Jewish Christianity (English Wikipedia)

Elliott, John (2007). "Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a 'Jew' Nor a 'Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 5 (2): 119–154. doi:10.1177/1476869007079741 – via Academia.
Eusebius, Church History 3, 5, 3; Epiphanius, Panarion 29,7,7-8; 30, 2, 7; On Weights and Measures 15. On the flight to Pella see: Bourgel, Jonathan, "The Jewish Christians' Move from Jerusalem as a pragmatic choice Archived 2021-09-19 at the Wayback Machine", in: Dan Jaffé (ed), Studies in Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity, (Leyden: Brill, 2010), p. 107-138; P. H. R. van Houwelingen, "Fleeing forward: The departure of Christians from Jerusalem to Pella," Westminster Theological Journal 65 (2003), 181-200
Bobichon, Philippe (2002). "Autorités religieuses juives et " sectes " juives dans l'oeuvre de Justin Martyr". Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques. 48 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1484/J.REA.5.104844. ISSN 1768-9260.
Bibliowicz, Abel M. (2019). Jewish-Christian Relations - The First Centuries (Mascarat, 2019). WA: Mascarat. p. ????. ISBN 978-1513616483. Archived from the original on 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
Philippe Bobichon,"L'enseignement juif, païen, hérétique et chrétien dans l'œuvre de Justin Martyr", Revue des Études Augustiniennes 45/2 (1999), pp. 233-259 online Archived 2021-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
Shaddel 2016, p. 21–31. Shaddel, Mehdy (2016). "Qurʾānic ummī: Genealogy, Ethnicity, and the Foundation of a New Community". Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam. 43: 1–60.

almuslih.org

Reynolds 2014. Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2014). "On the Presentation of Christianity in the Qura'n and the Many Aspects of Qur'anic Rhetoric" (PDF). Al-Bayan Journal of Qur'an and Hadith Studies. 12 (1): 42–54. doi:10.1163/22321969-12340003.

archive.org

Mack 1995. Mack, Burton L. (1995). Who wrote the New Testament? The making of the Christian myth. Harper San Francisco. ISBN 978-0-06-065517-4.
Israel Knohl (2000). The Messiah Before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520928749. Retrieved 20 January 2014. The Messiah before Jesus: The Suffering Servant of the Dead Sea Scrolls.
Kloppenborg 1994, pp. 435–9p. 435, "This belief, known as "adoptionism", held that Jesus was not divine by nature or by birth, but that God chose him to become his son, i.e., adopted him." Kloppenborg, John S. (1994) [1992]. "The Gospel of the Ebionites". In Miller, Robert J. (ed.). The Complete Gospels. Polebridge Press. pp. 435–40. ISBN 0-06-065587-9.
Sanders, E. P. (1985). Jesus and Judaism. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. p. 16. ISBN 0-8006-0743-0. OCLC 11345326.
Woodhouse, William John (1899). "Antioch". In Cheyne, Thomas Kelly; Black, John Sutherland (eds.). Encyclopaedia biblica: A dictionary of the bible. Vol. 1. Toronto: George N. Morang & Company / The Macmillan Company. pp. 164–186, at p. 186.

ariel.org

"About us – Brief history". Ariel Ministries. Archived from the original on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2011-01-25.

biblegateway.com

It appears in the Acts of the Apostles, Acts 9:2, Acts 19:9 and Acts 19:23. Some English translations of the New Testament capitalize 'the Way' (e.g. the New King James Version and the English Standard Version), indicating that this was how 'the new religion seemed then to be designated'^[7] whereas others treat the phrase as indicative—'the way',^[8] 'that way'^[9] or 'the way of the Lord'.^[10] The Syriac version reads, "the way of God" and the Vulgate Latin version, "the way of the Lord".^[11]
See also Sect of “The Way”, “The Nazarenes” & “Christians” : Names given to the Early Church.

biblehub.com

Jamieson-Fausset-Brown Bible Commentary on Acts 19, http://biblehub.com/commentaries/jfb//acts/19.htm Archived 2015-10-25 at the Wayback Machine accessed 8 October 2015
Gill, J., Gill's Exposition of the Bible, commentary on Acts 19:23 http://biblehub.com/commentaries/gill/acts/19.htm Archived 2015-10-25 at the Wayback Machine accessed 8 October 2015
"John 4: Expositor's Greek Testament". Biblehub. 2023.

