies, 18 (Summer 1972), pp. 207–12. Tredell, Nicolas (February 28, 2007). Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Reader's Guide. London: Continuum Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8264-9010-0 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 27. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 29–31. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 155–157. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 158–159. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 159. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 162–163. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 172–174. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 214–216. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 194–197. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Savage 2007, pp. 206–207, 225–226. Savage, Jon (2007). Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-03837-4 – via Internet Archive.
Perrett 1982, pp. 151–152. Perrett, Geoffrey (1982). America in the Twenties: A History. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-25107-4 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 209–211. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 207–211. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Mizener 1965, p. 193; Pearson 1970, p. 638. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive. Pearson, Roger L. (May 1970). "Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream". The English Journal. 59 (5). Champaign, Illinois: 638–42, 645. doi:10.2307/813939. JSTOR 813939. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Mizener 1965, p. 193. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Mizener 1965, p. 170: Fitzgerald's "main point is that the American dream of rising from newsboy to President is ridiculous". Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Vogel 2015, p. 40; Slater 1973, p. 54; Donaldson 1983, p. 18; Tate 1998, p. 173; Mcgowan 2013, p. 59. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020. Donaldson, Scott (1983). Fool for Love: F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Congdon & Weed. ISBN 0-312-92209-4 – via Internet Archive. Tate, Mary Jo (1998) [1997]. F. Scott Fitzgerald A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-3150-9 – via Internet Archive. Mcgowan, Philip (2013). "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 11 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 54–79. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. S2CID 170301595. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Wilson 1965, p. 21; Mcgowan 2013, p. 59. Wilson, Edmund (1965). The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950–1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. LCCN 65-23978 – via Internet Archive. Mcgowan, Philip (2013). "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 11 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 54–79. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. S2CID 170301595. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Wilson 1965, p. 21. Wilson, Edmund (1965). The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950–1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. LCCN 65-23978 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962, p. 150; Wilson 1965, p. 21. Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive. Wilson, Edmund (1965). The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950–1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. LCCN 65-23978 – via Internet Archive.
Donaldson 1983, p. 39: Fitzgerald's "annoying habit of dissecting the university's social mores stamped him as an outsider". Donaldson, Scott (1983). Fool for Love: F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Congdon & Weed. ISBN 0-312-92209-4 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2002, pp. 496–500: Although F. Scott Fitzgerald descended from colonial-era ancestors on his father's side including Tidewater Virginians, his daughter Scottie claimed he was unaware of this descent during his lifetime. Moreover, none of his ancestors were Mayflower settlers. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2002, pp. 206–07. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Powell 2000, p. 70: "The orchestra, apparently of symphonic size, at one of Gatsby's parties performs 'Mr Vladimir Tostoff's latest work, which attracted so much attention at Carnegie Hall last May'; it is called Vladimir Tostoff's Jazz History of the World. The allusion is to Paul Whiteman's Aeolian Hall concert performance of Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue." Powell, Neil (2000). The Language of Jazz. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 1-57958-277-X – via Internet Archive.
Raubicheck & Goldleaf 2013, p. 308: "Jazz and its recent pretensions as high culture through the orchestra's playing Vladimir Tostoff's Jazz History of the World, which "had attracted so much attention at Carnegie Hall", presumably a nod to the Paul Whiteman concert at Aeolian Hall in 1924 at which Gershwin premiered Rhapsody in Blue". Raubicheck, Walter; Goldleaf, Steven (2013). "Stage and Screen Entertainment". F. Scott Fitzgerald in Context. By Magnum, Bryant. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-00919-6 – via Internet Archive.
Parkinson 1987, pp. 14–15: "Viadmir Tostoff's Jazz History of the World, which is played at Gatsby's party, asserts that jazz is an authoritative and authentic voice of the period... The bandleader Paul Whiteman... was encouraged in 1924 to put on a jazz concert in a symphony hall which he called 'An Experiment in Modern Music', the major composition being Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue. It was later repeated at Carnegie Hall". Parkinson, Kathleen (1987). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Critical Study. Penguin Masterstudies. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-077127-5 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1945, pp. 16–18; Savage 2007, p. 205. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1945). Wilson, Edmund (ed.). The Crack-Up. New York: New Directions. LCCN 45035148 – via Internet Archive. Savage, Jon (2007). Teenage: The Creation of Youth Culture. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-03837-4 – via Internet Archive.
Tredell 2007, p. 109: "It was adapted for a musical at Yale University in 1956". Tredell, Nicolas (February 28, 2007). Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Reader's Guide. London: Continuum Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8264-9010-0 – via Internet Archive.
Tredell 2007, p. 97. Tredell, Nicolas (February 28, 2007). Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Reader's Guide. London: Continuum Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8264-9010-0 – via Internet Archive.
Mellow 1984, p. 281; Howell 2013. Mellow, James R. (1984). Invented Lives: F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 281. ISBN 0-395-34412-3 – via Internet Archive. Hollywood," [Zelda] wrote Scottie, "is not gay like the magazines say but very quiet. The stars almost never go out in public and every place closes at mid-night." They had been to see a screening of The Great Gatsby, she wrote: "It's ROTTEN and awful and terrible and we left. Howell, Peter (May 5, 2013). "Five Things You Didn't Know About The Great Gatsby". The Star. Toronto, Canada. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Pitts 1986, p. 127. Pitts, Michael R. (1986). Radio Soundtracks: A Reference Guide (2nd ed.). Metuchen, New Jersey: Scarecrow Press. p. 127. ISBN 0-8108-1875-2 – via Internet Archive.

