Joseph Stalin (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Joseph Stalin" in English language version.

Last modified: 19:19:27, 20 October 2026 (UTC)

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Suny 2020, p. 559; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 30. Suny, R. G. (2020). Stalin: Passage to Revolution. Princeton University Press. excerpt Archived 19 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

Khlevni͡uk, O. V., Olreg (2015). Stalin : new biography of a dictator. New Haven : Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21978-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
Conquest 1991, p. 230; Service 2004, p. 394; Overy 2004, p. 338; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 174. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. Overy, Richard J. (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-3930-2030-4. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Overy 2004, p. 568. Overy, Richard J. (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-3930-2030-4.
Service 2004, p. 577; Overy 2004, p. 565; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 309. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. Overy, Richard J. (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-3930-2030-4. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Overy 2004, p. 552. Overy, Richard J. (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-3930-2030-4.
Conquest 1991, p. 317; Volkogonov 1991, p. xxvi; McDermott 2006, p. 13. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. Volkogonov, Dimitri (1991). Stalin: Triumph and Tragedy. Translated by Shukman, Harold. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-2978-1080-3. McDermott, Kevin (2006). Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-1122-4.
Conquest 1991, p. xvi; Service 2004, p. 18; McDermott 2006, p. 13. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. McDermott, Kevin (2006). Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-1122-4.
McDermott 2006, p. 12. McDermott, Kevin (2006). Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-1122-4.
Sebag Montefiore 2003, p. 86; Service 2004, p. 9; McDermott 2006, p. 19; Kotkin 2017, pp. 1–2, 5. Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-1-8421-2726-1. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. McDermott, Kevin (2006). Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-1122-4. Kotkin, Stephen (2017). Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9945-7.
McDermott 2006, p. 1. McDermott, Kevin (2006). Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-1122-4.
Conquest 1991, p. xvii; McDermott 2006, p. 5. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. McDermott, Kevin (2006). Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-1122-4.
McDermott 2006, pp. 5–6. McDermott, Kevin (2006). Stalin: Revolutionary in an Era of War. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-1122-4.

army.mil (Global: 250^th place; English: 134^th place)

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Glantz 1983. Glantz, David (1983). "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2017. Retrieved 1 December 2018.

asianews.it (Global: 6,427^th place; English: 5,776^th place)

Achmatova, Nina (22 October 2010). "Controversy in Moscow: Stalin icon revered". AsiaNews. Retrieved 19 July 2026.

atlanticcouncil.org (Global: 4,417^th place; English: 3,354^th place)

Nemtsova, 17 May 2021; Lentine, 25 June 2022. Nemtsova, Anna (17 May 2021). "'The best master': Russia's new Stalin Center evokes pride, revulsion". NBC News. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022. Lentine, Gina (15 January 2022). "Moscow's Memory Wars: Putin seeks to whitewash Russia's Stalinist past". Atlantic Council. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 25 June 2022.

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BBC, 5 June 2018. "Wall of Grief: Putin Opens First Soviet Victims Memorial". BBC. 5 June 2018. Archived from the original on 5 June 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2017.

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Dović & Helgason 2019, p. 256. Dović, Marijan; Helgason, Jón Karl, eds. (2019). Great Immortality: Studies on European Cultural Sainthood. National Cultivation of Culture. Vol. 18. ISBN 978-9-0043-9513-8. Archived from the original on 21 November 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
Service 2004, p. 64; Sebag Montefiore 2007, p. 159; Kotkin 2014, p. 105; Semeraro 2017, p. ??. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2007). Young Stalin. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-2978-5068-7. Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9944-0. Semeraro, David A. S. (2017). Joseph Stalin. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-5267-0205-0. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
Suny 2020b, p. 59. Suny, Ronald (2020b). Red Flag Wounded. Verso Books. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-7887-3074-7. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
Ra'anan 2006, p. 20. Ra'anan, Uri, ed. (2006). Flawed Succession: Russia's Power Transfer Crises. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-1403-2. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
Foltz 2021, pp. 94–97. Foltz, Richard (2021). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7556-1845-3. Archived from the original on 18 February 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
Rees 2013, p. 219. Rees, E. A. (15 October 2013). Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich. Anthem Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-1-7830-8057-1. Archived from the original on 30 June 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
Roberts 2022, p. 2. Roberts, Geoffrey (2022). Stalin's Library: A Dictator and His Books. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-7904-0. Archived from the original on 3 February 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (1998). 1937: Stalin's Year of Terror. Mehring Books. p. xxviii. ISBN 978-0-9290-8777-1.
Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich; Khrushchev, Serge (2004). Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev. Penn State Press. p. 156. ISBN 978-0-2710-2861-3. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2023.
R. Davies; S. Wheatcroft (2009). The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 1931–1933. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 401. ISBN 978-0-230-23855-8.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "War Communism". Encyclopaedia Britannica.

