Jolly Roger (English Wikipedia)

Urban, Sylvanus (June 1731). The Gentleman's Magazine 1731-06: Vol 1 Iss 6. London: Open Court Publishing Co. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
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BnF, Manuscrit Français 385 Archived 3 December 2024 at the Wayback Machine, f. 25, digitised on Gallica Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine; For a translation in English, see Pirate FlagsPirate Mythtory. Archived 21 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine: "And we put down our white flag, and raised a red flag with a Skull head on it and two crossed bones (all in white and in the middle of the flag), and then we marched on."

gallica.bnf.fr

BnF, Manuscrit Français 385 Archived 3 December 2024 at the Wayback Machine, f. 25, digitised on Gallica Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine; For a translation in English, see Pirate FlagsPirate Mythtory. Archived 21 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine: "And we put down our white flag, and raised a red flag with a Skull head on it and two crossed bones (all in white and in the middle of the flag), and then we marched on."

bonaventure.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

BnF, Manuscrit Français 385 Archived 3 December 2024 at the Wayback Machine, f. 25, digitised on Gallica Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine; For a translation in English, see Pirate FlagsPirate Mythtory. Archived 21 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine: "And we put down our white flag, and raised a red flag with a Skull head on it and two crossed bones (all in white and in the middle of the flag), and then we marched on."
See, e.g., Angus Konstam, Pirates: 1660–1730; Douglas Botting, The Pirates; "Flags". Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2007.; etcetera.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Johnson, Charles (2002). Pirates. Conway Maritime. ISBN 978-0851779195.
Rogoziński, Jan (1997). The Wordsworth Dictionary of Pirates. New York: Wordsworth Reference. ISBN 9781853263842. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
Little, Benerson (2016). The Golden Age of Piracy: The Truth Behind Pirate Myths. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781510713048. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
Mary Frear Keeler (ed.), Sir Francis Drake's West Indian Voyage, 1585–86 (1981), p. 161, footnote 3: "No reference to black flags on Drake's ships, mentioned also by Castellanos (Castellanos, Juan de, Discurso de el Capitan Francisco Draque .. . 1586-1587, p. 173), appears in either Spanish official accounts or English narratives."
Fox, E. T. (2015). Jolly Rogers, the True History of Pirate Flags. Raleigh NC: Lulu.com. ISBN 9781326448172. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
Little, Benerson (2016). The Golden Age of Piracy: The Truth Behind Pirate Myths. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781510713048. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
Hughson, Shirley Carter (1894). The Carolina Pirates and Colonial Commerce, 1670-1740. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 9780722249987. Archived from the original on 23 February 2025. Retrieved 13 January 2019. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
Brooks, Baylus C. (2018). Sailing East: West-Indian Pirates in Madagascar. NC: Lulu.com. ISBN 978-0-359-04792-5. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
Cordingly, David (2013). Under the Black Flag: The Romance and the Reality of Life Among the Pirates. New York: Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307763075. Retrieved 28 July 2017.
Little, Benerson (4 October 2016). The Golden Age of Piracy: The Truth Behind Pirate Myths. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5107-1304-8. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
Bradlee, F C (1922). Historical Collections of the Essex Institute. Salem MA: Essex Institute. pp. 299–300. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
Little, Benerson (2016). The Golden Age of Piracy: The Truth Behind Pirate Myths. New York: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. ISBN 9781510713048. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
Woodard, Colin (2008). The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Orlando FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0547415758. Archived from the original on 12 September 2025. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
Betagh, William (1727). A Voyage Round the World. London: T. Combes, J. Lacy, and J. Clarke. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
Fox, E. T. (2014). Pirates in Their Own Words. Raleigh NC: Lulu.com. ISBN 9781291943993. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
Williamson 2007, p. 59. Williamson, Gordon (2007). U-Boats Vs Destroyer Escorts: The Battle of the Atlantic. Duel Series. Vol. 3. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-133-5.

