Kaaba (English Wikipedia)

The Kaaba is a good example of an Axis Mundi: a mythological place that connects the earth to the heavens. The Kaaba is a terrestrial counterpart to the celestial seat of the sun as described as Beyt-al-Ma’mur. https://acsforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Assasi-Kaaba-An-Axis-Mundi-in-the-Arabian-Peninsula.pdf

al-islam.org (Global: 4,807^th place; English: 4,119^th place)

"The birth of Ali ibn Abi Talib". al-islam.org. 10 November 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2026.

alarabiya.net (Global: 793^rd place; English: 1,027^th place)

english.alarabiya.net

"IN PICTURES: Six doors of Kaʽaba over 5,000 years". Al Arabiya. 26 December 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2019.
"This is how the Kaaba is washed". Al Arabiya English. 17 October 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2020.

alkhaleej.ae (Global: 8,187^th place; English: low place)

"الرسول شرّف بني شيبة بحمل مفتاح الكعبة حتى قيام الساعة". Al Khaleej.

arabworldbooks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

"A history of the Al Asqa Mosque". Arab World Books.

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

von Grunebaum 1970, p. 24. von Grunebaum, G. E. (1970). Classical Islam: A History 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.. Aldine Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-202-30767-1.
Ibn Ishaq 1955, pp. 88–9. Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Sirat Rasul Allah [The Life of Muhammad]. Translated by Guillaume, Alfred. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780196360331 (reprint)
Ibn Ishaq 1955, p. 85 footnote 2: The text reads 'O God, do not be afraid', the second footnote reads 'The feminine form indicates the Ka'ba itself is addressed' Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Sirat Rasul Allah [The Life of Muhammad]. Translated by Guillaume, Alfred. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780196360331 (reprint)
von Grunebaum 1970, p. 19. von Grunebaum, G. E. (1970). Classical Islam: A History 600 A.D. to 1258 A.D.. Aldine Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-202-30767-1.
Gibbon, Edward (1862). The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Book 5. pp. 223–224.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 130. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 213. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Ibn Ishaq 1955, p. 552: Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary. Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad (1955). Sirat Rasul Allah [The Life of Muhammad]. Translated by Guillaume, Alfred. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780196360331 (reprint)
Petrie, W. M. Flinders; Helmolt, Hans F.; Lee-Warner, William; et al. (1915). The Book of History: A History of All Nations From the Earliest Times to the Present. The Grolier Society.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 298. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Gaster, Moses (1927). The Asatir: the Samaritan book of Moses. London: The Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 71, 262. Ishmaelites built Mecca (Baka, Bakh)
Hawting 2003, p. 75. Hawting, G. R. (2003). "Kaʿba". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 3: J-O. pp. 75–80.
Hawting 2003, p. 76. Hawting, G. R. (2003). "Kaʿba". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān. Vol. 3: J-O. pp. 75–80.
Ruqaiyyah Maqsood (1994), World Faiths, teach yourself – Islam, Hodder & Stoughton, p. 76, ISBN 0-340-60901-X
Mohamed, Mamdouh N. (1996). Hajj to Umrah: From A to Z. Mamdouh Mohamed. ISBN 0-915957-54-X.

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

"In pictures: Hajj pilgrimage". BBC News. 7 December 2008. Retrieved 8 December 2008.

bilkent.edu.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

ee.bilkent.edu.tr

"Ottomans : religious painting". Retrieved 1 May 2016.

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

Al-Azraqi (2003). Akhbar Mecca: History of Mecca. p. 262. ISBN 9773411273.
Efendi, Caʻfer (1987). Risāle-i Miʻmāriyye. Brill Archive. p. 49. ISBN 90-04-07846-0.
Armstrong 1997, pp. 221–22. Armstrong, Karen (1997). Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780345391681.
Robin, Christian Julien (2012). Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. Oxford University Press USA. p. 304–305. ISBN 9780195336931.
Armstrong 1997, p. 221. Armstrong, Karen (1997). Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths. HarperCollins. ISBN 9780345391681.
Crown, Alan David (2001). Samaritan Scribes and Manuscripts'. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 27.
Ruggles, Clive L. N. (2005). Ancient astronomy: an encyclopedia of cosmologies and myth (Illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-85109-477-6.
Teresi, Dick (2003). Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya (Reprint, illustrated ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-7432-4379-7.
Bāsalāmah, Ḥusayn ʻAbd Allāh (2000). تاريخ الكعبة المعظمة: عمارتها وكسوتها وسدانتها (in Arabic). مكتبة الثقافة الدينية،. ISBN 978-977-5250-63-6.