biblethingsinbibleways.wordpress.com

It appears in the Acts of the Apostles, Acts 9:2, Acts 19:9 and Acts 19:23. Some English translations of the New Testament capitalize 'the Way' (e.g. the New King James Version and the English Standard Version), indicating that this was how 'the new religion seemed then to be designated'^[7] whereas others treat the phrase as indicative—'the way',^[8] 'that way'^[9] or 'the way of the Lord'.^[10] The Syriac version reads, "the way of God" and the Vulgate Latin version, "the way of the Lord".^[11]
See also Sect of “The Way”, “The Nazarenes” & “Christians” : Names given to the Early Church.

books.google.com

Eddy & Boyd 2007, p. 136: "Burton Mack argues that Paul’s view of Jesus as a divine figure who gives his life for the salvation of others had to originate in a Hellenistic rather than a Jewish environment. Mack writes, "Such a notion [of vicarious human suffering] cannot be traced to old Jewish and/ or Israelite traditions, for the very notion of a vicarious human sacrifice was anathema in these cultures. But it can be traced to a Strong Greek tradition of extolling a noble death." More specifically, Mack argues that a Greek "myth of martyrdom" and the "noble death" tradition are ultimately responsible for influencing the hellenized Jews of the Christ cults to develop a divinized Jesus."
Eddy & Boyd (2007, p. 93) further note that "The most sophisticated and influential version of the hellenization thesis was forged within the German Religionsgeschichtliche Schule of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—now often referred to as the "old history of religions school." Here, the crowning literary achievement in several ways is Wilhelm Bousset’s 1913 work Kyrios Christos. Bousset envisions two forms of pre-Pauline Christianity: [1. In the early Palestinian community, and 2. In the Hellenistic communities.]" Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-3114-4. Eddy, Paul Rhodes; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic. ISBN 978-0-8010-3114-4.
According to Mack,^[87] "Paul was converted to a Hellenized form of some Jesus movement that had already developed into a Christ cult. [...] Thus his letters serve as documentation for the Christ cult as well." Price (2000), p. 75, §. The Christ Cults comments: "By choosing the terminology “Christ cults,” Burton Mack means to differentiate those early movements that revered Jesus as the Christ from those that did not. [...] Mack is perhaps not quite clear about what would constitute a Christ cult. Or at least he seems to me to obscure some important distinctions between what would appear to be significantly different subtypes of Christ movements." Price, Robert M. (2000). Deconstructing Jesus. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781573927581.
Freeman, Charles (2009). "Part 1: Beginnings – Breaking Away: The First Christianities". A New History of Early Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 31–46. doi:10.12987/9780300166583-007. ISBN 9780300166583. JSTOR j.ctt1nq44w.10. LCCN 2009012009.
Daniel Boyarin (2012). The Jewish Gospels: The Story of the Jewish Christ. New Press. ISBN 978-1595584687. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Alan J. Avery-Peck, ed. (2005). The Review of Rabbinic Judaism: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 91–112. ISBN 9004144846. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Peter Schäfer (2012). The Jewish Jesus: How Judaism and Christianity Shaped Each Other. Princeton University Press. pp. 235–238. ISBN 978-1400842285. Retrieved 20 January 2014.
Downey, Amy Karen (2011-01-01). Paul's Conundrum: Reconciling 1 Thessalonians 2:13-16 and Romans 9:1-5 in Light of His Calling and His Heritage. Wipf and Stock Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60899-457-1.
Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C., eds. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. p. 709. ISBN 978-9053565032.
Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005) [1957]. "James, St". The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd revised ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 862. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
Price (2003), pp. 351–355, §. Conclusion: The Name of the Lord – The Name Above All Names Price, Robert M. (2003). The Incredible Shrinking Son of Man: How Reliable Is the Gospel Tradition?. Prometheus Books. ISBN 9781591021216.
Wright 2003, p. 272: "He [Paul] believed himself to be living at a new stage in the eschatological timetable: the 'age to come' had already begun, precisely with the Messiah's resurrection." Wright, Nicholas Thomas (2003). The resurrection of the son of God. Christian origins and the question of God. Vol. 3. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2679-2. OCLC 52077589.