avclub.com

Perkins 2017. Perkins, Dennis (January 15, 2017). "The Simpsons' 'super-sized rap Gatsby episode' is best in its low-key charms". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on October 24, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2021.

bbc.co.uk

Forrest 2012. Forrest, Robert (May 12, 2012). "BBC Radio 4 – Classic Serial – The Great Gatsby". BBC. London. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2021.

books.google.com

Kruse 2014, pp. 17–18, 43–44. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2014, p. 15. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2014, pp. 38–39, 63–64. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2014, pp. 13–14: Biographer Arthur Mizener wrote in a January 1951 letter to Max Gerlach that "Edmund Wilson, the literary critic, told me that Fitzgerald came to his house, apparently from yours [Gerlach's], and told him with great fascination about the life you were leading. Naturally, it fascinated him as all splendor did". Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2014, pp. 23–24. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2014, p. 20. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2014, pp. 6, 20. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Bruccoli 2002, p. 178; Kruse 2002, pp. 47–48; Kruse 2014, p. 15 Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2014, p. 26. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Fitzgerald 1991, pp. 39, 188. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1991) [1925]. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (ed.). The Great Gatsby. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40230-9 – via Google Books.
Fitzgerald 1991, p. 39: "Your face is familiar," he said politely. "Weren't you in the Third Division during the war?" "Why, yes. I was in the Ninth Machine-Gun Battalion." "I was in the Seventh Infantry until June nineteen-eighteen. I knew I'd seen you somewhere before." Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1991) [1925]. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (ed.). The Great Gatsby. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40230-9 – via Google Books.
American University in Europe 1921. The American University Union in Europe: An Account of Its Past and Present Work, a Statement of Its Plans for the Future. New York City: American University Union in Europe. 1921. p. 6 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2014, p. 50. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Bruccoli 2000, pp. 9–11, 246; Bruccoli 2002, p. 86; West 2005, pp. 66–70. Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. (2000). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-0996-0 – via Google Books. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive. West, James L. W. III (2005). The Perfect Hour: The Romance of F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ginevra King, His First Love. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6308-6 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2000, p. 29; Mizener 1965, p. 186. Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. (2000). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-0996-0 – via Google Books. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2000, p. 29. Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. (2000). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-0996-0 – via Google Books.
Bruccoli 2000, pp. 38–39. Bruccoli, Matthew J., ed. (2000). F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby: A Literary Reference. New York City: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7867-0996-0 – via Google Books.
Whipple 2019, p. 85. Whipple, Kit (2019). Cleveland's Colorful Characters. Murrells Inlet: Covenant Books. ISBN 978-1-64559-326-3 – via Google Books.
Fitzgerald 1991, p. 184. Editor Matthew J. Bruccoli notes: "This name combines two automobile makes: The sporty Jordan and the conservative Baker electric". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1991) [1925]. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (ed.). The Great Gatsby. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40230-9 – via Google Books.
Fitzgerald 2006, p. 95; Fitzgerald 1997, p. 184 Fitzgerald, F. Scott (2006) [1925]. Bloom, Harold (ed.). The Great Gatsby. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4381-1454-5 – via Google Books. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1997). Tredell, Nicolas (ed.). F. Scott Fitzgerald: The Great Gatsby. Columbia Critical Guides. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11535-3. ISSN 1559-3002 – via Google Books.
Matthews 2003, pp. 18–19. Matthews, Chris (2003). "Chapter One, 'A Self Made Country'". American: Beyond Our Grandest Notions. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-0-7432-4086-4 – via Google Books.
