Jihad (English Wikipedia)

Khadduri 1955 "Book II - The Law of War: The Jihad - Chapter V. Doctrine of Jihad" (PDF). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. pp. 55–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. The importance of the jihad in Islam lay in shifting the focus of attention of the tribes from their interribal warfare to the outside word; Islam outlawed all forms of war except the jihad, that is the war in Allah's path. It would indeed, have been very difficult for the Islamic state to survive had it not been for the doctrine of the jihad, replacing tribal raids, and directing that enormous energy of the tribes from an inevitable internal conflict to unite and fight against the outside world in the name of the new faith. Khadduri, Majid (1955). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
Khadduri 1955 "5. Doctrine of Jihad" (PDF). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. [Unlike the five pillars of Islam, jihad was to be enforced by the state.] ... 'unless the Muslim community is subjected to a sudden attack and therefore all believers, including women and children are under the obligation to fight—[jihad of the sword] is regarded by all jurists, with almost no exception, as a collective obligation of the whole Muslim community,' meaning that 'if the duty is fulfilled by a part of the community it ceases to be obligatory on others'. Khadduri, Majid (1955). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Retrieved 26 October 2015.

al-islam.org

Khomeini, Ruhollah (27 September 2012). "Jihad al-Akbar, The Greatest Jihad: Combat with the Self". al-Islam.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
"The Islamic Revolution of 1920". al-islam.org. 27 February 2013.
"Part 2: Islamic Practices". al-Islam.org. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2014.

archive.org

Al-Dawoody, Ahmed (2011). The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0230111608.
Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice. ABC-CLIO. p. 87. ISBN 978-0313360251. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
Esposito, John L. (1988). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195043983.
Abi Zakaryya Al Dimashqi Al Dumyati (23 October 2016). The Book of Jihad. Translated by Yamani, Noor. pp. 107. Retrieved 9 August 2019 – via Internet Archive.
Abi Zakaryya Al Dimashqi Al Dumyati (23 October 2016). The Book of Jihad. Translated by Yamani, Noor. pp. 177. Retrieved 9 August 2019 – via Internet Archive.
Lewis, Bernard, The Crisis of Islam, 2001 Chapter 2
Berkey, Jonathan Porter (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600–1800. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0521588133. The Koran is not a squeamish document, and it exhorts the believers to jihad. Verses such as "Do not follow the unbelievers, but struggle against them mightily" (25.52) and "fight [those who have been given a revelation] who do not believe in God and the last day" (9.29) may originally have been directed against Muhammad's local enemies, the pagans of Mecca or the Jews of Medina, but they could be redirected once a new set of enemies appeared.
Zawātī, Ḥilmī M (2001). Isw+bm Jihād a Just War?: War, Peace, and Human Rights Under Islamic and Public International Law. Studies in religion and society. Vol. 53. Lewiston, N.Y.: E. Mellen Press. pp. 50. ISBN 0773473041. OCLC 47283206.
DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195169911.
Muhammad Katib Hazarah, Fayz (2012). "The History Of Afghanistan Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj Al Tawārīkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami". AAF: 61. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
Benjamin, Daniel; Simon, Steven (2002). The Age of Sacred Terror. New York: Random House. p. 57. ISBN 9780375508592.
Goodson, Larry P. (10 August 2001). Afghanistan's Endless War: State Failure, Regional Politics, and the Rise of the Taliban. University of Washington Press. p. 147. ISBN 9780295980508 – via Internet Archive.

atharebartar.com

Kohlberg, Etan (1976). "The Development of the Imami Shi'i Doctrine of Jihad". Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgen Laendischen Gesellschaft. pp. 64–86, esp. pp. 78–86.

bbc.co.uk

"Islam and war". BBC. 13 August 2009. Retrieved 14 July 2024.
"Jihad". BBC. 3 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 August 2010. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
"Jihad". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 February 2012.

news.bbc.co.uk

Symon, Fiona (16 October 2001). "Analysis: The roots of jihad". BBC. Archived from the original on 7 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. For Qutb, all non-Muslims were infidels—even the so-called "people of the book", the Christians and Jews—and he predicted an eventual clash of civilisations between Islam and the west.

bbc.com

Seales, Rebecca (5 July 2018). "'My wife can never call my name in public'". BBC. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
Morse, Felicity (13 January 2015). "The pen, the sword and the Prophet". BBC. Retrieved 29 November 2021.

