References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Joseph Haydn" in the English version

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The date is uncertain. Haydn told others he was born on this day Geiringer (1982, p. 9); Jones (1810, 8)^{[incomplete short citation]}, but some of his family members reported 1 April instead (Geiringer). The difficulty arises from the fact that in Haydn's day official records recorded not the birth date but the date of baptism, which, in Haydn's case, was 1 April Jones (2009a, pp. 2–3). Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author. Jones, David Wyn (2009a). The Life of Haydn. Oxford University Press. Focuses on biography rather than musical works; an up-to-date study benefiting from recent scholarly research on Haydn's life and times.

Haydn made the remark to his friend and biographer Georg August Griesinger; cited from English version by Vernon Gotwals (Griesinger 1963, p. 17) Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". In Vernon Gotwals (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. A translation from the original German: Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn (1810). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn.

This date is uncertain, since the early biography of Griesinger (1963) gives 1759. For the evidence supporting the earlier date see Landon & Jones (1988, p. 34) and Webster (2002, p. 10). Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". In Vernon Gotwals (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. A translation from the original German: Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn (1810). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn. Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.

Mrs. Haydn's paramour (1770) was Ludwig Guttenbrunn, an artist who produced the portrait of Haydn seen above (Landon & Jones 1988, p. 109). Joseph Haydn had a long relationship, starting in 1779, with the singer Luigia Polzelli, and was probably the father of her son Antonio (Landon & Jones 1988, p. 116). Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones. Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.

(Landon & Jones 1988, p. 100) write: "Haydn's duties were crushing. We can notice the effect in his handwriting, which becomes hastier as the 1770s turn to the 1780s: the notation starts to become ever more careless in the scores and the abbreviations multiply." Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.

According to Jones 2009b, pp. 144–146, the London visits yielded a net profit of 15,000 florins. Haydn continued to prosper after the visits and at his death left an estate valued at 55,713 florins. These were substantial sums; for comparison, the house he bought in Gumpendorf in 1793 (and then remodeled) cost only 1370 florins. Jones, David Wyn (2009b). Oxford Composer Companions: Haydn. Oxford University Press. A comprehensive one-volume collection of detailed contributions by Haydn scholars.

From Burney's memoirs; quoted from Landon & Jones (1988, p. 234) Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.

The premier performance did not take place until 1951, during the Florence May Festival. Maria Callas sang the role of Euridice. The opera and its history are discussed in Geiringer 1982, pp. 342–343. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Of Haydn's plight, Rosen (1997) wrote, "The last years of Haydn's life, with all his success, comfort, and celebrity, are among the saddest in music. More moving than the false pathos of a pauper's grave for Mozart ... is the figure of Haydn filled with musical ideas which were struggling to escape, as he himself said; he was too old and weak to go to the piano and submit to the discipline of working them out." Rosen, Charles (1997). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31712-1. First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction.

The date of Haydn's bout with smallpox is not preserved. It was prior to the time he was hired by Countess Thun (i.e. as a young adult; see above), since it is recorded that when she first encountered Haydn she observed his scars as part of the generally poor impression his appearance made on her. See Geiringer 1982, p. 34. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Steven Isserlis calls him "the funniest of the great composers" (preface to Richard Wigmore, The Faber Pocket Guide to Haydn (Faber, 2011)). Brendel (2001) focuses on the humor of both Haydn and Beethoven. Rosen (1997, p. 111) attributes to Haydn "an aptitude for the facetious that no other composer enjoyed". Brendel, Alfred (2001). "Does classical music have to be entirely serious?". In Margalit, Edna; Margalit, Avishai (eds.). Isaiah Berlin: A Celebration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 193–204. ISBN 978-0-226-84096-3. On jokes in Haydn and Beethoven. Rosen, Charles (1997). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31712-1. First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction.