Dorson 1986, p. 76. Dorson, Richard M. (1986). Handbook of American Folklore. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-253-20373-1 – via Google Books.
West 2002. West, James L. W. III (July 2002). Trimalchio: An Early Version of 'The Great Gatsby'. The Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cover Design by Dennis M. Arnold. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89047-2. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Fitzgerald 1991, p. 88, Chapter 7, opening sentence: "It was when curiosity about Gatsby was at its highest that the lights in his house failed to go on one Saturday night—and, as obscurely as it had begun, his career as Trimalchio was over". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1991) [1925]. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (ed.). The Great Gatsby. The Cambridge Edition of the Works of F. Scott Fitzgerald. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40230-9 – via Google Books.
Fitzgerald 2000, pp. vii–viii: Tanner's introduction to the Penguin Books edition. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (2000) [1925]. Tanner, Tony (ed.). The Great Gatsby. London: Penguin Books. pp. vii–viii. ISBN 978-0-14-118263-6 – via Google Books.
Hill, Burns & Shillingsburg 2002, p. 331. Hill, W. Speed; Burns, Edward M.; Shillingsburg, Peter L. (2002). Text: An Interdisciplinary Annual of Textual Studies. Vol. 14. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-11272-2 – via Google Books.
Teachout 1992; Mitchner 2023; Bañagale 2014, pp. 156–157; Levy 2019; Mizener 1960 Teachout, Terry (January 19, 1992). "The Fabulous Gershwin Boys". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on December 10, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Mitchner, Stuart (September 27, 2023). "Gershwin at 125: American Visions in 'The Great Gatsby' and 'Rhapsody in Blue'". Town Topics. Princeton, New Jersey. Retrieved March 17, 2025. Bañagale, Ryan Raul (2014). Arranging Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue and the Creation of an American Icon. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199978373.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-997837-3 – via Google Books. Levy, Aidan (2019). "'Rhapsody In Blue' at 90". JazzTimes. Braintree, Massachusetts. Like a train, Gershwin's sprawling composition had more moving parts than Whiteman had musicians, even augmented with strings, but the band was so versatile that three reed players managed to play a total of 17 parts, including the oboe-like heckelphone, switching as the music dictated. Mizener, Arthur (April 24, 1960). "Gatsby, 35 Years Later". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Fitzgerald 2004, pp. 92–93: "Miss Moore's flapper epics present a glamorous dream of youth and gaiety and swift, tapping feet. Youth—actual youth—is essentially crude. But the movies idealize it, even as Gershwin idealizes jazz in the Rhapsody in Blue." Fitzgerald, F. Scott (2004). Conversations with F. Scott Fitzgerald. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-57806-605-6 – via Google Books.
Bañagale 2014, pp. 156–157. Bañagale, Ryan Raul (2014). Arranging Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue and the Creation of an American Icon. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199978373.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-997837-3 – via Google Books.
McGilligan 1986, p. 280. McGilligan, Pat, ed. (1986). "Richard Maibaum: A Pretense of Seriousness". Backstory: Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood's Golden Age. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05666-3 – via Google Books.
Dixon 2003; Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86 Dixon, Wheeler Winston (2003). "The Three Film Versions of The Great Gatsby: A Vision Deferred". Literature-Film Quarterly. 31 (4). Salisbury, Maryland: 287–94. Archived from the original on October 13, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-7864-6842-3. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Hyatt 2006, pp. 49–50. Hyatt, Wesley (2006). Emmy Award Winning Nighttime Television Shows, 1948–2004. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 49–50. ISBN 0-7864-2329-3. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86. Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-7864-6842-3. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Howell 2013; Hischak 2012, pp. 85–86. Howell, Peter (May 5, 2013). "Five Things You Didn't Know About The Great Gatsby". The Star. Toronto, Canada. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Hischak, Thomas S. (2012). American Literature on Stage and Screen: 525 Works and Their Adaptations. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. pp. 85–86. ISBN 978-0-7864-6842-3. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.