books.google.com

Jackson, Roy (2014). What is Islamic philosophy?. Routledge. p. 173. ISBN 978-1317814047. jihad Literally 'struggle' which has many meanings, though most frequently associated with war.
Bonner, Michael (2006). Jihad in Islamic History: Doctrines and Practice. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400827381.
Meri, Josef W., ed. (2005). "Jihad". Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 419. ISBN 978-041596690-0.
Hallaq, Wael B. (16 April 2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice, Transformations. Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–38. ISBN 978-0-521-86147-2.
Jalal, Ayesha (30 June 2009). "Islam Subverted? Jihad as Terrorism". Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 239–240. doi:10.4159/9780674039070-007. ISBN 978-0-674-03907-0. S2CID 152941120.
Cook, David (2005). "Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory". Understanding Jihad. University of California Press. pp. 93–127. ISBN 978-0-520-24203-6. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10. LCCN 2015010201.
Wehr, Hans (1979). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic (3rd ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 142. ISBN 978-3-447-02002-2.
Tyan, Emile (1967). Lewis, B.; Pellat, Charles; Schatcht, J. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam: Khe-Naz. Vol. 5-7. E. J. Brill. p. 538. ISBN 978-90-04-09739-1 https://books.google.com/books?id=mB-qzwEACAAJ&pg=PA538. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
For a listing of all appearances in the Qur'an of jihad and related words, see al-Mu'jam al-mufahras li-alfaz al-Qur'an al-karim (in Arabic). دار حديث،. 1988. pp. 182–83. and Kassis, Hanna E. (3 November 2023). A Concordance of the Qur'an. Univ of California Press. pp. 587–588. ISBN 978-0-520-34261-3.
Berkey, Jonathan P. (2003). The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-58813-3.
ibn Ismāʻīl Bukhārī, Muḥammad (1981). Ṣaḥīḥ Al-Bukhārī: The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari. Vol. v4. Translated by Muhsin Khan, Muhammad. Medina: Dar al-Fikr. pp. 34–204.. Quoted in Streusand, Douglas E. (September 1997). "What Does Jihad Mean?". Middle East Quarterly: 9–17. Archived from the original on 8 September 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2014. In hadith collections, jihad means armed action; for example, the 199 references to jihad in the most standard collection of hadith, Sahih al-Bukhari, all assume that jihad means warfare.
The Intensification and Reorientation of Sunni Jihad Ideology in the Crusader Period. BRILL. 3 December 2012. ISBN 9789004242791.
O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (24 February 2004). Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 12. ISBN 0812218892.
Understanding Jihad. University of California Press. 23 May 2005. p. 15. ISBN 9780520931879.
Bonney, Richard (2004). Jihad: From Qu'ran to Bin Laden. Palgrave Macmillan.
Lewis, Bernard (11 June 1991). The Political Language of Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-47693-3.
Peters, Rudolph (1996). Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader. Princeton: Marcus Wiener. ISBN 978-9004048546.
Kadri, Sadakat (2012). Heaven on Earth: A Journey Through Shari'a Law from the Deserts of Ancient Arabia. London: Macmillan Publishers. pp. 150–151, 157, 172–175. ISBN 978-0099523277.
Khadduri, Majid (2006). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-58477-695-6.
Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009). Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set. Infobase Publishing. pp. 295–296. ISBN 978-1-4381-0907-7.
Schaefer, Robert W. (22 October 2010). The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad. Praeger Security International. Santa Barbara, California: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 64. ISBN 9780313386350. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
Baderin, Mashood A. (2021). Islamic Law: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 119. Similar to contemporary international law, there are more rules relating to jus in bello than to jus ad bellum under Islamic laws of war.
Khalil, Mohammad Hassan (2017). Jihad, Radicalism, and the New Atheism. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108377263. ISBN 9781108421546.
Coates, David, ed. (2012). The Oxford Companion to American Politics, Volume 2. Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 9780199764310.
Cook, David (2015) [2005]. "Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory". Understanding Jihad (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 93–127. ISBN 978-0-520-24448-1. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10. LCCN 2015010201.
Johnson, James Turner (1 November 2010). Holy War Idea in Western and Islamic Traditions. Penn State Press. pp. 147–48. ISBN 978-0271042145. Retrieved 24 September 2014. Islam ... instilled into the hearts of the warriors the belief that a war against the followers of another faith was a holy war ... The fundamental structure of bedouin warfare remained, however, that of raiding to collect booty. ... another element in the normative understanding of jihad as religiously sanctioned war ... [was] the ghaza, `razzia or raid.` ... Thus the standard form of desert warfare, periodic raids by the nomadic tribes against one another and the settled areas, was transformed into a centrally directed military movement and given and ideological rationale.
