References analysis of the Wikipedia article "Kaifeng Jews" in the English version

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Donald Leslie wrote in 1972 that the most detailed and convincing report about them, written in 1932 by an American Jew, David A. Brown, stated that: "They know they are Jews, but know nothing of Judaism. They realize they are Chinese, completely assimilated, yet there is pride in the knowledge that they spring from an ancient people who are different from the other Chinese in K'ai feng" (Leslie 1972, p. 71). Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

"Their name probably comes from Rādhān, an area near Baghdad, where a community of Eastern Islamic Jews lived." (Thomas 2017, pp. 6, 12) Thomas, Nigel (2017). "Râdhânites, Chinese Jews, and the Silk Road of the Steppes". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

There was also a northern branch, the Silk Road of the Steppes, which ran through Xorazm, Tian Shan, the Alatau Pass to Chang'an, whose re-opening coincided with the establishment of the Jewish Khanate of the Khazars (Thomas 2017, pp. 8–9) Thomas, Nigel (2017). "Râdhânites, Chinese Jews, and the Silk Road of the Steppes". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

"In China, the merchant Jews who arrived around the eleventh century were, given the length, difficulties, and danger of the journey, unlikely to have brought wives with them. Those who elected to remain in China took Chinese wives, who, as is well documented, converted to Judaism." (Paper 2012, p. 9) Paper, Jordan (2012). The Theology of the Chinese Jews, 1000–1850. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1-554-58404-8.

"Others have favoured an Indian origin, but their arguments do not appear convincing" (Thomas 2017, p. 3). Thomas, Nigel (2017). "Râdhânites, Chinese Jews, and the Silk Road of the Steppes". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

It has been conjectured that the Chinese name may originally have transcribed the Arabic name Hassan (Eber 1993, p. 236; Leslie 1972, p. 26). Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

The term Huihui actually has a broader, more general denotation, referring to several peoples from Central and Western Asia (西域: Xīyù). Orthodox Christians for example were called "green-eyed Huihui", and Huihui was also used of Nestorians, Greeks and others (Yin 2008, p. 190). Yin, Gang (2008). "Between Disintegration and Expansion; A Comparative Retrospection of the Kaifeng Jewish and Muslim Communities". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 185–200. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

"Because the narratives in the various stelae differ, so we have the followers of the religion in Kaifeng having '70 surnames,' '73 surnames,' and 'Seven Surnames and Eight Families'." (Kong 2017, p. 172) Kong, Xianyi (2017). "Delving into the Israelite Religion of Kaifeng: The Patriotic Scholar Shi Jingyun and his 'Study of the Origins of the Plucking the Sinews Sect of Henan'". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 165–178. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

"No one seems to have seriously questioned the permissibility of the Kaifeng Jews marrying more than one wife." (Baron 1952, p. 617) Baron, Salo Wittmayer (1952). A Social and Religious History of the Jews: Late Middle Ages and the era of European expansion, 1200-1650. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-08838-1.

reference="They were again deprived of their books by a fire, and the loss was in part supplied by the purchase of a roll of the Law from a Mohammedan at Ning-keang-chow (ed. note =寧羌州: níng qiāng zhōu) in Shen-se, who had received it by legacy from a dying Israelite at Canton, and from this Hebrew roll they were able to make several copies." (Wylie 1864, p. 48) Wylie, Alexander (1864). "Israelites in China". In Summers, James (ed.). Chinese and Japanese Repository. Vol. 1. W. H. Allen & Co. pp. 43–52.