chicagotribune.com

Borrelli 2013. Borrelli, Christopher (May 7, 2013). "Revisiting Ginevra King, The Lake Forest Woman Who Inspired 'Gatsby'". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Smith 2003; Borrelli 2013. Smith, Dinitia (September 8, 2003). "Love Notes Drenched in Moonlight; Hints of Future Novels in Letters to Fitzgerald". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on November 16, 2019. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Borrelli, Christopher (May 7, 2013). "Revisiting Ginevra King, The Lake Forest Woman Who Inspired 'Gatsby'". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2021.

cornell.edu

cdsun.library.cornell.edu

The Cornell Daily Sun 1960, p. 1. "Alumni Return to Ithaca for Annual Reunion, To Attend Lecture Series, Special Exhibitions". The Cornell Daily Sun. Vol. 76, no. 151 (Friday ed.). Ithaca, New York. June 10, 1960. p. 1. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved September 12, 2023.

doi.org

Fitzgerald 1925, p. 209; Slater 1973, p. 56. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Kruse 2002, pp. 53–54, 47–48, 63–64. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Kruse 2002, p. 47. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Kruse 2002, p. 60. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Pekarofski 2012, p. 52. Pekarofski, Michael (2012). "The Passing of Jay Gatsby: Class and Anti-Semitism in Fitzgerald's 1920s America". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 10. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 52–72. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2012.01077.x. JSTOR 41693878. S2CID 170714417. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Vogel 2015, p. 41. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Slater 1973, p. 56. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Vogel 2015, p. 45. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Pearson 1970, p. 638. Pearson, Roger L. (May 1970). "Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream". The English Journal. 59 (5). Champaign, Illinois: 638–42, 645. doi:10.2307/813939. JSTOR 813939. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Pearson 1970, p. 645. Pearson, Roger L. (May 1970). "Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream". The English Journal. 59 (5). Champaign, Illinois: 638–42, 645. doi:10.2307/813939. JSTOR 813939. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Berman 2014, p. 36: The Saturday Evening Post and other magazines rejected several of Fitzgerald's stories as they deemed them to be "baffling, blasphemous, or objectionably satiric about wealth". Berman, Ronald (2014). "Fitzgerald and the Idea of Society". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 12 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 32–43. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.12.1.0032. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.12.1.0032. S2CID 170407311. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
Kruse 2002, p. 51. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Kruse 2002, pp. 45–83; Bruccoli 2002, p. 178. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2002, p. 178; Kruse 2002, pp. 47–48; Kruse 2014, p. 15 Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Kruse 2002, p. 75. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Mizener 1965, p. 193; Pearson 1970, p. 638. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive. Pearson, Roger L. (May 1970). "Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream". The English Journal. 59 (5). Champaign, Illinois: 638–42, 645. doi:10.2307/813939. JSTOR 813939. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Vogel 2015, p. 40; Slater 1973, p. 54; Donaldson 1983, p. 18; Tate 1998, p. 173; Mcgowan 2013, p. 59. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020. Donaldson, Scott (1983). Fool for Love: F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Congdon & Weed. ISBN 0-312-92209-4 – via Internet Archive. Tate, Mary Jo (1998) [1997]. F. Scott Fitzgerald A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-3150-9 – via Internet Archive. Mcgowan, Philip (2013). "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 11 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 54–79. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. S2CID 170301595. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Wilson 1965, p. 21; Mcgowan 2013, p. 59. Wilson, Edmund (1965). The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950–1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. LCCN 65-23978 – via Internet Archive. Mcgowan, Philip (2013). "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 11 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 54–79. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. S2CID 170301595. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Mcgowan 2013, p. 59. Mcgowan, Philip (2013). "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 11 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 54–79. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. S2CID 170301595. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Vogel 2015, p. 40; Slater 1973, p. 54. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Vogel 2015, pp. 29–30, 33, 38–40, 51: "The Great Gatsby resonates more in the present than it ever did in the Jazz Age", and "the work speaks in strikingly familiar terms to the issues of our time", especially since its "themes are inextricably woven into questions of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality". Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Keeler 2018, p. 174. Keeler, Kyle (2018). "The Great Global Warmer: Jay Gatsby as a Microcosm of Climate Change". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 16 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 174–88. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.16.1.0174. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.16.1.0174. S2CID 172075925. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
Teachout 1992; Mitchner 2023; Bañagale 2014, pp. 156–157; Levy 2019; Mizener 1960 Teachout, Terry (January 19, 1992). "The Fabulous Gershwin Boys". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on December 10, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Mitchner, Stuart (September 27, 2023). "Gershwin at 125: American Visions in 'The Great Gatsby' and 'Rhapsody in Blue'". Town Topics. Princeton, New Jersey. Retrieved March 17, 2025. Bañagale, Ryan Raul (2014). Arranging Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue and the Creation of an American Icon. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199978373.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-997837-3 – via Google Books. Levy, Aidan (2019). "'Rhapsody In Blue' at 90". JazzTimes. Braintree, Massachusetts. Like a train, Gershwin's sprawling composition had more moving parts than Whiteman had musicians, even augmented with strings, but the band was so versatile that three reed players managed to play a total of 17 parts, including the oboe-like heckelphone, switching as the music dictated. Mizener, Arthur (April 24, 1960). "Gatsby, 35 Years Later". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Early 1993, p. 130: "Fitzgerald is probably referring to dance-band leader Paul Whiteman's famous 12 February 1924 'symphonic jazz' concert at Aeolian Hall at which George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue premiered..." Early, Gerald (1993). "The Lives of Jazz". American Literary History. 5 (1). Oxford University Press: 129–46. doi:10.1093/alh/5.1.129. JSTOR 489764.
Early 1993, pp. 129–130: "Fitzgerald did not finish the Gatsby manuscript until several months after the Whiteman concert, but we can be fairly certain that he is referring to Whiteman's band..." Early, Gerald (1993). "The Lives of Jazz". American Literary History. 5 (1). Oxford University Press: 129–46. doi:10.1093/alh/5.1.129. JSTOR 489764.
Jerving 2004, pp. 658–659: "...recognizable enough already by 1925 to serve as the punch line to F. Scott Fitzgerald's portrait in The Great Gatsby of an unmistakably Whitmanesque symphonic jazz band at one of Gatsby's parties." Jerving, Ryan (Winter 2004). "Early Jazz Literature (And Why You Didn't Know)". American Literary History. 16 (4). Oxford University Press: 648–674. doi:10.1093/ALH/AJH036. JSTOR 3567982.
Early 1993, pp. 129–130. Early, Gerald (1993). "The Lives of Jazz". American Literary History. 5 (1). Oxford University Press: 129–46. doi:10.1093/alh/5.1.129. JSTOR 489764.
Bañagale 2014, pp. 156–157. Bañagale, Ryan Raul (2014). Arranging Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue and the Creation of an American Icon. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199978373.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-997837-3 – via Google Books.