brill.com (Global: 814^th place; English: 460^th place)

referenceworks.brill.com

Wensinck & Jomier 1978, p. 319. Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). "Ka'ba". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6. OCLC 758278456.
Wensinck & Jomier 1978, p. 317. Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). "Ka'ba". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6. OCLC 758278456.
Wensinck & Jomier 1978, p. 318. Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). "Ka'ba". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6. OCLC 758278456.
Wensinck & Jomier 1978, p. 321. Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). "Ka'ba". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6. OCLC 758278456.

brill.com

Shalem, Avinoam (22 February 2024). "The City Objectified: Histories of Common Patterns of Pictorial Renditions". Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World. 4 (2): 170–187. doi:10.1163/26666286-12340045. ISSN 2666-6278.

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

"Arabian religion - Sanctuaries, Cultic Objects, Practices | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 28 July 2026.

cairn.info (Global: 574^th place; English: 2,035^th place)

Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017). Djihad 1914-1918 (in French). Éditions Perrin. doi:10.3917/perri.lenao.2017.01. ISBN 978-2-262-07083-0.

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

Atbuosh 2025, pp. 78–79. Atbuosh, Mohammed (2025). "South Arabian etymology for the Meccan Kaʿbah". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 88: 71–81.
Atbuosh 2025. Atbuosh, Mohammed (2025). "South Arabian etymology for the Meccan Kaʿbah". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 88: 71–81.
Beaujard, Philippe (2019). The Worlds of the Indian Ocean: A Global History. Vol. 2: From the Seventh Century to the Fifteenth Century CE. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-1-108-42465-3.

cbi.ir (Global: low place; English: low place)

"Banknotes & Coins: 500 Rials". Central Bank of Iran. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
"Banknotes & Coins: 2000 Rials". Central Bank of Iran. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2009.

darah.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

Amin K. Tokumasu. "Cultural Relations between Saudi Arabia and Japan from the Time of King Abdulaziz to the Time of King Fahd". Darah. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

degruyter.com (Global: 927^th place; English: 757^th place)

Webb 2023, p. 40. Webb, Peter (2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. hdl:1887/3674390.
Webb 2023. Webb, Peter (2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. hdl:1887/3674390.

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

doi.org

Webb 2023, p. 40. Webb, Peter (2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. hdl:1887/3674390.
Webb 2023. Webb, Peter (2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. hdl:1887/3674390.
Burton, Richard Francis (2009). Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139162302. hdl:2027/coo.31924062544543. ISBN 978-1-139-16230-2.
Shalem, Avinoam (22 February 2024). "The City Objectified: Histories of Common Patterns of Pictorial Renditions". Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World. 4 (2): 170–187. doi:10.1163/26666286-12340045. ISSN 2666-6278.
Le Naour, Jean-Yves (2017). Djihad 1914-1918 (in French). Éditions Perrin. doi:10.3917/perri.lenao.2017.01. ISBN 978-2-262-07083-0.
Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.
Al-Nahee, Owed Abdullah (2016). "The Historical Development of Paganism in Najran during the Pre- and Early Islamic Era (524–641 CE)". Proceedings of the Eighth Saudi Students Conference in the UK. pp. 13–24. doi:10.1142/9781783269150_0002. ISBN 978-1-78326-914-3.

dx.doi.org

Burton, Richard Francis (2009). Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139162302. hdl:2027/coo.31924062544543. ISBN 978-1-139-16230-2.

dtic.mil (Global: 934^th place; English: 530^th place)

apps.dtic.mil

Jerald L. Thompson (December 1981). H. St. John Philby, Ibn Saud and Palestine (MA thesis). University of Kansas.

eu.archive.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dn760109.eu.archive.org

It has been said that God created the Ancient House (the Ka'bah) upon the water on four pillars. He did this two thousand years before He created this world, and the earth was then spread out underneath it.https://dn760109.eu.archive.org/0/items/tabarivolume01/Tabari_Volume_01.pdf

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

Selwood, Dominic (31 October 2017). "On this day in 683 AD: The Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam, is burned to the ground". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

Hoyland, Robert G. (1997). Seeing Islam as others saw it. The Darwin Press. p. 187.

gph.gov.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

"The Holy Kaaba". gph.gov.sa. 28 May 2020.

