Kerogen (English Wikipedia)

Analysis of information sources in references of the Wikipedia article "Kerogen" in English language version.

refsWebsite

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34doi.org

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21harvard.edu

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1nytimes.com

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1science.org

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aanda.org

cds.aanda.org

Papoular, R. (2001) "The use of kerogen data in understanding the properties and evolution of interstellar carbonaceous dust", Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 378, pages 597–607, [2] Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) Retrieved 1 September 2007

acs.org

cen.acs.org

"Ancient organic molecules found on Mars". C&E News. 7 June 2018.

books.google.com

Cane, R.F. (1976). "The origin and formation of oil shale". In Teh Fu Yen; Chilingar, G.V. (eds.). Oil Shale. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-444-41408-3. Retrieved 31 May 2009.

doi.org

Horsfield, Brian (4 September 2019). "Oil and Gas Shales". Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate. Springer Link. pp. 1–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54529-5_18-1. ISBN 978-3-319-54529-5. S2CID 134257943. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Vandenbroucke, M.,Largeau, C. (2007). "Kerogen origin, evolution and structure". Organic Geochemistry. 38 (5): 719–833. Bibcode:2007OrGeo..38..719V. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.01.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Hutton, A.C.; Bharati, S.; Robl, T. (1994). "Chemical and Petrographic Classification of Kerogen/Macerals". Energy Fuels. 8 (6): 1478–1488. doi:10.1021/ef00048a038.
Suleimenova, A.; et al. (2014). "Acid demineralization with critical point drying: A method for kerogen isolation that preserves microstructure". Fuel. 135: 492–497. Bibcode:2014Fuel..135..492S. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.005.
Richardson, E.J.; Montenari, M. (2020). "Assessing shale gas reservoir potential using multi-scaled SEM pore network characterizations and quantifications: The Ciñera-Matallana pull-apart basin, NW Spain". Stratigraphy & Timescales. 5: 677–755. doi:10.1016/bs.sats.2020.07.001. ISBN 9780128209912. S2CID 229217907 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Loucks, R.; et al. (2009). "Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 79 (12): 848–861. Bibcode:2009JSedR..79..848L. doi:10.2110/jsr.2009.092. S2CID 59400824.
Kvenvolden, K.A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years". Org. Geochem. 37 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2006OrGeo..37....1K. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001. S2CID 95305299.
Kelemen, S.; et al. (2007). "Direct characterization of kerogen by X-ray and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance methods". Energy & Fuels. 21 (3): 1548–1561. doi:10.1021/ef060321h.
Ferrari, A.C. (2007). "Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects". Solid State Communications. 143 (1–2): 42–52. Bibcode:2007SSCom.143...47F. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2007.03.052.
Spötl, C.; et al. (1998). "Kerogen maturation and incipient graphitization of hydrocarbon source rocks in the Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma and Arkansas: a combined petrographic and Raman spectrometric study". Organic Geochemistry. 28 (9–10): 535–542. Bibcode:1998OrGeo..28..535S. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00021-7.
Kelemen, S.; Fang, H.L. (2001). "Maturity trends in Raman spectra from kerogen and coal". Energy & Fuels. 15 (3): 653–658. doi:10.1021/ef0002039.
Beyssac, O.; et al. (2002). "Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments: a new geothermometer". Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 20 (9): 859–871. Bibcode:2002JMetG..20..859B. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00408.x. S2CID 129891723.
Liu, D.; et al. (2013). "Sample maturation calculated using Raman spectroscopic parameters for solid organics: methodology and geological applications". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (11): 1285–1298. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.1285L. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5535-y.
Schmidt Mumm, A.; Inan, S. (2016). "Microscale organic maturity determination of graptolites using Raman spectroscopy". International Journal of Coal Geology. 162: 96–107. Bibcode:2016IJCG..162...96S. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2016.05.002.