Rosen's case that Opus 33 represents a "revolution in style" (1971 and 1997, 116) can be found in chapter III.1 of Rosen (1997). For dissenting views, see Larsen (1980, p. 102) and Webster (1991). For discussion of the development of the same trend in Haydn's style in the symphonies that preceded the Opus 33 quartets see Rosen (1988, pp. 181–186). Rosen, Charles (1997). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31712-1. First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction. Larsen, Jens Peter (1980). "Joseph Haydn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Published separately as The New Grove: Haydn. New York: Norton. 1982. ISBN 978-0-393-01681-9. Webster, James (1991). Haydn's "Farewell" symphony and the idea of classical style: through-composition and cyclic integration in his instrumental music. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-38520-6. This book focuses on a single work, but contains many observations and opinions about Haydn in general. Rosen, Charles (1988). Sonata forms (2nd ed.). New York: Norton.. Further discussion of Haydn's style and technique as it relates to sonata form.

Rosen discusses the popular style in ch. VI.1 of Rosen (1997). Rosen, Charles (1997). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31712-1. First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction.

Smallman, Basil (1992). The Piano Trio: Its History, Technique, and Repertoire. Oxford University Press. pp. 16–19. ISBN 978-0-19-318307-0.

Rosen 1997, pp. 43–54. Rosen, Charles (1997). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31712-1. First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction.

Griesinger 1963, p. 9. Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". In Vernon Gotwals (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. A translation from the original German: Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn (1810). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn.

Griesinger 1963, p. 10. Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". In Vernon Gotwals (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. A translation from the original German: Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn (1810). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn.

Landon & Jones 1988, p. 27. Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.

Geiringer 1982, p. 27. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Larsen 1980, p. 8. Larsen, Jens Peter (1980). "Joseph Haydn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Published separately as The New Grove: Haydn. New York: Norton. 1982. ISBN 978-0-393-01681-9.

Geiringer 1982, p. 30 Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Griesinger 1963, p. 15. Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". In Vernon Gotwals (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. A translation from the original German: Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn (1810). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn.

Geiringer 1982, pp. 34–35. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

See, e.g., Geiringer 1982, pp. 36–40 Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Landon & Jones 1988, p. 37. Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.

Geiringer 1982, p. 60. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

For details see Geiringer 1982, Chapter 6 Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Geiringer 1982, p. 316, citing Robbins Landon. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Deutsch 1965, p. 234; Keefe 2023, p. 1; Webster & Feder 2001, §3.4 Deutsch, Otto Erich (1965). Mozart: A Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press – via Internet Archive. Webster, James; Feder, Georg (2001). "Joseph Haydn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Published separately as a book: The New Grove Haydn. New York: Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-516904-1. Careful scholarship with little subjective interpretation; covers both life and music, and includes a very detailed list of works.

Larsen 1980. Larsen, Jens Peter (1980). "Joseph Haydn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Published separately as The New Grove: Haydn. New York: Norton. 1982. ISBN 978-0-393-01681-9.

Geiringer 1982, p. 96. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Geiringer 1982, pp. 131–135. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Geiringer 1982, p. 198 gives the testimony of Haydn's early biographer Giuseppe Carpani. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Geiringer 1982, pp. 186–187. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

Griesinger 1963, p. 50. Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". In Vernon Gotwals (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. A translation from the original German: Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn (1810). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn.

Griesinger 1963, p. 20; Dies 1810, (in the English translation from Gotwals 1963, pp. 92–93). Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". In Vernon Gotwals (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. A translation from the original German: Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn (1810). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn. Dies, Albert Christoph (1810). Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn nach mündlichen Erzählungen desselben entworfen und herausgegeben [Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn, written and edited from his own spoken narratives]. Vienna: Camesinaische Buchhandlung. English translation in: Dies, Albert Christoph (1963). "Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn". In Gotwals, Vernon (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. (translation by Vernon Gotwals). Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. One of the first biographies of Haydn, written on the basis of 30 interviews carried out during the composer's old age.

Griesinger 1963, p. 54. Griesinger, Georg August (1963). "Biographical Notes Concerning Joseph Haydn". In Vernon Gotwals (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. Translated by Vernon Gotwals. Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. A translation from the original German: Biographische Notizen über Joseph Haydn (1810). Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. Like Dies's, a biography produced from interviews with the elderly Haydn.