jazztimes.com

Teachout 1992; Mitchner 2023; Bañagale 2014, pp. 156–157; Levy 2019; Mizener 1960 Teachout, Terry (January 19, 1992). "The Fabulous Gershwin Boys". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on December 10, 2024. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Mitchner, Stuart (September 27, 2023). "Gershwin at 125: American Visions in 'The Great Gatsby' and 'Rhapsody in Blue'". Town Topics. Princeton, New Jersey. Retrieved March 17, 2025. Bañagale, Ryan Raul (2014). Arranging Gershwin: Rhapsody in Blue and the Creation of an American Icon. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199978373.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-997837-3 – via Google Books. Levy, Aidan (2019). "'Rhapsody In Blue' at 90". JazzTimes. Braintree, Massachusetts. Like a train, Gershwin's sprawling composition had more moving parts than Whiteman had musicians, even augmented with strings, but the band was so versatile that three reed players managed to play a total of 17 parts, including the oboe-like heckelphone, switching as the music dictated. Mizener, Arthur (April 24, 1960). "Gatsby, 35 Years Later". The New York Times. New York City. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Levy 2019. Levy, Aidan (2019). "'Rhapsody In Blue' at 90". JazzTimes. Braintree, Massachusetts. Like a train, Gershwin's sprawling composition had more moving parts than Whiteman had musicians, even augmented with strings, but the band was so versatile that three reed players managed to play a total of 17 parts, including the oboe-like heckelphone, switching as the music dictated.