Sauerer, B.; et al. (2017). "Fast and accurate shale maturity determination by Raman spectroscopy measurement with minimal sample preparation". International Journal of Coal Geology. 173 (9–10): 150–157. Bibcode:1998OrGeo..28..535S. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00021-7.
Craddock, P.R.; et al. (2015). "Evolution of Kerogen and Bitumen during Thermal Maturation via Semi-Open Pyrolysis Investigated by Infrared Spectroscopy". Energy & Fuels. 29 (4): 2197–2210. doi:10.1021/ef5027532.
Craddock, P.R.; et al. (2018). "Chemical, Molecular, and Microstructural Evolution of Kerogen during Thermal Maturation: Case Study from the Woodford Shale of Oklahoma". Energy & Fuels. 32 (4): 4859–4872. doi:10.1021/ef5027532.
Kelemen, S.; et al. (2007). "Direct Characterization of Kerogen by X-ray and Solid-State 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods". Energy & Fuels. 21 (3): 1548–1561. doi:10.1021/ef060321h.
Pomerantz, A.E.; et al. (2014). "Sulfur speciation in kerogen and bitumen from gas and oil shales". Organic Geochemistry. 68: 5–12. Bibcode:2014OrGeo..68....5P. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.12.011.
Loucks, R.; et al. (2009). "Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 79 (12): 848–861. Bibcode:2009JSedR..79..848L. doi:10.2110/jsr.2009.092. S2CID 59400824.
Cheshire, S.; et al. (2017). "Assessing thermal maturity beyond the reaches of vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval pyrolysis: A case study from the Silurian Qusaiba formation". International Journal of Coal Geology. 180: 29–45. Bibcode:2017IJCG..180...29C. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2017.07.006.
Craddock, P.R.; et al. (2018). "Chemical, Molecular, and Microstructural Evolution of Kerogen during Thermal Maturation: Case Study from the Woodford Shale of Oklahoma". Energy & Fuels. 32 (4): 4859–4872. doi:10.1021/ef5027532.
Bousige C.; et al. (2016). "Realistic molecular model of kerogen's nanostructure". Nature Materials. 15 (5): 576–582. Bibcode:2016NatMa..15..576B. doi:10.1038/nmat4541. PMID 26828313.
Craddock, P. R.; et al. (2018). "Matrix-adjusted shale porosity measured in horizontal wells". Petrophysics. 59 (3): 288–307. doi:10.30632/PJV59N3-2018a1.
Yang, J.; et al. (2017). "Nanoscale geochemical and geomechanical characterization of organic matter in shale". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2179. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.2179Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02254-0. PMC 5736702. PMID 29259150.
Tissot, B. P.; Welte, D. H. (1984). Petroleum Formation and Occurrence. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-87813-8. ISBN 978-3-642-87815-2.
Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy (2015). "Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion". Nature. 521 (7551): 204–207. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..204G. doi:10.1038/nature14400. PMID 25971513. S2CID 205243485.
Hedges, J. I.; Oades, J. M. (1997). "Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments". Organic Geochemistry. 27 (7–8): 319–361. Bibcode:1997OrGeo..27..319H. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00056-9.
Voosen, Paul (7 June 2018). "NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aau3992. S2CID 115442477. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
ten Kate, Inge Loes (8 June 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. hdl:1874/366378. PMID 29880670. S2CID 46952468.
Webster, Christopher R.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations". Science. 360 (6393): 1093–1096. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1093W. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0131. PMID 29880682.
Eigenbrode, J.L.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. hdl:10044/1/60810. PMID 29880683.
Helgeson, Harold C.; Richard, Laurent; McKenzie, William F.; Norton, Denis L.; Schmitt, Alexandra (2009). "A chemical and thermodynamic model of oil generation in hydrocarbon source rocks". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 73 (3): 594–695. Bibcode:2009GeCoA..73..594H. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.004.
164–176. https://doi.org/10.18599/grs.2021.3.19

ghostarchive.org

Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: NASA (7 June 2018). "Ancient Organics Discovered on Mars – video (03:17)". NASA. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