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

Webb 2023, p. 40. Webb, Peter (2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. hdl:1887/3674390.
Webb 2023. Webb, Peter (2023). "The Hajj Before Muhammad: The Early Evidence in Poetry and Hadith". Millennium. 20 (1): 33–63. doi:10.1515/mill-2023-0004. hdl:1887/3674390.
Burton, Richard Francis (2009). Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El-Medinah and Meccah. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9781139162302. hdl:2027/coo.31924062544543. ISBN 978-1-139-16230-2.

islamic-awareness.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

This was written in the year the Masjid al-Ḥarām was built in the seventy eighth year. https://www.islamic-awareness.org/history/islam/inscriptions/haram1.html

islamichistorycommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba" (PDF). Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā. 26: 1–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.

islamqa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

IslamQA (7 December 2022). "Was Hadrat Ali RA Born in the Kabah". IslamQA. Retrieved 15 June 2026.

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

King, G. R. D. (2004). "The Paintings of the Pre-Islamic Kaʿba". Muqarnas. 21: 219–229. JSTOR 1523357.
Baker, Robert L. (May 1935). "Arab King Escapes Assassins". Current History. 42 (2): 218–220. Retrieved 1 August 2025 – via JSTOR. While the Emir Suad grappled with the leader the King's alert bodyguard killed the would-be regicides.
Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.

khaleejtimes.com (Global: 2,537^th place; English: 1,489^th place)

"Saudi Arabia's Top Artist Ahmad bin Ibrahim Passes Away". Khaleej Times. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2010.

muslim-library.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Mubarakpuri 1976. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 130. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 213. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 298. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

Halliburton, Richard (24 June 1935). "Ibn Saud, King of Arabia, Goes out from Mecca to Grant an Interview". The Kansas City Star. p. 16. Retrieved 1 August 2025 – via newspapers.com. Two of the assassins, in the shadow of the Kaaba, were hacked to pieces; and the third, breaking free...was overtaken and struck down.

oapen.org (Global: 5,141^st place; English: 3,278^th place)

library.oapen.org

Durand 2019, pp. 27, 27n41. Durand, Jean-Marie (2019). "Le Culte Des Bétyles Dans La Documentation Cunéiforme DʾÉpoque Amorrite" (PDF). In Römer, Thomas; Gonzalez, Hervé; Marti, Lionel (eds.). Représenter dieux et hommes dans le Proche-Orient ancien et dans la Bible. pp. 15–37.

pageplace.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

api.pageplace.de

Crone 2004. Crone, Patricia (2004) [1987]. Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (PDF). Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias. ISBN 1-59333-102-9.
Crone 2004, pp. 134–137. Crone, Patricia (2004) [1987]. Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (PDF). Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias. ISBN 1-59333-102-9.
Crone 2004, p. 7. Crone, Patricia (2004) [1987]. Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (PDF). Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias. ISBN 1-59333-102-9.

perlego.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ayoub, M. (2013). Islam. Oneworld Publications. Retrieved 7 February 2025.

quran.com (Global: 3,554^th place; English: 2,180^th place)

Tafsir Ibn Kathir 3:96
"Surah Al-Isra - 1-111". Quran.com. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
Quran 2:144

renaissance.com.pk (Global: low place; English: low place)

Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad. "The Rituals of Hajj and 'Umrah". renaissance.com.pk. Translated by Saleem, Shehzad. Mizan, Al-Mawrid. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010.