jstor.org

Fitzgerald 1925, p. 209; Slater 1973, p. 56. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Kruse 2002, pp. 53–54, 47–48, 63–64. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Kruse 2002, p. 47. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Kruse 2002, p. 60. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Pekarofski 2012, p. 52. Pekarofski, Michael (2012). "The Passing of Jay Gatsby: Class and Anti-Semitism in Fitzgerald's 1920s America". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 10. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 52–72. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2012.01077.x. JSTOR 41693878. S2CID 170714417. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Vogel 2015, p. 41. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Slater 1973, p. 56. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Vogel 2015, p. 45. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Pearson 1970, p. 638. Pearson, Roger L. (May 1970). "Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream". The English Journal. 59 (5). Champaign, Illinois: 638–42, 645. doi:10.2307/813939. JSTOR 813939. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Pearson 1970, p. 645. Pearson, Roger L. (May 1970). "Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream". The English Journal. 59 (5). Champaign, Illinois: 638–42, 645. doi:10.2307/813939. JSTOR 813939. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Berman 2014, p. 36: The Saturday Evening Post and other magazines rejected several of Fitzgerald's stories as they deemed them to be "baffling, blasphemous, or objectionably satiric about wealth". Berman, Ronald (2014). "Fitzgerald and the Idea of Society". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 12 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 32–43. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.12.1.0032. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.12.1.0032. S2CID 170407311. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2022.
Kruse 2002, p. 51. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Kruse 2002, pp. 45–83; Bruccoli 2002, p. 178. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive.
Bruccoli 2002, p. 178; Kruse 2002, pp. 47–48; Kruse 2014, p. 15 Bruccoli, Matthew J. (July 2002) [1981]. Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd rev. ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-57003-455-8. Retrieved December 16, 2022 – via Internet Archive. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Kruse, Horst H. (2014). F. Scott Fitzgerald at Work: The Making of 'The Great Gatsby'. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1839-0. Retrieved September 1, 2021 – via Google Books.
Eble 1974, p. 37. Eble, Kenneth (Winter 1974). "The Great Gatsby". College Literature: A Journal of Critical Literary Studies. 1 (1). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press: 34–47. ISSN 0093-3139. JSTOR 25111007. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
Kruse 2002, p. 75. Kruse, Horst H. (2002). "The Real Jay Gatsby: Max von Gerlach, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and the Compositional History of 'The Great Gatsby'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 1 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 45–83. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6333.2002.tb00059.x. JSTOR 41583032. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Mizener 1965, p. 193; Pearson 1970, p. 638. Mizener, Arthur (1965) [1951]. The Far Side of Paradise: A Biography of F. Scott Fitzgerald (2nd ed.). Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton-Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-1-199-45748-6 – via Internet Archive. Pearson, Roger L. (May 1970). "Gatsby: False Prophet of the American Dream". The English Journal. 59 (5). Champaign, Illinois: 638–42, 645. doi:10.2307/813939. JSTOR 813939. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Bewley 1954, pp. 235, 238: "For Gatsby, Daisy does not exist in herself. She is the green light that signals him into the heart of his ultimate vision ... Thus the American dream, whose superstitious valuation of the future began in the past, gives the green light through which alone the American returns to his traditional roots, paradoxically retreating into the pattern of history while endeavoring to exploit the possibilities of the future". Bewley, Marius (Spring 1954). "Scott Fitzgerald's Criticism of America". The Sewanee Review. 62 (2). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press: 223–46. JSTOR 27538346. Archived from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Vogel 2015, p. 40; Slater 1973, p. 54; Donaldson 1983, p. 18; Tate 1998, p. 173; Mcgowan 2013, p. 59. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020. Donaldson, Scott (1983). Fool for Love: F. Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Congdon & Weed. ISBN 0-312-92209-4 – via Internet Archive. Tate, Mary Jo (1998) [1997]. F. Scott Fitzgerald A to Z: The Essential Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts On File. ISBN 0-8160-3150-9 – via Internet Archive. Mcgowan, Philip (2013). "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 11 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 54–79. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. S2CID 170301595. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Rand 1996, p. 239: "John Unger is an outsider to the wealth and power elite as well as to the truth of his intended fate." Rand, William E. (December 1996). "The Structure Of The Outsider In The Short Fiction Of Richard Wright And F. Scott Fitzgerald". College Language Association Journal. 40 (2). Columbia, South Carolina: 230–245. JSTOR 44323010. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Wilson 1965, p. 21; Mcgowan 2013, p. 59. Wilson, Edmund (1965). The Bit Between My Teeth: A Literary Chronicle of 1950–1965. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. LCCN 65-23978 – via Internet Archive. Mcgowan, Philip (2013). "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 11 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 54–79. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. S2CID 170301595. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Rand 1996, p. 230: Fitzgerald saw himself as a cultural and political outsider. Rand, William E. (December 1996). "The Structure Of The Outsider In The Short Fiction Of Richard Wright And F. Scott Fitzgerald". College Language Association Journal. 40 (2). Columbia, South Carolina: 230–245. JSTOR 44323010. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Mcgowan 2013, p. 59. Mcgowan, Philip (2013). "Exile and the City: F. Scott Fitzgerald's 'The Lost Decade'". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 11 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 54–79. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.11.1.0054. S2CID 170301595. Retrieved December 12, 2021.
Vogel 2015, p. 40; Slater 1973, p. 54. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Vogel 2015, pp. 29–30, 33, 38–40, 51: "The Great Gatsby resonates more in the present than it ever did in the Jazz Age", and "the work speaks in strikingly familiar terms to the issues of our time", especially since its "themes are inextricably woven into questions of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality". Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
Keeler 2018, p. 174. Keeler, Kyle (2018). "The Great Global Warmer: Jay Gatsby as a Microcosm of Climate Change". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 16 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 174–88. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.16.1.0174. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.16.1.0174. S2CID 172075925. Archived from the original on December 30, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
Early 1993, p. 130: "Fitzgerald is probably referring to dance-band leader Paul Whiteman's famous 12 February 1924 'symphonic jazz' concert at Aeolian Hall at which George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue premiered..." Early, Gerald (1993). "The Lives of Jazz". American Literary History. 5 (1). Oxford University Press: 129–46. doi:10.1093/alh/5.1.129. JSTOR 489764.
MacLean 2016, p. 123: "...an imaginary piece of music that Fitzgerald titled 'Vladimir Tostoff's Jazz History of the World.' Although the title is fictional, it arguably alludes to Paul Whiteman's 1924 jazz concert at Aeolian Hall titled "An Experiment in Modern Music," which included the premiere of Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue." MacLean, Tessa (2016). "Preserving Utopia: Musical Style in Baz Luhrmann's 'The Great Gatsby'". Literature/Film Quarterly. 44 (2). Salisbury, Maryland: Salisbury University: 120–31. JSTOR 45037963.
Early 1993, pp. 129–130: "Fitzgerald did not finish the Gatsby manuscript until several months after the Whiteman concert, but we can be fairly certain that he is referring to Whiteman's band..." Early, Gerald (1993). "The Lives of Jazz". American Literary History. 5 (1). Oxford University Press: 129–46. doi:10.1093/alh/5.1.129. JSTOR 489764.
Jerving 2004, pp. 658–659: "...recognizable enough already by 1925 to serve as the punch line to F. Scott Fitzgerald's portrait in The Great Gatsby of an unmistakably Whitmanesque symphonic jazz band at one of Gatsby's parties." Jerving, Ryan (Winter 2004). "Early Jazz Literature (And Why You Didn't Know)". American Literary History. 16 (4). Oxford University Press: 648–674. doi:10.1093/ALH/AJH036. JSTOR 3567982.
Early 1993, pp. 129–130. Early, Gerald (1993). "The Lives of Jazz". American Literary History. 5 (1). Oxford University Press: 129–46. doi:10.1093/alh/5.1.129. JSTOR 489764.
MacLean 2016, p. 123. MacLean, Tessa (2016). "Preserving Utopia: Musical Style in Baz Luhrmann's 'The Great Gatsby'". Literature/Film Quarterly. 44 (2). Salisbury, Maryland: Salisbury University: 120–31. JSTOR 45037963.