clemson.edu (Global: 6,422^nd place; English: 3,771^st place)

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Glantz 2001, p. 26. Glantz, David (2001). "The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2011.

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"New Stalin monument in Moscow subway stirs debate". CNN. Reuters. 23 May 2025. Retrieved 24 May 2025.

deepdyve.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Healey 2018: "New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and "inhumanity."" Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 1049–1051. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
Healey 2018, p. 1049: "New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and 'inhumanity.' The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953." Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 1049–1051. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

Himmer 1986, p. 269; Service 2004, p. 85. Himmer, Robert (1986). "On the Origin and Significance of the Name "Stalin"". The Russian Review. 45 (3): 269–286. doi:10.2307/130111. JSTOR 130111. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3.
Sandle 1999, p. 231. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6.
Sandle 1999, p. 234. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6.
Sandle 1999, pp. 227, 229. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6.
Sandle 1999, pp. 231–233. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6.
Sandle 1999, pp. 241–242. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6.
Conquest 1991, pp. 152–153; Sandle 1999, p. 214; Khlevniuk 2015, pp. 107–108. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Sandle 1999, pp. 244, 246. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6.
Sandle 1999, p. 246; Sebag Montefiore 2003, p. 85. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6. Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2003). Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-1-8421-2726-1.
McDermott 1995, pp. 410–411; Conquest 1991, p. 176; Service 2004, pp. 261, 383; Kotkin 2014, p. 720. McDermott, Kevin (1995). "Stalin and the Comintern during the 'Third Period', 1928–33". European History Quarterly. 25 (3): 409–429. doi:10.1177/026569149502500304. S2CID 144922280. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. Kotkin, Stephen (2014). Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928. Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9944-0.
Service 2004, p. 310; Davies & Wheatcroft 2006, p. 627. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. doi:10.1080/09668130600652217. JSTOR 20451229. S2CID 145729808. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2006, p. 628. Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. doi:10.1080/09668130600652217. JSTOR 20451229. S2CID 145729808. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
Ellman 2005, p. 823. Ellman, Michael (2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–841. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392. S2CID 13880089. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
Ellman 2005, p. 824; Davies & Wheatcroft 2006, pp. 628, 631. Ellman, Michael (2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–841. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392. S2CID 13880089. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010. Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. doi:10.1080/09668130600652217. JSTOR 20451229. S2CID 145729808. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
Ellman 2005, pp. 823–824; Davies & Wheatcroft 2006, p. 626; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 117. Ellman, Michael (2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–841. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392. S2CID 13880089. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010. Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. doi:10.1080/09668130600652217. JSTOR 20451229. S2CID 145729808. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2018. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Ellman 2005, p. 834. Ellman, Michael (2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–841. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392. S2CID 13880089. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
Ellman 2005, p. 824; Davies & Wheatcroft 2006, pp. 627–628; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 120. Ellman, Michael (2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–841. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392. S2CID 13880089. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010. Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. doi:10.1080/09668130600652217. JSTOR 20451229. S2CID 145729808. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2018. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Ellman 2005, p. 833; Kuromiya 2008, p. 665. Ellman, Michael (2005). "The Role of Leadership Perceptions and of Intent in the Soviet Famine of 1931–1934" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 57 (6): 823–841. doi:10.1080/09668130500199392. S2CID 13880089. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010. Kuromiya, Hiroaki (2008). "The Soviet Famine of 1932–1933 Reconsidered". Europe-Asia Studies. 60 (4): 663–675. doi:10.1080/09668130801999912. JSTOR 20451530. S2CID 143876370.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2006, p. 628; Ellman 2007, p. 664. Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. doi:10.1080/09668130600652217. JSTOR 20451229. S2CID 145729808. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2018. Ellman, Michael (2007). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33 Revisited". Europe-Asia Studies. 59 (4): 663–693. doi:10.1080/09668130701291899. S2CID 53655536.
Davies & Wheatcroft 2006, p. 627. Davies, Robert; Wheatcroft, Stephen (2006). "Stalin and the Soviet Famine of 1932–33: A Reply to Ellman" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 58 (4): 625–633. doi:10.1080/09668130600652217. JSTOR 20451229. S2CID 145729808. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