Khadduri 1955 "Book II - The Law of War: The Jihad - Chapter V. Doctrine of Jihad" (PDF). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. pp. 55–73. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. The importance of the jihad in Islam lay in shifting the focus of attention of the tribes from their interribal warfare to the outside word; Islam outlawed all forms of war except the jihad, that is the war in Allah's path. It would indeed, have been very difficult for the Islamic state to survive had it not been for the doctrine of the jihad, replacing tribal raids, and directing that enormous energy of the tribes from an inevitable internal conflict to unite and fight against the outside world in the name of the new faith. Khadduri, Majid (1955). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
"Djihād". Encyclopedia of Islam Online.
Peters, Rudolph (1977). Jihad in Mediaeval and Modern Islam: The Chapter on Jihad from Averroes' Legal Handbook 'Bidåayat Al-mudjtahid' and the Treatise 'Koran and Fighting' by the Late Shaykh-al-Azhar, Maòhmåud Shaltåut. BRILL. p. 3. ISBN 978-90-04-04854-6.
Lewis, Bernard (27 October 1994). Islam and the West. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-802393-7.
Ahmed Al- (28 March 2011b). The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations. Springer. p. 92. ISBN 9780230118089.
Khadduri, Majid (1940). The Law of War and Peace in Islam: A Study in Muslim International Law. London: Luzac & Co. OCLC 24254931.
Lewis, Bernard (2004). The Crisis of Islam: Holy War and Unholy Terror. Random House Publishing Group. p. 31. ISBN 978-0812967852. According to Islamic law, it is lawful to wage war against four types of enemies: infidels, apostates, rebels, and bandits. Although all four types of war are legitimate, only the first two count as jihad.
Lewis, Bernard (2000). The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years. Simon and Schuster. pp. 237–38. ISBN 9780684807126. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
According to Khaled Abou El Fadl martyrdom is within God's exclusive province; only God can assess the intentions of individuals and the justness of their cause, and ultimately, whether they deserve the status of being a martyr. The Qur'anic text does not recognize the idea of unlimited warfare, and it does not consider the simple fact that one of the belligerents is Muslim to be sufficient to establish the justness of a war. Moreover, according to the Qur'an, war might be necessary, and might even become binding and obligatory, but it is never a moral and ethical good. The Qur'an does not use the word jihad to refer to warfare or fighting; such acts are referred to as qital. While the Qur'an's call to jihad is unconditional and unrestricted, such is not the case for qital. Jihad is a good in and of itself, while qital is not. Source: Abou El Fadl, Khaled (23 January 2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. ISBN 978-0061189036.
Hamidullah, Muhammad (2011). The Muslim Conduct of State. The Other Press. ISBN 978-967-5062-88-9.
QASIM ZAMAN, MUHAMMAD (2012). Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-09645-5.
Khadduri 1955 "5. Doctrine of Jihad" (PDF). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015. [Unlike the five pillars of Islam, jihad was to be enforced by the state.] ... 'unless the Muslim community is subjected to a sudden attack and therefore all believers, including women and children are under the obligation to fight—[jihad of the sword] is regarded by all jurists, with almost no exception, as a collective obligation of the whole Muslim community,' meaning that 'if the duty is fulfilled by a part of the community it ceases to be obligatory on others'. Khadduri, Majid (1955). War and Peace in the Law of Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
Broucek, James (2014). "Combat". The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Al-Khatib, Ibrahim (2012). The Muslim Brotherhood and Palestine: Letters To Jerusalem. scribedigital.com. ISBN 978-1780410395. Retrieved 7 September 2014. The Muslim Brothers believed a well-planned Jihad to be the only means to liberate Palestine. Its press confirmed that Jihad became an individual obligation upon every Muslim ... [who would] gain one of the two desirable goals (i.e. gaining victory or dying martyrs). The jurists of the Group issued a fatwa during the 1948 War that Muslims had to postpone pilgrimage and offer their money for Jihad (in Palestine) instead.
Abū ʻAmr, Z. (1994). Islamic Fundamentalism in the West Bank and Gaza: Muslim Brotherhood and . Indiana University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0253208668. According to the [Muslim Brotherhood] society, the jihad for Palestine will start after the completion of the Islamic transformation of Palestinian society, the completion of the process of Islamic revival, and the return to Islam in the region. Only then can the call for jihad be meaningful, because the Palestinians cannot along liberate Palestine without the help of other Muslims.
But according to Judith Miller, the MB changed its mind with the intifada. Miller, Judith (19 July 2011). God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East. Simon & Schuster. p. 387. ISBN 978-1439129418. Sheikh Yasin had initially argued in typical Muslim Brotherhood tradition that violent jihad against Israel would be counterproductive until Islamic regimes had been established throughout the Muslim realm. But the outbreak of the Intifada changed his mind: Islamic reconquest would have to start rather than end with jihad in Palestine. So stated the Hamas covenant.
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Gerges, Fawaz A. (2009). The far enemy: why Jihad went global (reprint 2010 ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521519359.
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Cook, David (2015) [2005]. "Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory". Understanding Jihad (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 93–127. ISBN 978-0-520-24448-1. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10. LCCN 2015010201.
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