loc.gov

lccn.loc.gov

Fitzgerald 1925, p. 209; Slater 1973, p. 56. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive. Slater, Peter Gregg (January 1973). "Ethnicity in The Great Gatsby". Twentieth Century Literature. 19 (1). Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press: 53–62. doi:10.2307/440797. JSTOR 440797. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 117–118: "Just why these inventions were a source of satisfaction to James Gatz of North Dakota, isn't easy to say.... His parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962, p. 150: According to Fitzgerald himself, he was unable "to forgive the rich for being rich, and it has colored my entire life and works." Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962, p. 150. Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 185. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Turnbull 1962. Turnbull, Andrew (1962). Scott Fitzgerald. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 62-9315 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 120. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 118. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 209: "A little before three the Lutheran minister arrived from Flushing, and I began to look involuntarily out the windows for other cars. So did Gatsby's father". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 119: "An instinct toward his future glory had led him, some months before, to the small Lutheran College of St. Olaf's". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 119: "He stayed there two weeks, dismayed at its ferocious indifference to the drums of his destiny, to destiny itself, and despising the janitor's work with which he was to pay his way through". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 120: "The none too savory ramifications by which Ella Kaye, the newspaper woman, played Madame de Maintenon to his weakness and sent him to sea in a yacht, were common property of the turgid journalism of 1902. He had been coasting along all too hospital shores for five years when he turned up as James Gatz's destiny in Little Girl Bay". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 118: "I suppose he'd had the name ready for a long time, even then.... He invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen-year-old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 118, 120–121. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 121: "And it was from Cody that he inherited money—a legacy of twenty-five thousand dollars. He didn't get it. He never understood the legal device that was used against him, but what remained of the millions went intact to Ella Kaye". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 57. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 79. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 177–179: "He found her excitingly desirable. He went to her house, at first with other officers from Camp Taylor, then alone.... I can't describe to you how surprised I was to find out I loved her, old sport". Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, pp. 57, 79–80, 180, 205. Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
Fitzgerald 1925, p. 57: "Your face is familiar," he said, politely. "Weren't you in the First Division during the war?" "Why, yes. I was in the Twenty-eighth Infantry." "I was in the Sixteenth Infantry until June nineteen-eighteen. I knew I'd seen you somewhere before." Fitzgerald, F. Scott (1925). The Great Gatsby. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. LCCN 25010468 – via Internet Archive.
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telegraph.co.uk

Bruxelles, Simon de (June 1, 2025). "The real Jay Gatsby wasn't a millionaire but a Pulitzer Prize-winning Oxford graduate". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved June 8, 2025.

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Vogel 2015, p. 45. Vogel, Joseph (2015). "'Civilization's Going to Pieces': The Great Gatsby, Identity, and Race, From the Jazz Age to the Obama Era". The F. Scott Fitzgerald Review. 13 (1). University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press: 29–54. doi:10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. JSTOR 10.5325/fscotfitzrevi.13.1.0029. S2CID 170386299. Archived from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2021.
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Eble 1974, p. 37. Eble, Kenneth (Winter 1974). "The Great Gatsby". College Literature: A Journal of Critical Literary Studies. 1 (1). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press: 34–47. ISSN 0093-3139. JSTOR 25111007. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
Bruxelles, Simon de (June 1, 2025). "The real Jay Gatsby wasn't a millionaire but a Pulitzer Prize-winning Oxford graduate". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved June 8, 2025.
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