Larsen 1980, p. 81. Larsen, Jens Peter (1980). "Joseph Haydn". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. Published separately as The New Grove: Haydn. New York: Norton. 1982. ISBN 978-0-393-01681-9.

Dies 1810, (in the English translation from Landon & Jones 1988, p. 157) Dies, Albert Christoph (1810). Biographische Nachrichten von Joseph Haydn nach mündlichen Erzählungen desselben entworfen und herausgegeben [Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn, written and edited from his own spoken narratives]. Vienna: Camesinaische Buchhandlung. English translation in: Dies, Albert Christoph (1963). "Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn". In Gotwals, Vernon (ed.). Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits. (translation by Vernon Gotwals). Milwaukee: University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-02791-9. One of the first biographies of Haydn, written on the basis of 30 interviews carried out during the composer's old age. Landon, H. C. Robbins; Jones, David Wyn (1988). Haydn: His Life and Music. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-37265-9. Biography chapters by Robbins Landon, excerpted from Landon 1976–1980 and rich in original source documents. Analysis and appreciation of the works by Jones.

Hadden 1902, p. 158. Hadden, James (1902). Haydn. J. Dent. Reissued 2010 by Cambridge University Press.

Rosen (1997, p. 57). "[T]he period from 1750 to 1775 was penetrated by eccentricity, hit-or-miss experimentation, resulting in works which are still difficult to accept today because of their oddities". Similar remarks are made by Hughes (1970, pp. 111–112). Rosen, Charles (1997). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31712-1. First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction. Hughes, Rosemary (1970). Haydn (Revised ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-460-02281-1. Originally published in 1950. Gives a sympathetic and witty account of Haydn's life, along with a survey of the music.

Rosen 1997, pp. 333–337. Rosen, Charles (1997). The classical style: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31712-1. First edition published in 1971. Covers much of Haydn's output and seeks to explicate Haydn's central role in the creation of the classical style. The work has been influential, provoking both positive citation and work (e.g., Webster 1991) written in reaction.

Geiringer 1982, p. 158. Geiringer, Karl; Geiringer, Irene (1982). Haydn: A Creative Life in Music (3rd ed.). University of California. ISBN 978-0-520-04316-9. The first edition was published in 1946 with Karl Geiringer as the sole author.

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Sutcliffe (1989, p. 343) mentions this in a criticism of contemporary Haydn performance practice: "[Haydn's] music sometime seems to 'live on its nerves' ... It is above all in this respect that Haydn performances often fail, whereby most interpreters lack the mental agility to deal with the ever-changing 'physiognomy' of Haydn's music, subsiding instead into an ease of manner and a concern for broader effects that they have acquired in their playing of Mozart." Sutcliffe, W. Dean (1989). "Haydn's Musical Personality". The Musical Times. 130 (1756): 341–344. doi:10.2307/966030. JSTOR 966030.

Latcham, Michael (1997). "Mozart and the Pianos of Gabriel Anton Walter". Early Music. 25 (3): 383–400. doi:10.1093/earlyj/XXV.3.383. ISSN 0306-1078. JSTOR 3128423.

Badura-Skoda, Eva (2000). "Mozart's Walter fortepiano". Early Music. XXVIII (4): 686. doi:10.1093/earlyj/xxviii.4.686. ISSN 1741-7260.

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Latcham, Michael (1997). "Mozart and the Pianos of Gabriel Anton Walter". Early Music. 25 (3): 383–400. doi:10.1093/earlyj/XXV.3.383. ISSN 0306-1078. JSTOR 3128423.

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Or "Spängler" (1722–1794) Barbara Boisits [in German]; Christian Fastl (13 September 2018). "Spangler (eig. Spängler), Familie" [Spangler (really Spängler), family]. Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon (in German). Retrieved 13 August 2023.

Rita Steblin, "Haydns Orgeldienste 'in der damaligen Gräfl. Haugwitzischen Kapelle'", in: Wiener Geschichtsblätter [de] 65/2000, pp. 124–134.

Joseph Haydn (English Wikipedia)

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