"Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
Fisher, Louis (September 5, 2001). Recess Appointments of Federal Judges(PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved April 26, 2022 – via UNT Digital Library.
"Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from the original on April 15, 2010. Retrieved December 7, 2018.