In his Notes Taken in a Nan Village (南村輟耕錄:Nán Cūn Chuò Gēng Lù), the Yuan scholar Tao Zongyi (陶宗儀: Táo Zōngyí 1322－1403) noted down 31 ethnic groups as belonging to the second, Semu, rank of the four class Mongol classificatory system ((a) Mongols, (b) Semu, (c) Han (including Jin) and (d) Dali and Koreans). Jews do not figure there, but there are several names in the third class that look like a reference to them, such as Zhuyin-dai, (竹因歹: Zhúyīn- dǎi); Zhuyi-dai, (竹亦歹:zhúyì-dǎi) and Zhuwen (竹温:Zhú wēn). In Mongolian, dai signifies "people", hence the suspicion by Yin Gang that this is an ethnonym marker for Jews (Judah). Unfortunately there is no evidence that might allow one to assert that the three terms denote an ethnic group (Yin 2008, p. 190). Yin, Gang (2008). "Between Disintegration and Expansion; A Comparative Retrospection of the Kaifeng Jewish and Muslim Communities". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 185–200. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

"Two families intermarry with Chinese Mohammedans only. The Jews give their daughters to the Mohammedans; the Mohammedans do not give their daughters to the Jews." (Xu & Gonen 2003, p. 55) Xu, Xin; Gonen, Rivka (2003). The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-881-25791-5.

"...religious strictures required anyone, whether man or woman, who married a Muslim to convert to Islam." (Yin 2001, p. 233) Yin, Gang (2001) [First published 1984]. "The Jews of Kaifeng: Their Origins, Routes, and Assimilation". In Shapiro, Sidney (ed.). Jews in Old China: Studies by Chinese Scholars. Hippocrene Books. pp. 217–238. ISBN 978-0-781-80833-0.

"Some of those who converted to Islam, like the Zhang family, still seem to cherish this past as well and consider themselves as 'fake Moslems'. This has been confirmed by Zhang Qianhong and Li Jingwen in 'Some Observations'." (Kupfer 2008, p. 18) Kupfer, Peter (2008). "The Perception and Self-Perception of Jewishness in Kaifeng in the Past and Present". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 7–22. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

S.M. Perlmann, a Shanghai businessman and scholar, wrote in 1912 that "they bury their dead in coffins, but of a different shape than those of the Chinese are made, and do not attire the dead in secular clothes as the Chinese do, but in linen." (Dawid 1999, p. 117) Dawid, Heinz (1999). "From Berlin To Tianjin". In Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.). The Jews of China. A Sourcebook and Research Guide. Vol. 2. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 110–119. ISBN 978-0-765-60105-6.

"Later, in the 19th and 20th centuries, it is likely, as suggested by many scholars, that several of the Kaifeng Jews did convert to Islam rather than simply being swallowed up in the Buddhist or Confucian multitude. Today, a number of Muslims (and possibly non-Muslims) have discovered that their ancestors were Kaifeng Jews. ... (Jin Xiaojing 金效靜, 1981) discovered she was of Jewish descent when on the hajj to Mecca." (Yin 2008, p. 194) Yin, Gang (2008). "Between Disintegration and Expansion; A Comparative Retrospection of the Kaifeng Jewish and Muslim Communities". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 185–200. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

"Islamic works translated into Chinese played a very important role in the popularization of Islam. At the same time, many Jews who did not like to abandon their tradition converted to Islam and were known as the 'Huihui with blue hats. The missionary work of Christians from the beginning of the 17th century and the Chinese Bible did not affect them'." (Yin 2008, p. 196) Yin, Gang (2008). "Between Disintegration and Expansion; A Comparative Retrospection of the Kaifeng Jewish and Muslim Communities". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 185–200. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

"This also involves a difficult study of the relations that existed between the Kaifeng Jews and Muslims there. A number of Jewish descendants converted to Islam rather than melting into the general populations." (Leslie 2008, p. 48) Leslie, Donald (2008). "Jews and Judaism in Traditional China: Prospects for Research". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

"It is clear from Shi's later descriptions that many of the tombstones he saw were Muslim rather than Jewish, though one, he claimed, read 'Religion of Israel' in Hebrew. In Hangzhou, according to Ricci in 1608, there had been a synagogue. We can only wonder whether the Jews there had a separate cemetery of their own or were accepted by the Muslims in their special cemetery." (Leslie 2008, p. 50) Leslie, Donald (2008). "Jews and Judaism in Traditional China: Prospects for Research". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

"The issue of lineage is important because a critique of Chinese Judaism as not being authentically Jewish is based on the fact that the clan lineages were patrilineal..Since it is now assumed by many contemporary Jews that Judaism is matrilineal, Chinese Judaism was therefore spurious and the Chinese Jews cannot really be Jews..This criticism is absurd, because the practices of the Chinese Jews in this regard were and are no different from traditional Jewish practices elsewhere...The similarity of patrilineality in both Jewish and Chinese cultures is but another way in which the two cultures were compatible." (Paper 2012, pp. 8–9) Paper, Jordan (2012). The Theology of the Chinese Jews, 1000–1850. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1-554-58404-8.