Haslam 1979, pp. 682–683; Conquest 1991, p. 218; Service 2004, p. 385; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 135. Haslam, Jonathan (1979). "The Comintern and the Origins of the Popular Front 1934–1935". The Historical Journal. 22 (3): 673–691. doi:10.1017/s0018246x00017039. S2CID 159573290. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Conquest 1991, p. 221; Roberts 1992, pp. 57–78; Service 2004, p. 399; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 166. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. Roberts, Geoffrey (1992). "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany". Soviet Studies. 55 (2): 57–78. doi:10.1080/09668139208411994. JSTOR 152247. Service, Robert (2004). Stalin: A Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-3337-2627-3. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Conquest 1991, p. 222; Roberts 1992, pp. 57–78; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 169. Conquest, Robert (1991). Stalin: Breaker of Nations. Penguin. ISBN 978-0-1401-6953-9. Roberts, Geoffrey (1992). "The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi Germany". Soviet Studies. 55 (2): 57–78. doi:10.1080/09668139208411994. JSTOR 152247. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Ellman 2000, pp. 611, 618–620. Ellman, Michael (2000). "The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 24 (5): 603–630. doi:10.1093/cje/24.5.603.
Ellman 2000, p. 622; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 261. Ellman, Michael (2000). "The 1947 Soviet Famine and the Entitlement Approach to Famines". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 24 (5): 603–630. doi:10.1093/cje/24.5.603. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Mazov, Sergei (9 August 2006). "The USSR and the Former Italian Colonies, 1945–50". Cold War History. 3 (3): 49–78. doi:10.1080/14682740312331391618. ISSN 1468-2745. S2CID 153413935. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
Roberts 2002, pp. 96–98. Roberts, Geoffrey (2002). "Stalin, the Pact with Nazi Germany, and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography". Journal of Cold War Studies. 4 (4): 93–103. doi:10.1162/15203970260209527. S2CID 57563511.
Cohen, Warren I. (2013). "The Korean War and Its Consequences". The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations. Vol. 4: Challenges to American Primacy, 1945 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–78. doi:10.1017/CHO9781139032513.006. ISBN 978-1-1390-3251-3.
Van Ree, E. (2016). "Stalinist Ritual and Belief System: Reflections on 'Political Religion.'". Politics, Religion & Ideology. 17 (2–3): 143–161. doi:10.1080/21567689.2016.1187600. hdl:11245.1/af33019e-7c33-47af-a133-dc2a9e015a8c.
Sandle 1999, p. 216. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6.
Sandle 1999, p. 214; Khlevniuk 2015, p. 8. Sandle, Mark (1999). A Short History of Soviet Socialism. UCL Press. doi:10.4324/9780203500279. ISBN 978-1-8572-8355-6. Khlevniuk, Oleg V. (2015). Stalin: New Biography of a Dictator. Translated by Nora Seligman Favorov. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-3001-6388-9.
Wheatcroft 1999. Wheatcroft, Stephen (1999). "The Great Leap Upwards: Anthropometric Data and Indicators of Crises and Secular Change in Soviet Welfare Levels, 1880–1960". Slavic Review. 58 (1): 27–60. doi:10.2307/2672986. JSTOR 2672986. PMID 22368819. S2CID 43228133.
Ellman 2002, p. 1164. Ellman, Michael (2002). "Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 54 (7): 1151–1172. doi:10.1080/0966813022000017177. S2CID 43510161. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
Cheremukhin et al. 2013; Dower & Markevich 2018, p. 246. Cheremukhin, Anton; Golosov, Mikhail; Guriev, Sergei; Tsyvinski, Aleh (2013). Was Stalin Necessary for Russia's Economic Development? (PDF). w19425. National Bureau of Economic Research. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020. Dower, Paul Castañeda; Markevich, Andrei (May 2018). "Labor Misallocation and Mass Mobilization: Russian Agriculture during the Great War" (PDF). The Review of Economics and Statistics. 100 (2): 245–259. doi:10.1162/REST_a_00726. S2CID 55486912. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 June 2021. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
Rosefielde, Steven (1987). "Incriminating Evidence: Excess Deaths and Forced Labour under Stalin: A Final Reply to Critics". Soviet Studies. 39 (2): 292–313. doi:10.1080/09668138708411691. ISSN 0038-5859. JSTOR 151137. PMID 11618167.
Healey 2018: "New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and "inhumanity."" Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 1049–1051. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
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Healey 2018, p. 1049: "New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and 'inhumanity.' The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953." Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 1049–1051. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999). "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 51 (2): 315–45. doi:10.1080/09668139999056. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2018. During 1921–53, the number of sentences was (political convictions): sentences, 4,060,306; death penalties, 799,473; camps and prisons, 2,634397; exile, 413,512; other, 215,942. In addition, during 1937–52 there were 14,269,753 non-political sentences, among them 34,228 death penalties, 2,066,637 sentences for 0–1 year, 4,362,973 for 2–5 years, 1,611,293 for 6–10 years, and 286,795 for more than 10 years. Other sentences were non-custodial
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Rosefielde, Steven (1987). "Incriminating Evidence: Excess Deaths and Forced Labour under Stalin: A Final Reply to Critics". Soviet Studies. 39 (2): 292–313. doi:10.1080/09668138708411691. ISSN 0038-5859. JSTOR 151137. PMID 11618167.
Getty, Rittersporn & Zemskov 1993, p. 1022. Getty, J. Arch; Rittersporn, Gábor; Zemskov, Viktor (1993). "Victims of the Soviet penal system in the pre-war years: a first approach on the basis of archival evidence" (PDF). American Historical Review. 98 (4): 1017–1049. doi:10.2307/2166597. JSTOR 2166597. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
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nes.ru (Global: low place; English: low place)