handle.net

hdl.handle.net

ten Kate, Inge Loes (8 June 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. hdl:1874/366378. PMID 29880670. S2CID 46952468.
Eigenbrode, J.L.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. hdl:10044/1/60810. PMID 29880683.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Vandenbroucke, M.,Largeau, C. (2007). "Kerogen origin, evolution and structure". Organic Geochemistry. 38 (5): 719–833. Bibcode:2007OrGeo..38..719V. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.01.001.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Suleimenova, A.; et al. (2014). "Acid demineralization with critical point drying: A method for kerogen isolation that preserves microstructure". Fuel. 135: 492–497. Bibcode:2014Fuel..135..492S. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2014.07.005.
Loucks, R.; et al. (2009). "Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 79 (12): 848–861. Bibcode:2009JSedR..79..848L. doi:10.2110/jsr.2009.092. S2CID 59400824.
Kvenvolden, K.A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years". Org. Geochem. 37 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2006OrGeo..37....1K. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001. S2CID 95305299.
Ferrari, A.C. (2007). "Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite: Disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects". Solid State Communications. 143 (1–2): 42–52. Bibcode:2007SSCom.143...47F. doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2007.03.052.
Spötl, C.; et al. (1998). "Kerogen maturation and incipient graphitization of hydrocarbon source rocks in the Arkoma Basin, Oklahoma and Arkansas: a combined petrographic and Raman spectrometric study". Organic Geochemistry. 28 (9–10): 535–542. Bibcode:1998OrGeo..28..535S. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00021-7.
Beyssac, O.; et al. (2002). "Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments: a new geothermometer". Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 20 (9): 859–871. Bibcode:2002JMetG..20..859B. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00408.x. S2CID 129891723.
Liu, D.; et al. (2013). "Sample maturation calculated using Raman spectroscopic parameters for solid organics: methodology and geological applications". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (11): 1285–1298. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.1285L. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5535-y.
Schmidt Mumm, A.; Inan, S. (2016). "Microscale organic maturity determination of graptolites using Raman spectroscopy". International Journal of Coal Geology. 162: 96–107. Bibcode:2016IJCG..162...96S. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2016.05.002.
Sauerer, B.; et al. (2017). "Fast and accurate shale maturity determination by Raman spectroscopy measurement with minimal sample preparation". International Journal of Coal Geology. 173 (9–10): 150–157. Bibcode:1998OrGeo..28..535S. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00021-7.
Pomerantz, A.E.; et al. (2014). "Sulfur speciation in kerogen and bitumen from gas and oil shales". Organic Geochemistry. 68: 5–12. Bibcode:2014OrGeo..68....5P. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2013.12.011.
Loucks, R.; et al. (2009). "Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 79 (12): 848–861. Bibcode:2009JSedR..79..848L. doi:10.2110/jsr.2009.092. S2CID 59400824.
Cheshire, S.; et al. (2017). "Assessing thermal maturity beyond the reaches of vitrinite reflectance and Rock-Eval pyrolysis: A case study from the Silurian Qusaiba formation". International Journal of Coal Geology. 180: 29–45. Bibcode:2017IJCG..180...29C. doi:10.1016/j.coal.2017.07.006.
Bousige C.; et al. (2016). "Realistic molecular model of kerogen's nanostructure". Nature Materials. 15 (5): 576–582. Bibcode:2016NatMa..15..576B. doi:10.1038/nmat4541. PMID 26828313.
Yang, J.; et al. (2017). "Nanoscale geochemical and geomechanical characterization of organic matter in shale". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2179. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.2179Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02254-0. PMC 5736702. PMID 29259150.
Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy (2015). "Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion". Nature. 521 (7551): 204–207. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..204G. doi:10.1038/nature14400. PMID 25971513. S2CID 205243485.
Hedges, J. I.; Oades, J. M. (1997). "Comparative organic geochemistries of soils and marine sediments". Organic Geochemistry. 27 (7–8): 319–361. Bibcode:1997OrGeo..27..319H. doi:10.1016/S0146-6380(97)00056-9.
ten Kate, Inge Loes (8 June 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. hdl:1874/366378. PMID 29880670. S2CID 46952468.
Webster, Christopher R.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations". Science. 360 (6393): 1093–1096. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1093W. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0131. PMID 29880682.
Eigenbrode, J.L.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. hdl:10044/1/60810. PMID 29880683.
Helgeson, Harold C.; Richard, Laurent; McKenzie, William F.; Norton, Denis L.; Schmitt, Alexandra (2009). "A chemical and thermodynamic model of oil generation in hydrocarbon source rocks". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 73 (3): 594–695. Bibcode:2009GeCoA..73..594H. doi:10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.004.