Wright 2003, p. 272; cf. 321. Wright, Nicholas Thomas (2003). The resurrection of the son of God. Christian origins and the question of God. Vol. 3. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2679-2. OCLC 52077589.
Blomberg 2007. Blomberg, Craig L. (2007) [1987]. The historical reliability of the gospels (2nd ed.). InterVarsity Press. ISBN 978-0-8308-2807-4.
Fredriksen 2000. Fredriksen, Paula (2000) [1988]. From Jesus to Christ: The origins of the new testament images of Christ (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08457-3.
Fredriksen 2000, pp. 133–134. Fredriksen, Paula (2000) [1988]. From Jesus to Christ: The origins of the new testament images of Christ (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08457-3.
Wright 2003, pp. 9–10. Wright, Nicholas Thomas (2003). The resurrection of the son of God. Christian origins and the question of God. Vol. 3. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2679-2. OCLC 52077589.
Wright 2003, p. 711. Wright, Nicholas Thomas (2003). The resurrection of the son of God. Christian origins and the question of God. Vol. 3. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2679-2. OCLC 52077589.
Porter, Stanley E.; Bedard, Stephen J. (2006). Unmasking the pagan Christ: An evangelical response to the cosmic Christ theory. Clements Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-894667-71-5.
Mack 1988, p. 98. Mack, Burton L. (1988). "The Congregations of the Christ". A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins. Fortress Press. ISBN 978-0-8006-2549-8.
Feldman, Louis H. (1992). ""Sympathizers" with Judaism". In Attridge, Harold W.; Hata, Gohei (eds.). Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 389–395. ISBN 0-8143-2361-8. Archived from the original on 2020-08-03. Retrieved 2019-07-15.
Feldman, Louis H.; Reinhold, Meyer, eds. (1996). ""Sympathizers" (God-fearers)". Jewish Life and Thought among Greeks and Romans. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. pp. 137–45. ISBN 0-567-08525-2.
Keith Akers, The lost religion of Jesus: simple living and nonviolence in early Christianity, Lantern Books, 2000 Archived 2016-06-10 at the Wayback Machine p. 21
Berard, Wayne-Daniel (2006). When Christians were Jews (that is, now): Recovering the lost Jewishness of Christianity with the Gospel of Mark. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cowley Publications. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-4616-3610-6.^{[failed verification]}
Wright, N. T. (1992). The New Testament and the people of God. Christian origins and the question of God. Fortress Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-8006-2681-5.^{[failed verification]}
Wright, N. T. (1992). The New Testament and the people of God. Christian origins and the question of God. Fortress Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-8006-2681-5.^{[failed verification]}
Boyarin, Daniel (1999). Dying for God: Martyrdom and the making of Christianity and Judaism. Figurae. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-3704-3.
Segal, Alan F. (1986). Rebecca's children: Judaism and Christianity in the Roman world. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-75076-0.
Fredriksen 2000, pp. xvi, 50. Fredriksen, Paula (2000) [1988]. From Jesus to Christ: The origins of the new testament images of Christ (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-08457-3.
Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005) [1957]. "Ebionites". The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd revised ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 526. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3.
Vielhauer & Strecker 1991, pp. 166–171, at p. 168: "Jesus' task is to do away with the 'sacrifices'. In this saying (16.4–5), the hostility of the Ebionites against the Temple cult is documented." Vielhauer, Philipp; Strecker, Georg [in German] (1991). "Jewish–Christian gospels". In Schneemelcher, Wilhelm; Wilson, Robert McLachlan (eds.). New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and Related Writings Volume 1. translated by George Ogg (2 ed.). John Knox Press. pp. 134–78. ISBN 0-664-22721-X. (6th German ed.)
Koch 1990, p. 364. Koch, Glenn Alan (1990). "Hebrews, Gospel of the". In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. p. 364. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7.
Lapham 2003, pp. 159, 163. Lapham, Fred (2003). An Introduction to the New Testament Apocrypha. Continuum. ISBN 9780826469793.
Gundry, Stanley N; Goldberg, Louis (2003). How Jewish is Christianity?: 2 views on the Messianic movement (Books). Zondervan. p. 24. ISBN 9780310244905.

britannica.com

"Ebionites". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2022-06-23.