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Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 48 (8): 1334, 1348. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. JSTOR 152781. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2006. The Stalinist regime was consequently responsible for about a million purposive killings, and through its criminal neglect and irresponsibility it was probably responsible for the premature deaths of about another two million more victims amongst the repressed population, i.e. in the camps, colonies, prisons, exile, in transit and in the POW camps for Germans. These are clearly much lower figures than those for whom Hitler's regime was responsible.
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Healey 2018, p. 1049: "New studies using declassified Gulag archives have provisionally established a consensus on mortality and 'inhumanity.' The tentative consensus says that once secret records of the Gulag administration in Moscow show a lower death toll than expected from memoir sources, generally between 1.5 and 1.7 million (out of 18 million who passed through) for the years from 1930 to 1953." Healey, Dan (1 June 2018). "GOLFO ALEXOPOULOS. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag". The American Historical Review. 123 (3): 1049–1051. doi:10.1093/ahr/123.3.1049. Archived from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
Wheatcroft, Stephen G. (1999). "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 51 (2): 315–45. doi:10.1080/09668139999056. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 December 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2018. During 1921–53, the number of sentences was (political convictions): sentences, 4,060,306; death penalties, 799,473; camps and prisons, 2,634397; exile, 413,512; other, 215,942. In addition, during 1937–52 there were 14,269,753 non-political sentences, among them 34,228 death penalties, 2,066,637 sentences for 0–1 year, 4,362,973 for 2–5 years, 1,611,293 for 6–10 years, and 286,795 for more than 10 years. Other sentences were non-custodial
Wheatcroft, Stephen (1996). "The Scale and Nature of German and Soviet Repression and Mass Killings, 1930–45" (PDF). Europe-Asia Studies. 48 (8): 1334, 1348. doi:10.1080/09668139608412415. JSTOR 152781. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2006. The Stalinist regime was consequently responsible for about a million purposive killings, and through its criminal neglect and irresponsibility it was probably responsible for the premature deaths of about another two million more victims amongst the repressed population, i.e. in the camps, colonies, prisons, exile, in transit and in the POW camps for Germans. These are clearly much lower figures than those for whom Hitler's regime was responsible.
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