Laytner 2011, pp. 100–102. Laytner, Anson (2011). "China". In Baskin, Judith R. (ed.). The Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–102. ISBN 978-0-521-82597-9.

Thomas 2017, pp. 2–6, 11–13. Thomas, Nigel (2017). "Râdhânites, Chinese Jews, and the Silk Road of the Steppes". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

Thomas 2017, p. 17. Thomas, Nigel (2017). "Râdhânites, Chinese Jews, and the Silk Road of the Steppes". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

Leslie 2008, p. 42. Leslie, Donald (2008). "Jews and Judaism in Traditional China: Prospects for Research". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

Thomas 2017, pp. 4–5. Thomas, Nigel (2017). "Râdhânites, Chinese Jews, and the Silk Road of the Steppes". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

Wong & Yasharpour 2011, p. 3. Wong, Fook-Kong; Yasharpour, Dalia (2011). The Haggadah of the Kaifeng Jews of China. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-20810-0.

Laytner & Paper 2017, pp. vii–viii. Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (2017). "Introduction". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. i–xix. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

Wei 1999, pp. 18–20. Wei, Qianzhi (1999). "An investigation of the Date of Jewish Settlement in Kaifeng". In Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.). The Jews of China. A Sourcebook and Research Guide. Vol. 2. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 14–25. ISBN 978-0-765-60105-6.

Leslie 1972, p. 93. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Zürcher 2017, p. 30. Zürcher, Eric (2017). "Eight Centuries in the Chinese Diaspora: The Jews of Kaifeng". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 25–38. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

Wexler 2021, p. 429. Wexler, Paul (2021). Silk Road Linguistics: The Birth of Yiddish and the Multiethnic Jewish Peoples on the Silk Road, 9-13th Centuries, the Indispensable Role of the Arabs, Chinese, Germans, Iranians, Slavs and Turks. Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-11573-5.

Thomas 2017, p. 16. Thomas, Nigel (2017). "Râdhânites, Chinese Jews, and the Silk Road of the Steppes". In Laytner, Anson H.; Paper, Jordan (eds.). The Chinese Jews of Kaifeng: A Millennium of Adaptation and Endurance. Lexington Books. pp. 3–24. ISBN 978-1-498-55027-7.

Wei 1999, p. 23. Wei, Qianzhi (1999). "An investigation of the Date of Jewish Settlement in Kaifeng". In Goldstein, Jonathan (ed.). The Jews of China. A Sourcebook and Research Guide. Vol. 2. M. E. Sharpe. pp. 14–25. ISBN 978-0-765-60105-6.

Leslie 1972, p. 79. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Zhang 2008, p. 142. Zhang, Ligang (2008). "The Understanding and Attitude of Chinese Society Towards the Kaifeng Jews". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 139–153. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

Chong 2013, p. 315. Chong, Key Ray (2013) [First published 2000]. "Kaifeng". In Friedman, John Block; Figg, Kristen Mossler (eds.). Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 315. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9.

Zhang 2008, p. 139. Zhang, Ligang (2008). "The Understanding and Attitude of Chinese Society Towards the Kaifeng Jews". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 139–153. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

Leslie 1972, p. 94. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Xu & Gonen 2003, pp. 25–26. Xu, Xin; Gonen, Rivka (2003). The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-881-25791-5.

Leslie 1972, pp. 105–106. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Xu & Gonen 2003, p. 97. Xu, Xin; Gonen, Rivka (2003). The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-881-25791-5.