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scholarsarchive.byu.edu

Collinwood, Dean W. & James W. McConkie. (2006). 'Temple Theology: An Introduction' by Margaret Barker. Provo, UT: BYU Studies 45:2 (May 2006).

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Justin S. Holcomb, "What Does It Mean that Jesus Is 'The Firstborn from the Dead?'"

christusrex.org

Dauphin 1993, pp. 235, 240–242. Dauphin, C. (1993), "De l'Église de la circoncision à l'Église de la gentilité – sur une nouvelle voie hors de l'impasse", Studium Biblicum Franciscanum. Liber Annuus XLIII, archived from the original on 2013-03-09

doi.org

Freeman, Charles (2009). "Part 1: Beginnings – Breaking Away: The First Christianities". A New History of Early Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 31–46. doi:10.12987/9780300166583-007. ISBN 9780300166583. JSTOR j.ctt1nq44w.10. LCCN 2009012009.
Elliott, John (2007). "Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a 'Jew' Nor a 'Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature". Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 5 (2): 119–154. doi:10.1177/1476869007079741 – via Academia.
Bisschops, Ralph (January 2017). "Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus" (PDF). In Chilton, Paul; Kopytowska, Monika (eds.). Language, Religion and the Human Mind. Vol. 1. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012. ISBN 978-0-19-063664-7. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
Kraabel, A. T. (1981). "The Disappearance of the 'God-Fearers'". Numen. 28 (2). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 113–126. doi:10.1163/156852781X00160. JSTOR 3270014.
Bobichon, Philippe (2002). "Autorités religieuses juives et " sectes " juives dans l'oeuvre de Justin Martyr". Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques. 48 (1): 3–22. doi:10.1484/J.REA.5.104844. ISSN 1768-9260.
Goldenberg, Robert (January 2002). "Dying for God: Martyrdom and the making of Christianity and Judaism". The Jewish Quarterly Review (Book review). 92 (3): 586–588. doi:10.2307/1455460. ISSN 1553-0604. JSTOR 1455460.
Weil 1982, pp. 175–96. Weil, Shalva (1982). "Symmetry between Christians and Jews in India: The Cananite Christians and Cochin Jews in Kerala". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 16 (2): 175–96. doi:10.1177/006996678201600202. S2CID 143053857.
Sánchez, del Río; F, Francisco (2021). "The Deadlocked Debate about the Role of the Jewish Christians at the Birth of Islam". Religions. 12 (10): 789. doi:10.3390/rel12100789. ISSN 2077-1444.
Crone 2015, p. 227–228. Crone, Patricia (2015). "Jewish Christianity and the Qurʾān (Part One)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 74 (2): 225–253. doi:10.1086/682212. JSTOR 10.1086/682212.
de Blois, François (2002). "Naṣrānī (Ναζωραȋος) and ḥanīf (ἐθνικός): Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 65 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1017/S0041977X02000010. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 4145899.
Crone 2015, p. 228. Crone, Patricia (2015). "Jewish Christianity and the Qurʾān (Part One)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 74 (2): 225–253. doi:10.1086/682212. JSTOR 10.1086/682212.
Reynolds 2014. Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2014). "On the Presentation of Christianity in the Qura'n and the Many Aspects of Qur'anic Rhetoric" (PDF). Al-Bayan Journal of Qur'an and Hadith Studies. 12 (1): 42–54. doi:10.1163/22321969-12340003.

ehrmanblog.org

Bart Ehrman (1 April 2018), An Easter Reflection 2018 Archived 2020-09-25 at the Wayback Machine

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"American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million". haaretz. Archived from the original on 2017-11-29. Retrieved 2016-06-07.