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cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

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peterleeson.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Leeson, Peter T. (2008). Pirational Choice: The Economics of Infamous Pirate Practices (PDF). p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
Leeson, Peter T. (2008). Pirational Choice: The Economics of Infamous Pirate Practices (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025. "Ships attacking under the death head's toothy grin were therefore considered criminal and could be prosecuted as pirates. Since pirates were criminals anyway, for them, flying the Jolly Roger was costless. If they were captured and found guilty, the penalty they faced was the same whether they used the Jolly Roger in taking merchant ships or not – the hangman's noose... For legitimate ships, however, things were different. To retain at least a veneer of legitimacy, privateers and Spanish coast guard ships could not sail under pirate colours. If they did, they could be hunted and hanged as pirates."

popularmechanics.com (Global: 2,521^st place; English: 1,621^st place)

"Why a U.S. Navy Spy Submarine is Flying the Jolly Roger". 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
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rmg.co.uk (Global: 6,393^rd place; English: 4,093^rd place)

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Berube, Claude (25 January 2018). "Preble's Flag: An Emerging Navy Fights Chinese Pirates". Warontherocks.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2026. Retrieved 3 June 2026.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

"Cabinet of Curiosities". sjofartsmuseum.ax. Åland Maritime Museum. February 2018. Archived from the original on 4 August 2026. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
"Rare Jolly Roger goes on display at Portsmouth's navy museum". BBC News. 14 December 2011. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
BnF, Manuscrit Français 385 Archived 3 December 2024 at the Wayback Machine, f. 25, digitised on Gallica Archived 16 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine; For a translation in English, see Pirate FlagsPirate Mythtory. Archived 21 January 2005 at the Wayback Machine: "And we put down our white flag, and raised a red flag with a Skull head on it and two crossed bones (all in white and in the middle of the flag), and then we marched on."
See, e.g., Angus Konstam, Pirates: 1660–1730; Douglas Botting, The Pirates; "Flags". Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2007.; etcetera.
"Pirate Symbolism: The Jolly Roger and the 'Arr'". wondriumdaily.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
Leeson, Peter T. (2008). Pirational Choice: The Economics of Infamous Pirate Practices (PDF). p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
Leeson, Peter T. (2008). Pirational Choice: The Economics of Infamous Pirate Practices (PDF). p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025. "Ships attacking under the death head's toothy grin were therefore considered criminal and could be prosecuted as pirates. Since pirates were criminals anyway, for them, flying the Jolly Roger was costless. If they were captured and found guilty, the penalty they faced was the same whether they used the Jolly Roger in taking merchant ships or not – the hangman's noose... For legitimate ships, however, things were different. To retain at least a veneer of legitimacy, privateers and Spanish coast guard ships could not sail under pirate colours. If they did, they could be hunted and hanged as pirates."
"Pirate Colors". streetsofsalem.com. 9 June 2011. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
"VOC-Glossarium" (PDF) (in Dutch). Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
Grey, Charles (1933). Pirates of the eastern seas (1618-1723): a lurid page of history. London: S. Low, Marston & co., ltd. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2017.
"The Political state of Great Britain. V28 1724". HathiTrust. Archived from the original on 27 November 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
"The Pirate Ship Whydah: Pirate strategy". "Real Pirates" museum exhibit website. Chicago, Illinois: The Field Museum. 2009. Archived from the original on 6 November 2020. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
Hughson, Shirley Carter (1894). The Carolina Pirates and Colonial Commerce, 1670-1740. Baltimore MD: Johns Hopkins Press. ISBN 9780722249987. Archived from the original on 23 February 2025. Retrieved 13 January 2019. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
"How did pirates make their flags?". youtube.com. Gold and Gunpowder. 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
Woodard, Colin (2008). The Republic of Pirates: Being the True and Surprising Story of the Caribbean Pirates and the Man Who Brought Them Down. Orlando FL: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0547415758. Archived from the original on 12 September 2025. Retrieved 27 March 2025.