Xu 2017, p. 131. Xu, Xin (2017) [First published 2000]. "On the Religious Life of the Kaifeng Jewish Community in the 15th-17th Centuries". In Malek, Roman (ed.). From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China. Routledge. pp. 127–148. ISBN 978-1-351-56628-5.

Leslie 1972, p. 99. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Leslie 1972, p. 86. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Leslie 1972, p. 87. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Xu & Gonen 2003, p. 104. Xu, Xin; Gonen, Rivka (2003). The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion. KTAV Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-881-25791-5.

Leslie 1972, pp. 88–89. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Leslie 1972, p. 88. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Des Forges 2003, p. 161. Des Forges, Roger V. (2003). Cultural Centrality and Political Change in Chinese History: Northeast Henan in the Fall of the Ming. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-804-74044-9.

Zhang 2008, p. 148. Zhang, Ligang (2008). "The Understanding and Attitude of Chinese Society Towards the Kaifeng Jews". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 139–153. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

Leslie 1972, pp. 105–107. Leslie, Donald (1972). The Survival of the Chinese Jews: The Jewish Community of Kaifeng. BRILL. ISBN 978-9-004-03413-6.

Paper 2012, p. 4. Paper, Jordan (2012). The Theology of the Chinese Jews, 1000–1850. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 978-1-554-58404-8.

Meyer 2008, pp. 159–156. Meyer, Maisie J. (2008). "Baghdadi Jews, Chinese "Jews" and Chinese". In Kupfer, Peter (ed.). Youtai - Presence and Perception of Jews and Judaism in China. Peter Lang. pp. 155–184. ISBN 978-3-631-57533-8.

Laytner 2008, p. 20?. Laytner, Anson (2008). "The Judaism of the Kaifeng Jews and Liberal Judaism in America". In Ehrlich, M. Avrum (ed.). The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-45715-6.

Ehrlich & Pingan 2008, p. 194. Ehrlich, M. Avrum; Pingan, Liang (2008). "The Contemporary Condition of the Jewish descendants of Kaifeng". In Ehrlich, M. Avrum (ed.). The Jewish-Chinese Nexus: A Meeting of Civilizations. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-45715-6.

Gabow 2017, pp. 119–120. Gabow, Leo (2017) [First published 2000]. "Jewish Property in Kaifeng". In Malek, Roman (ed.). From Kaifeng to Shanghai: Jews in China. Routledge. pp. 117–124. ISBN 978-1-351-56628-5.

Haim 2021. Haim, Ofir (2021). "The Islamic East". In Lieberman, Phillip I (ed.). Jews in the Medieval Islamic World. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. 332–368. doi:10.1017/9781139048873.014. ISBN 978-1-009-03859-1.

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Zhou 2005, pp. 73–75. Zhou, Xun (2005). "The "Kaifeng Jew" Hoax: Constructing the "Chinese Jews"". In Kalmar, Ivan Davidson; Penslar, Derek Jonathan (eds.). Orientalism and the Jews. UPNE. pp. 68–80. ISBN 978-1-584-65411-7.

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"The debate about the origin, arrival and nature of the Kaifeng Jews is one of the most heated in the entire field of Sino-Judaica, arguably second only to that surrounding the history of the Jewish refugee community of Shanghai." (Yu 2017, p. 369) Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

The report in The Travels of Marco Polo that Kubilai Khan reverenced Moses, and kissed a volume of the Hebrew scriptures, often used as evidence for Jews in China in the 13th century, is regarded as a later interpolation, probably the handiwork of Giambattista Ramusio in his 1553 edition of that work (Pollak 2005, p. 207). Pollak, Michael (Spring 2005). "Review: The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion by Xu Xin". Shofar. 23 (3): 206–209. doi:10.1353/sho.2005.0118. JSTOR 42943875. S2CID 143183748.