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huji.ac.il

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Gamliel 2009, p. 90. Gamliel, Ophira (April 2009). Jewish Malayalam Women's Songs (PDF) (PhD). Hebrew University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 March 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2018.

jewishencyclopedia.com

Jewish Encyclopedia: Baptism Archived 2008-06-12 at the Wayback Machine: "According to rabbinical teachings, which dominated even during the existence of the Temple (Pes. viii. 8), Baptism, next to circumcision and sacrifice, was an absolutely necessary condition to be fulfilled by a proselyte to Judaism (Yeb. 46b, 47b; Ker. 9a; 'Ab. Zarah 57a; Shab. 135a; Yer. Kid. iii. 14, 64d). Circumcision, however, was much more important, and, like baptism, was called a "seal" (Schlatter, Die Kirche Jerusalems, 1898, p. 70).
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jewishvirtuallibrary.org

"Christianity: Severance from Judaism". Jewish Virtual Library. AICE. 2008. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018. A major difficulty in tracing the growth of Christianity from its beginnings as a Jewish messianic sect, and its relations to the various other normative-Jewish, sectarian-Jewish, and Christian-Jewish groups is presented by the fact that what ultimately became normative Christianity was originally but one among various contending Christian trends. Once the "gentile Christian" trend won out, and the teaching of Paul became accepted as expressing the doctrine of the Church, the Jewish Christian groups were pushed to the margin and ultimately excluded as heretical. Being rejected both by normative Judaism and the Church, they ultimately disappeared. Nevertheless, several Jewish Christian sects (such as the Nazarenes, Ebionites, Elchasaites, and others) existed for some time, and a few of them seem to have endured for several centuries. Some sects saw in Jesus mainly a prophet and not the "Christ", others seem to have believed in him as the Messiah, but did not draw the christological and other conclusions that subsequently became fundamental in the teaching of the Church (the divinity of the Christ, trinitarian conception of the Godhead, abrogation of the Law). After the disappearance of the early Jewish Christian sects and the triumph of gentile Christianity, to become a Christian meant, for a Jew, to apostatize and to leave the Jewish community.

jstor.org

Freeman, Charles (2009). "Part 1: Beginnings – Breaking Away: The First Christianities". A New History of Early Christianity. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 31–46. doi:10.12987/9780300166583-007. ISBN 9780300166583. JSTOR j.ctt1nq44w.10. LCCN 2009012009.
Kraabel, A. T. (1981). "The Disappearance of the 'God-Fearers'". Numen. 28 (2). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 113–126. doi:10.1163/156852781X00160. JSTOR 3270014.
Goldenberg, Robert (January 2002). "Dying for God: Martyrdom and the making of Christianity and Judaism". The Jewish Quarterly Review (Book review). 92 (3): 586–588. doi:10.2307/1455460. ISSN 1553-0604. JSTOR 1455460.
Crone 2015, p. 227–228. Crone, Patricia (2015). "Jewish Christianity and the Qurʾān (Part One)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 74 (2): 225–253. doi:10.1086/682212. JSTOR 10.1086/682212.
de Blois, François (2002). "Naṣrānī (Ναζωραȋος) and ḥanīf (ἐθνικός): Studies on the Religious Vocabulary of Christianity and of Islam". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 65 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1017/S0041977X02000010. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 4145899.
Crone 2015, p. 228. Crone, Patricia (2015). "Jewish Christianity and the Qurʾān (Part One)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 74 (2): 225–253. doi:10.1086/682212. JSTOR 10.1086/682212.

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"Christianity: Severance from Judaism". Jewish Virtual Library. AICE. 2008. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018. A major difficulty in tracing the growth of Christianity from its beginnings as a Jewish messianic sect, and its relations to the various other normative-Jewish, sectarian-Jewish, and Christian-Jewish groups is presented by the fact that what ultimately became normative Christianity was originally but one among various contending Christian trends. Once the "gentile Christian" trend won out, and the teaching of Paul became accepted as expressing the doctrine of the Church, the Jewish Christian groups were pushed to the margin and ultimately excluded as heretical. Being rejected both by normative Judaism and the Church, they ultimately disappeared. Nevertheless, several Jewish Christian sects (such as the Nazarenes, Ebionites, Elchasaites, and others) existed for some time, and a few of them seem to have endured for several centuries. Some sects saw in Jesus mainly a prophet and not the "Christ", others seem to have believed in him as the Messiah, but did not draw the christological and other conclusions that subsequently became fundamental in the teaching of the Church (the divinity of the Christ, trinitarian conception of the Godhead, abrogation of the Law). After the disappearance of the early Jewish Christian sects and the triumph of gentile Christianity, to become a Christian meant, for a Jew, to apostatize and to leave the Jewish community.
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