Berube, Claude (25 January 2018). "Preble's Flag: An Emerging Navy Fights Chinese Pirates". Warontherocks.com. Archived from the original on 17 May 2026. Retrieved 3 June 2026.
"VOC-Glossarium" (PDF). Resources Huygens ING (Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2025. Retrieved 3 May 2025.
"Did You Know Blackbeard's Flag is a Modern Design? | Queen Anne's Revenge Project". Qaronline.org. 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2026. Retrieved 5 May 2026.
"Naval History and Heritage Command, U.S. Navy Seabee Museum, The Ghost Battalion". History.navy.mil. Archived from the original on 7 May 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
"Kuperjanovi jalaväepataljon (In Estonian)". 9 February 2024. Archived from the original on 28 August 2014. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
"Why a U.S. Navy Spy Submarine is Flying the Jolly Roger". 14 September 2017. Archived from the original on 8 September 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
Mizokami, Kyle (25 September 2020). "The Reason Why This U.S. Navy Destroyer Flies a Pirate Flag". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
The Pirates - Out of Their Skulls album art (Image). Archived from the original on 16 August 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2025.
"KIEZQUAKE STORIES: THE DOUBLE INVENTION OF THE SKULL". fcstpauli.com. FC St. Pauli. 14 July 2019. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
"St. Pauli skull and crossbones". texmen.de. Texmen. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
"Burgee of Pirate Yacht Club, Bridlington". Royal Museums Greenwich. Archived from the original on 21 February 2025. Retrieved 30 April 2024.
"Club history in detail". Penzance Sailing Club. Archived from the original on 25 March 2024. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
McElhinny, Brian (15 April 2010). "The story behind Raise the Jolly Roger, told by Greg Brown himself". Blog: Raise the Jolly Roger. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
Behanna, Garrett (6 November 2022). "The story behind the original Jolly Roger". cbsnews.com. CBS Pittsburgh. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Barnett, Brett (28 June 2020). "Best Pittsburgh Pirates Logos of All-Time". Bucs Dugout. SBNation. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
Brainerd, Bob (15 August 2006). "Pirate treasure or trash? Admirals, designer Locher defend their new logo". OnMilwaukee.com. On Milwaukee. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
"Ads Unveil Bold New Look". Milwaukee Admirals. 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Creamer, Chris (15 July 2015). "Fear This: Admirals Evolve, Unveil New Logos and Uniforms". SportsLogos.net. Archived from the original on 20 January 2025. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
Mahoney, Donny (10 January 2024). "The Brilliant Story Behind The UCC Skull And Crossbones, AKA The Best GAA Jersey Ever". balls.ie. Balls. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
"ECU Pirates Official Athletic Site – Traditions". ecupirates.com. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
"Pirate Flag". folklore.org. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010.
"Pirate Flag Emoji". Emojipedia. Archived from the original on 18 December 2018. Retrieved 19 December 2018.
"Viktor Korchnoi, first Russian chess grandmaster to defect from the Soviet Union". smh.com.au. The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 25 October 2025.
"File:Antifa zaszlo kormany ellenes tuntetsen.JPG - Wikimedia Commons". commons.wikimedia.org. 23 October 2011. Archived from the original on 2 December 2025. Retrieved 13 September 2025.
Raidi (1 August 2025), One Piece Pirate Flag Rises Across Indonesia Ahead the Independence Day, Indonesia Sentinel, archived from the original on 6 August 2025, retrieved 5 August 2025
"Sopir Enggan Kibarkan Merah Putih, Sarbumusi: Pasang Bendera One Piece Simbol Perlawanan". jakarta.nu.or.id. Archived from the original on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
"Sopir Truk Tak Akan Kibarkan Bendera Merah Putih pada Kendaraan pada Agustus 2025? Ini Kata Aptrindo". tribunnews.com. Archived from the original on 16 January 2026. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
Ilham Oktafian; Juan Ardya Guardiola (1 August 2025), 'One Piece' Anime Flags Pose Threat to National Unity, Says Deputy Speaker Dasco, Jakarta Globe, archived from the original on 1 August 2025, retrieved 5 August 2025
"Soal Bendera One Piece, Ketua MPR: Ekspresi Kreativias, Hatinya Pasti Merah Putih". nasional.kompas.com. Archived from the original on 3 August 2025. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
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"MPR soal Pengibaran Bendera One Piece: Provokasi Jatuhkan Pemerintah". cnnindonesia.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2025. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
"Natalius Pigai Larang Pengibaran Bendera One Piece: Demi Stabilitas Nasional". kumparan.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2026. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
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Jolly Roger (English Wikipedia)