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

Crone, Patricia (2007). "Quraysh and the Roman Army: Making Sense of the Meccan Leather Trade". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 70 (1): 63–88. doi:10.1017/S0041977X0700002X. JSTOR 40378894. S2CID 154910558.

slider.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

enc.slider.com

"Kaaba". Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2010.

stats.gov.sa (Global: 7,376^th place; English: low place)

"Umrah Statistics Bulletin 2018" (PDF). General Authority for Statistics. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2022.

su.se (Global: 7,928^th place; English: low place)

Finster 2010, pp. 83–86. Finster, Barbara (2010). "Arabia in Late Antiquity: An Outline of the Cultural Situation in the Peninsula at the Time of Muhammad" (PDF). In Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (eds.). The Qur'an in Context. Historical and Literary Investigations into the Qur'anic Milieu. Brill. pp. 61–114.

sunnah.com (Global: 5,302^nd place; English: 4,506^th place)

This is Al Bait-ul-Ma'mur where 70,000 angels perform prayers daily and when they leave they never return to it (but always a fresh batch comes into it daily).' https://sunnah.com/bukhari:3207
Sahih al-Bukhari 3366

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

Selwood, Dominic (31 October 2017). "On this day in 683 AD: The Kaaba, the holiest site in Islam, is burned to the ground". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

theage.com.au (Global: 451^st place; English: 240^th place)

"'House of God' Kaaba gets new cloth". The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 11 February 2003. Retrieved 17 August 2006.

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

Butt, Riazat (15 August 2011). "Explosives detectors to be installed at gates of Mecca's Holy Mosque". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 May 2021.

thenationalnews.com (Global: 1,153^rd place; English: 616^th place)

Ghazal, Rym (28 August 2014). "Woven with devotion: the sacred Islamic textiles of the Kaaba". The National. Retrieved 7 January 2021.

tripod.com (Global: 666^th place; English: 543^rd place)

members.tripod.com

"The Kiswa – (Kaaba Covering)". Al-Islaah Publications. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 11 September 2020.

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

Quran 3:96 ^{(Translated by Yusuf Ali)}
Quran 22:26 ^{(Translated by Yusuf Ali)}
Quran 2:127 ^{(Translated by Yusuf Ali)}

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

Siculus, Diodorus. "44". Bibliotheca Historica. Book 3.

uni-hamburg.de (Global: 3,375^th place; English: 4,648^th place)

aai.uni-hamburg.de

Neuwirth, Angelika; Nicolai Sinai, Michael (2010). The Qur'an in context historical and literary investigations into the Qur'anic milieu (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 63, 123, 83, 295. ISBN 9789047430322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2015.

usc.edu (Global: 1,432^nd place; English: 908^th place)

University of Southern California. "The Prophet of Islam – His Biography". Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2006.

wcfia.harvard.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

Sway, Mustafa Abu. "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF). Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011.

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

Mubarakpuri 1976. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
"Umrah Statistics Bulletin 2018" (PDF). General Authority for Statistics. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
University of Southern California. "The Prophet of Islam – His Biography". Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2006.
Neuwirth, Angelika; Nicolai Sinai, Michael (2010). The Qur'an in context historical and literary investigations into the Qur'anic milieu (PDF). Leiden: Brill. pp. 63, 123, 83, 295. ISBN 9789047430322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2015.
Morris, Ian D. (2018). "Mecca and Macoraba" (PDF). Al-ʿUṣūr Al-Wusṭā. 26: 1–60. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
Sway, Mustafa Abu. "The Holy Land, Jerusalem and Al-Aqsa Mosque in the Qur'an, Sunnah and other Islamic Literary Source" (PDF). Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 July 2011.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 130. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 213. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Mubarakpuri 1976, p. 298. Mubarakpuri, Safiur Rahman (1976). Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum [The Sealed Nectar] (PDF) (in Arabic). Translated by Diab, Issam. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018.
Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad. "The Rituals of Hajj and 'Umrah". renaissance.com.pk. Translated by Saleem, Shehzad. Mizan, Al-Mawrid. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010.
Amin K. Tokumasu. "Cultural Relations between Saudi Arabia and Japan from the Time of King Abdulaziz to the Time of King Fahd". Darah. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.
"Banknotes & Coins: 500 Rials". Central Bank of Iran. Archived from the original on 3 February 2021. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
"Banknotes & Coins: 2000 Rials". Central Bank of Iran. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
"Saudi Arabia's Top Artist Ahmad bin Ibrahim Passes Away". Khaleej Times. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
"The Kiswa – (Kaaba Covering)". Al-Islaah Publications. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
"Kaaba". Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2010.