"In 998, the Central Indian monk Ni-wei-ni (沙門你尾抳) and others came to China to meet Emperor Song Zhenzong with Buddhist relics, scriptures, banyan leafs and several banyan seeds." (Yu 2017, p. 372; Zhi-pan 2002, p. 444) Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017. Zhi-pan (4 November 2002). Buddha Almanac 佛祖統紀 [Fózǔ Tǒngjì] (CBETA Electronic Version) (in Chinese). Vol. 44. Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association.

However the 1479 stone also uses a term "The Temple of Israel" for their synagogue.(一賜樂業業: Yīsìlèyèdiàn (Löwenthal 1947, p. 123,n.129) Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Earlier scholarship transcribed 俺都喇 as "Yen-tu-la". In the 1489 and 1512 inscriptions, this 俺/Yen represents a family name which was later changed to Zhao by imperial favour. 俺 is to be read Ăn. The character has a variant pronunciation yàn, which may account for the earlier transcription as yen. One suggestion is that rather than the Moslem "Abdullah", the Chinese may have represented an original Hamdullah(i) (Leslie 1962, pp. 352–353). Leslie, Donald (July–September 1962). "Some Notes on the Jewish Inscriptions of K'aifeng". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (3): 346–361. doi:10.2307/597646. JSTOR 597646.

Alternatively written Li wei(利未: Lì-wèi) in the 1489 and 1679 inscriptions (Löwenthal 1947, p. 103). Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Ăn Chéng two years later, in 1423, received, the surname Zhao (趙: Zhào) conferred as an imperial memorial for his meritorious services, together with the rank of rank of Military Commissioner in the Embroidered Uniform Guard (錦衣公: Jǐnyīgōng). Thereafter he was known as Zhao Cheng (趙誠:Zhào Chéng). This is almost identical to a passage in the Ming biography of the Emperor at that time Yong-le (永樂: Yǒnglè (reigned 1402 to 1424), where mention is made of a Henan soldier, An San (俺三: Ăn Sān),^[o] who was promoted within the same Embroidered Uniform Guard and had the same surname bestowed on him in 1421 in recognition for acting as an informer concerning the treasonous designs of the Prince of Zhou, namely Zhu Su (朱橚: Zhū Sù). Fang Chao-ying (房兆楹: Fáng Zhào-yíng) had identified in 1965 the Kaifeng Jewish physician with this An San, an identification endorsed by Leslie (Yu 2017, pp. 378–379, 383–384Leslie 1967, p. 138). Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017. Leslie, Donald (1967). "The K'aifeng Jew Chao Ying-ch'eng and His Family". T'oung Pao. 53 (1–3): 147–179. doi:10.1163/156853267X00025. JSTOR 4527667.

It is occasionally repeated in the literature that the Kaifeng Jews dated their arrival to the Zhou dynasty. This arose as the result of a misreading of a mistranslation of the relevant stele by White (Leslie 1962, p. 354). Leslie, Donald (July–September 1962). "Some Notes on the Jewish Inscriptions of K'aifeng". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (3): 346–361. doi:10.2307/597646. JSTOR 597646.

"This fits the Chinese pronunciation far better – the Hebrew gutteral ayin (ע) could easily have been converted into the Chinese nasal final n. Moreover, according to Professor Rabin, the term ma'lā was used to refer to honoured members of the community by the Jews of eastern countries of the time concerned and meant 'the honourable, your highness'." (Leslie 1962, pp. 351–352, 352) Leslie, Donald (July–September 1962). "Some Notes on the Jewish Inscriptions of K'aifeng". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (3): 346–361. doi:10.2307/597646. JSTOR 597646.

From the romanization given by Löwenthal, issuloye, it would appear he preferred the alternative pronunciation for the character 賜, namely sì,, which would yield Yīsìlèyè. (Löwenthal 1947, p. 101) Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

"The Jesuit Jean-Paul Gozani.. wrote in 1704 that the '...idolators first gave them this name [T'iao-chin chiao]'." (Eber 1993, p. 239) Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