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fieldmuseum.org (Global: 5,952nd place; English: 3,955th place)

archive.fieldmuseum.org

folklore.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

fotw.info (Global: 5,335th place; English: 4,759th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64th place; English: 28th place)

hathitrust.org (Global: 296th place; English: 153rd place)

babel.hathitrust.org

historici.nl (Global: low place; English: low place)

images-amazon.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

ecx.images-amazon.com

indonesiasentinel.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

jakartaglobe.id (Global: 9,937th place; English: 6,688th place)

jawapos.com (Global: 3,344th place; English: 5,109th place)

radarsurabaya.jawapos.com

knaw.nl (Global: 1,644th place; English: 1,661st place)

resources.huygens.knaw.nl

kompas.com (Global: 510th place; English: 875th place)

nasional.kompas.com

kumparan.com (Global: 3,181st place; English: 5,233rd place)

mil.ee (Global: low place; English: low place)

milwaukeeadmirals.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

navy.mil (Global: 206th place; English: 129th place)

history.navy.mil

newindianexpress.com (Global: 279th place; English: 132nd place)

nu.or.id (Global: low place; English: low place)

jakarta.nu.or.id

onmilwaukee.com (Global: low place; English: 6,092nd place)

otakukart.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

peterleeson.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

popularmechanics.com (Global: 2,521st place; English: 1,621st place)

pzsc.org.uk (Global: low place; English: low place)

qaronline.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

raisethejollyroger.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

rmg.co.uk (Global: 6,393rd place; English: 4,093rd place)

sabrizain.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

sjofartsmuseum.ax (Global: low place; English: low place)

smh.com.au (Global: 154th place; English: 94th place)

sportslogos.net (Global: low place; English: 7,103rd place)

news.sportslogos.net

streetsofsalem.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

texmen.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

tribunnews.com (Global: 853rd place; English: 1,659th place)

warontherocks.com (Global: low place; English: 8,468th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

wondriumdaily.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

youtube.com (Global: 13th place; English: 14th place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

balls.ie (Global: low place; English: 7,174^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

bnf.fr (Global: 61^st place; English: 357^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

cbsnews.com (Global: 136^th place; English: 93^rd place)

cnnindonesia.com (Global: 1,570^th place; English: 2,022^nd place)

commons.wikimedia.org (Global: 484^th place; English: 698^th place)

en.wikisource.org (Global: 82^nd place; English: 41^st place)

fieldmuseum.org (Global: 5,952^nd place; English: 3,955^th place)

fotw.info (Global: 5,335^th place; English: 4,759^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

hathitrust.org (Global: 296^th place; English: 153^rd place)

jakartaglobe.id (Global: 9,937^th place; English: 6,688^th place)

jawapos.com (Global: 3,344^th place; English: 5,109^th place)

knaw.nl (Global: 1,644^th place; English: 1,661^st place)

kompas.com (Global: 510^th place; English: 875^th place)

kumparan.com (Global: 3,181^st place; English: 5,233^rd place)

navy.mil (Global: 206^th place; English: 129^th place)

newindianexpress.com (Global: 279^th place; English: 132^nd place)

onmilwaukee.com (Global: low place; English: 6,092^nd place)

popularmechanics.com (Global: 2,521^st place; English: 1,621^st place)

rmg.co.uk (Global: 6,393^rd place; English: 4,093^rd place)

smh.com.au (Global: 154^th place; English: 94^th place)

sportslogos.net (Global: low place; English: 7,103^rd place)

tribunnews.com (Global: 853^rd place; English: 1,659^th place)

warontherocks.com (Global: low place; English: 8,468^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

youtube.com (Global: 13^th place; English: 14^th place)