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

search.worldcat.org

Wensinck & Jomier 1978, p. 319. Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). "Ka'ba". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6. OCLC 758278456.
Wensinck & Jomier 1978, p. 317. Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). "Ka'ba". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6. OCLC 758278456.
Wensinck & Jomier 1978, p. 318. Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). "Ka'ba". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6. OCLC 758278456.
Michigan Consortium for Medieval and Early Modern Studies (1986). Goss, V. P.; Bornstein, C. V. (eds.). The Meeting of Two Worlds: Cultural Exchange Between East and West During the Period of the Crusades. Vol. 21. Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University. p. 208. ISBN 0918720583. OCLC 13159056.
Dyrness, W. A. (29 May 2013). Senses of Devotion: Interfaith Aesthetics in Buddhist and Muslim Communities. Vol. 7. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 25. ISBN 978-1620321362. OCLC 855764827.
Lapidus, Ira M. (13 October 2014). A history of Islamic societies. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521514309. OCLC 853114008.
Office of the Blessed Mantle, Topkapı Palace Museum; Aydın, Hilmi; Uğurluel, Talha; Doğru, Ahmet (2004). The sacred trusts: Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapı Palace Museum, Istanbul. Somerset, New Jersey: Light. ISBN 1-932099-72-7. OCLC 56942620.
Peters, F. E. (1994). Mecca: a literary history of the Muslim Holy Land. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03267-X. OCLC 30671443.
Shalem, Avinoam (22 February 2024). "The City Objectified: Histories of Common Patterns of Pictorial Renditions". Journal of Material Cultures in the Muslim World. 4 (2): 170–187. doi:10.1163/26666286-12340045. ISSN 2666-6278.
Murphy, David (18 November 2008). The Arab Revolt 1916–18: Lawrence sets Arabia ablaze. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-84603-339-1. OCLC 212855786.
Porter, Venetia (2012). "Textiles of Mecca and Medina". In Porter, Venetia (ed.). Hajj: journey to the heart of Islam. Cambridge, Mass.: The British Museum. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-0-674-06218-4. OCLC 709670348.
Nassar, Nahla (2013). "Dar al-Kiswa al-Sharifa: Administration and Production". In Porter, Venetia; Saif, Liana (eds.). The Hajj: collected essays. London: The British Museum. pp. 176–178. ISBN 978-0-86159-193-0. OCLC 857109543.
Wright, Lyn; Kramer, John; Fusco, Angela. (2012), Dad's house, mom's house, National Film Board of Canada, OCLC 812009749
Wensinck & Jomier 1978, p. 321. Wensinck, A. J. & Jomier, J. (1978). "Ka'ba". In van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume IV: Iran–Kha. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 317–322. ISBN 978-90-04-05745-6. OCLC 758278456.

worldscientific.com (Global: low place; English: 6,878^th place)

Al-Nahee, Owed Abdullah (2016). "The Historical Development of Paganism in Najran during the Pre- and Early Islamic Era (524–641 CE)". Proceedings of the Eighth Saudi Students Conference in the UK. pp. 13–24. doi:10.1142/9781783269150_0002. ISBN 978-1-78326-914-3.

Kaaba (English Wikipedia)

academia.edu (Global: 105th place; English: 99th place)

acsforum.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

al-islam.org (Global: 4,807th place; English: 4,119th place)

alarabiya.net (Global: 793rd place; English: 1,027th place)

english.alarabiya.net

alkhaleej.ae (Global: 8,187th place; English: low place)

arabworldbooks.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6th place; English: 6th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11th place; English: 10th place)

news.bbc.co.uk

bilkent.edu.tr (Global: low place; English: low place)

ee.bilkent.edu.tr

books.google.com (Global: 3rd place; English: 3rd place)

brill.com (Global: 814th place; English: 460th place)

referenceworks.brill.com

brill.com

britannica.com (Global: 37th place; English: 64th place)

cairn.info (Global: 574th place; English: 2,035th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209th place; English: 151st place)

cbi.ir (Global: low place; English: low place)

darah.info (Global: low place; English: low place)

degruyter.com (Global: 927th place; English: 757th place)

doi.org (Global: 2nd place; English: 2nd place)

doi.org

dx.doi.org

dtic.mil (Global: 934th place; English: 530th place)

apps.dtic.mil

eu.archive.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

dn760109.eu.archive.org

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64th place; English: 28th place)

google.com (Global: 109th place; English: 87th place)

