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Jewish surname (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Jewish surname" in English language version.

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4books.google.com
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archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

  • Schreiber 2003, p. 190: "Jewish family names are of recent origin. Until 1800, the father's name would often be the family name; for example, Aaron ben (son of) Samuel was known as Aaron Samuel. In the early Middle Ages, Cohen, Levi, and their Hebrew abbreviations Katz (from the initials of Kohen Zedek, Priest of Justice) and Segal (from S'gan Levi, Levitical Head) are mentioned." Schreiber, Mordecai, ed. (2003). "Names". The Shengold Jewish Encyclopedia. consulting editors Alvin I. Schiff and Leon Klenicki (3rd ed.). Schreiber Publishing. ISBN 978-1-887563-77-2.
  • Weiss 2002, p. 15: "The first Jewish family names appeared in the 10th and 11th centuries as surnames for Jews of North Africa, Spain, France and Italy. At the beginning, surnames were not relevant. They were only used for outstanding individuals, not for families. Such family names were set up for educated people, scholars, poets and other notable citizens. Only in special cases they became true family names. In fact the existence of a family name gives a family group its credits, therefore outstanding families tried to demonstrate their prominence, because of a long-established family name. However, Jews in Central and Eastern Europe survived until the 13th century with no significant family names, except again for outstanding individuals. At the turn of the 19th century (Joseph II) Jews had to have family names in the following countries: Austria, France, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Prussia, Russia, and Ukraine. In 1787, the government of Ukraine required Jews living within its borders to assume "German-sounding" surnames so they could be distinguished from so-called "native Ukrainians". Ten years later in 1797, Jews of Lithuania were required to do the same. In Russia, Jews assumed surnames more slowly after the law requiring them to do so took effect in 1804 (with the integrated part of Poland). By the end of the 19th century, all European Jews had surnames." Weiss, Nelly (2002). The origin of Jewish family names: morphology and history. P. Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-5644-7.
  • Israel, Jonathan (January 1, 1990). Empires and Entrepots: Dutch, the Spanish Monarchy and the Jews, 1585-1713. A&C Black. ISBN 9781852850227.
  • Benzion C. Kaganoff (1996). A Dictionary of Jewish Names and Their History. Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. pp. 17–22. ISBN 9781461627203. Retrieved June 3, 2014.

ceeol.com (Global: 5,720th place; English: 4,702nd place)

degruyterbrill.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

geni.com (Global: 1,622nd place; English: 1,398th place)

jewish-history-online.net (Global: low place; English: low place)

me.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.me.com

  • "iCloud". Web.me.com. Retrieved November 8, 2015.

sephardim.co (Global: low place; English: low place)

ujew.com.ua (Global: low place; English: low place)

  • "Еврейские фамилии: история происхождения и разнообразие (Jewish Surnames: History of Origin and Diversity)". U-Jew! (in Russian). 16. 2016. История большинства еврейских фамилий укладывается в три столетия ... связанные с религией: Шульман – служитель в синагоге; Рабинович – раввин; Сойфер – писатель священных текстов. Особой популярностью пользовались два титула: Коэн – священный жрец и Леви – помощник священника.

webring.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

sh1.webring.com

wikimedia.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

commons.wikimedia.org