Pangu (盤古:Pángǔ), identified or conflated with Adam in the 1489 inscription, was the mythical first being of Chinese cosmology. In the 1663 inscription, instead, Adam is depicted as a descendant of Pangu. Likewise, Noah was rendered, in a similar assimilative manner, as Nüwa (女媧:Nǚwā), the name for a Chinese goddess of creation remembered in myth for her intervention in staying a great flood that threatened mankind. (Löwenthal 1947, pp. 100–101). Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Kaifeng Jews only adopted the term Yóutàirén in the 20th century (Eber 1993, p. 239). Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

"it is impossible to deny that the Jewish community did exist." (Yu 2017, p. 374) Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Yu 2017, p. 371. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Sharot 2007, pp. 180–181. Sharot, Stephen (Winter 2007). "The Kaifeng Jews: A Reconsideration of Acculturation and Assimilation in a Comparative Perspective". Jewish Social Studies. 13 (2): 179–203. doi:10.2979/JSS.2007.13.2.179. JSTOR 4467770. S2CID 144204664.

Löwenthal 1947, pp. 97, 100. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Yu 2017, p. 370. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Yu 2017, pp. 372–373. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 123. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Leslie 1962, p. 351. Leslie, Donald (July–September 1962). "Some Notes on the Jewish Inscriptions of K'aifeng". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 82 (3): 346–361. doi:10.2307/597646. JSTOR 597646.

Yu 2017, p. 373. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Eber 1993, pp. 233–234. Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

Yu 2017, p. 384. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Yu 2017, pp. 369–386, 375. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Yu 2017, pp. 385–386. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Yu 2017, pp. 373–374, 377. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Yu 2017, pp. 370, 378. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Yu 2017, pp. 375–376, 386. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Eber 1993, p. 234. Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

Sharot 2007, p. 181. Sharot, Stephen (Winter 2007). "The Kaifeng Jews: A Reconsideration of Acculturation and Assimilation in a Comparative Perspective". Jewish Social Studies. 13 (2): 179–203. doi:10.2979/JSS.2007.13.2.179. JSTOR 4467770. S2CID 144204664.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 107. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 105. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Yu 2017, p. 376. Yu, Peng (Autumn 2017). "Revising the date of Jewish arrival in Kaifeng, China, from the Song Dynasty (960–1279) to the Hung-wu period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty". Journal of Jewish Studies. LXVIII (2): 369–386. doi:10.18647/3330/JJS-2017.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 119. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 98. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Katz 1995, pp. 129–130. Katz, Nathan (May 1995). "The Judaisms of Kaifeng and Cochin: Parallel and Divergent Styles of Religious Acculturation". Numen. 42 (2): 118–140. doi:10.1163/1568527952598594. JSTOR 3270171.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 101. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Eber 1993, p. 235. Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

Eber 1993, p. 242. Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

Pollak 2005, p. 209. Pollak, Michael (Spring 2005). "Review: The Jews of Kaifeng, China: History, Culture, and Religion by Xu Xin". Shofar. 23 (3): 206–209. doi:10.1353/sho.2005.0118. JSTOR 42943875. S2CID 143183748.

Song, Campbell & Lee 2015, pp. 574–602. Song, Xi; Campbell, Cameron D.; Lee, James Z. (June 2015). "Ancestry Matters: Patrilineage Growth and Extinction". American Sociological Review. 80 (2): 574–602. doi:10.1177/0003122415576516. PMC 4813328. PMID 27041745.

Katz 1995, p. 135. Katz, Nathan (May 1995). "The Judaisms of Kaifeng and Cochin: Parallel and Divergent Styles of Religious Acculturation". Numen. 42 (2): 118–140. doi:10.1163/1568527952598594. JSTOR 3270171.

Okuma 2008, pp. 115–139. Okuma, Taryn L. (Spring 2008). "Jews in China and American Discourses of Identity in Pearl S. Buck's "Peony"". Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. 27 (1): 115–139. doi:10.1353/tsw.2008.a246776. JSTOR 20455354. S2CID 154044502.

jcpa.org

"this observer would hazard a guess that some of these 500 Kaifeng Jews will indeed become Jewish over the next several decades, because the Jews of the West will make them into Jews. Once discovered, they will be pursued in one way or another until they and their neighbors become so conscious of their 'Jewishness' that the deed will be done even if it will not be halakhically recognized." (Elazar 1987) Elazar, Daniel J. (1987). "Are There Really Jews in China?: An Update". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.