gph.gov.sa (Global: low place; English: low place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66th place; English: 34th place)

islamic-awareness.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

islamichistorycommons.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

islamqa.org (Global: low place; English: low place)

jstor.org (Global: 23rd place; English: 15th place)

khaleejtimes.com (Global: 2,537th place; English: 1,489th place)

muslim-library.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

newspapers.com (Global: 24th place; English: 12th place)

oapen.org (Global: 5,141st place; English: 3,278th place)

library.oapen.org

pageplace.de (Global: low place; English: low place)

api.pageplace.de

perlego.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

quran.com (Global: 3,554th place; English: 2,180th place)

renaissance.com.pk (Global: low place; English: low place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15th place; English: 8th place)

api.semanticscholar.org

slider.com (Global: low place; English: low place)

enc.slider.com

stats.gov.sa (Global: 7,376th place; English: low place)

su.se (Global: 7,928th place; English: low place)

sunnah.com (Global: 5,302nd place; English: 4,506th place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40th place; English: 27th place)

theage.com.au (Global: 451st place; English: 240th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16th place; English: 11th place)

thenationalnews.com (Global: 1,153rd place; English: 616th place)

tripod.com (Global: 666th place; English: 543rd place)

members.tripod.com

tufts.edu (Global: 192nd place; English: 165th place)

perseus.tufts.edu

uchicago.edu (Global: 226th place; English: 199th place)

penelope.uchicago.edu

uni-hamburg.de (Global: 3,375th place; English: 4,648th place)

aai.uni-hamburg.de

usc.edu (Global: 1,432nd place; English: 908th place)

wcfia.harvard.edu (Global: low place; English: low place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1st place; English: 1st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4th place; English: 4th place)

search.worldcat.org

worldscientific.com (Global: low place; English: 6,878th place)

academia.edu (Global: 105^th place; English: 99^th place)

al-islam.org (Global: 4,807^th place; English: 4,119^th place)

alarabiya.net (Global: 793^rd place; English: 1,027^th place)

alkhaleej.ae (Global: 8,187^th place; English: low place)

archive.org (Global: 6^th place; English: 6^th place)

bbc.co.uk (Global: 11^th place; English: 10^th place)

books.google.com (Global: 3^rd place; English: 3^rd place)

brill.com (Global: 814^th place; English: 460^th place)

britannica.com (Global: 37^th place; English: 64^th place)

cairn.info (Global: 574^th place; English: 2,035^th place)

cambridge.org (Global: 209^th place; English: 151^st place)

degruyter.com (Global: 927^th place; English: 757^th place)

doi.org (Global: 2^nd place; English: 2^nd place)

dtic.mil (Global: 934^th place; English: 530^th place)

ghostarchive.org (Global: 64^th place; English: 28^th place)

google.com (Global: 109^th place; English: 87^th place)

hdl.handle.net (Global: 66^th place; English: 34^th place)

jstor.org (Global: 23^rd place; English: 15^th place)

khaleejtimes.com (Global: 2,537^th place; English: 1,489^th place)

newspapers.com (Global: 24^th place; English: 12^th place)

oapen.org (Global: 5,141^st place; English: 3,278^th place)

quran.com (Global: 3,554^th place; English: 2,180^th place)

semanticscholar.org (Global: 15^th place; English: 8^th place)

stats.gov.sa (Global: 7,376^th place; English: low place)

su.se (Global: 7,928^th place; English: low place)

sunnah.com (Global: 5,302^nd place; English: 4,506^th place)

telegraph.co.uk (Global: 40^th place; English: 27^th place)

theage.com.au (Global: 451^st place; English: 240^th place)

theguardian.com (Global: 16^th place; English: 11^th place)

thenationalnews.com (Global: 1,153^rd place; English: 616^th place)

tripod.com (Global: 666^th place; English: 543^rd place)

tufts.edu (Global: 192^nd place; English: 165^th place)

uchicago.edu (Global: 226^th place; English: 199^th place)

uni-hamburg.de (Global: 3,375^th place; English: 4,648^th place)

usc.edu (Global: 1,432^nd place; English: 908^th place)

web.archive.org (Global: 1^st place; English: 1^st place)

worldcat.org (Global: 4^th place; English: 4^th place)

worldscientific.com (Global: low place; English: 6,878^th place)