Elazar 1987. Elazar, Daniel J. (1987). "Are There Really Jews in China?: An Update". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs.

jstor.org

"It was only by way of exception that Jewish persons or activities were of interest to Chinese officials or men of letters. There are no specific Chinese monographs on the Jews, as there are, for example, about the Tibetan or Turkish groups with whom the imperial government perforce came into contact." (Loewe 1988, p. 1) Loewe, Michael (1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". Jewish Historical Studies. 30: 1–20. JSTOR 29779835.

The source for the data on current observances recorded by Aaron Halevi Fink, dated to 1850, is problematical (Leslie & Pollak 1998, pp. 54–81). Leslie, Donald Daniel; Pollak, Michael (1998). "The Fink/Liebermann Visit to the Kaifeng Jews". Bibliography and Booklore. 20: 54–81. JSTOR 27943552.

"The reasons for Ai Tian's journey are not stated; possibly his visit was connected with his official duties; possibly he may have undertaken it in the hope of securing promotion in the civil service." (Loewe 1988, p. 3) Loewe, Michael (1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". Jewish Historical Studies. 30: 1–20. JSTOR 29779835.

Löwenthal 1947, pp. 97, 100. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Loewe 1988, p. 2. Loewe, Michael (1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". Jewish Historical Studies. 30: 1–20. JSTOR 29779835.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 123. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Eber 1993, p. 234. Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 107. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 105. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Loewe 1988, p. 4. Loewe, Michael (1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". Jewish Historical Studies. 30: 1–20. JSTOR 29779835.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 119. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 98. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Loewe 1988, pp. 3–4. Loewe, Michael (1988). "The Jewish Presence in Imperial China". Jewish Historical Studies. 30: 1–20. JSTOR 29779835.

Löwenthal 1947, p. 101. Löwenthal, Rudolf (1947). "The Nomenclature of Jews in China". Monumenta Serica. 12: 97–126. doi:10.1080/02549948.1947.11744892. JSTOR 40726671.

Eber 1993, p. 235. Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

Eber 1993, p. 242. Eber, Irene (1993). "K'aifeng Jews Revisited: Sinification as Affirmation of Identity". Monumenta Serica. 41: 231–247. doi:10.1080/02549948.1993.11731245. JSTOR 40726975.

ntu.edu.tw

buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

sephardichorizons.org

The self-published sinologist and independent researcher Tiberiu Weisz undertook a new translation of the stelae, and based on it, he theorizes that after the Babylonian exile, disenchanted Levites and Kohanim broke with the Prophet Ezra and settled in Northwestern India. he further guesses that sometime prior to 108 BCE, these Jews migrated to Gansu province, China, where they were spotted by the Chinese general Li Guangli, who was sent to the region and ordered to expand the borders of Han dynasty China. Centuries later, during the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution (845–46), the Jews were expelled from Ningxia, the region of China proper, which they were then living in. Weisz believes that they later returned to China during the Song dynasty, when its second emperor, Taizong, circulated a decree which stated that he was seeking the wisdom of foreign scholars. In his review of Weisz's book, Irvin Berg states that the author excluded many religious documents—Torah, Haggadah, prayer books, etc.—in his thesis, he only quoted the stories which were recounted on the stelae. Berg also criticized Weisz's failure to study the implications of the fact that the Kaifeng liturgical documents were written in the Judeo-Persian language, a language which was only developed in the 8th century CE. Weisz ignores the anachronisms which are written on the stelae, such as the attribution of a grant of land to build a synagogue to a Ming dynasty emperor even though it dates back to the Song dynasty Weisz 2014, pp. 23–32;^[11] Weisz, Tiberiu (2014). "From East To Farther East: The Jewish Experience in Kaifeng, China". Sephardic Horizons. 4 (3): 23–32.

Kaifeng Jews (English Wikipedia)

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