jst.go.jp

jstage.jst.go.jp

Nakamura, T. (2005) "Post-hydration thermal metamorphism of carbonaceous chondrites", Journal of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences, volume 100, page 268, [1] (PDF) Retrieved 1 September 2007

nasa.gov

Brown, Dwayne; Wendel, JoAnna; Steigerwald, Bill; Jones, Nancy; Good, Andrew (7 June 2018). "Release 18-050 – NASA Finds Ancient Organic Material, Mysterious Methane on Mars". NASA. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Bousige C.; et al. (2016). "Realistic molecular model of kerogen's nanostructure". Nature Materials. 15 (5): 576–582. Bibcode:2016NatMa..15..576B. doi:10.1038/nmat4541. PMID 26828313.
Yang, J.; et al. (2017). "Nanoscale geochemical and geomechanical characterization of organic matter in shale". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2179. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.2179Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02254-0. PMC 5736702. PMID 29259150.
Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy (2015). "Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion". Nature. 521 (7551): 204–207. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..204G. doi:10.1038/nature14400. PMID 25971513. S2CID 205243485.
ten Kate, Inge Loes (8 June 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. hdl:1874/366378. PMID 29880670. S2CID 46952468.
Webster, Christopher R.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Background levels of methane in Mars' atmosphere show strong seasonal variations". Science. 360 (6393): 1093–1096. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1093W. doi:10.1126/science.aaq0131. PMID 29880682.
Eigenbrode, J.L.; et al. (8 June 2018). "Organic matter preserved in 3-billion-year-old mudstones at Gale crater, Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1096–1101. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1096E. doi:10.1126/science.aas9185. hdl:10044/1/60810. PMID 29880683.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Yang, J.; et al. (2017). "Nanoscale geochemical and geomechanical characterization of organic matter in shale". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 2179. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.2179Y. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02254-0. PMC 5736702. PMID 29259150.

nytimes.com

Chang, K. (7 June 2018). "Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table' – The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 June 2018.

science.org

Voosen, Paul (7 June 2018). "NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aau3992. S2CID 115442477. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

sciencedirect.com

Richardson, E.J.; Montenari, M. (2020). "Assessing shale gas reservoir potential using multi-scaled SEM pore network characterizations and quantifications: The Ciñera-Matallana pull-apart basin, NW Spain". Stratigraphy & Timescales. 5: 677–755. doi:10.1016/bs.sats.2020.07.001. ISBN 9780128209912. S2CID 229217907 – via Elsevier Science Direct.

searchanddiscovery.net

Example of a Van Krevelen diagram.

semanticscholar.org

api.semanticscholar.org

Horsfield, Brian (4 September 2019). "Oil and Gas Shales". Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate. Springer Link. pp. 1–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54529-5_18-1. ISBN 978-3-319-54529-5. S2CID 134257943. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Richardson, E.J.; Montenari, M. (2020). "Assessing shale gas reservoir potential using multi-scaled SEM pore network characterizations and quantifications: The Ciñera-Matallana pull-apart basin, NW Spain". Stratigraphy & Timescales. 5: 677–755. doi:10.1016/bs.sats.2020.07.001. ISBN 9780128209912. S2CID 229217907 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
Loucks, R.; et al. (2009). "Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 79 (12): 848–861. Bibcode:2009JSedR..79..848L. doi:10.2110/jsr.2009.092. S2CID 59400824.
Kvenvolden, K.A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years". Org. Geochem. 37 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2006OrGeo..37....1K. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001. S2CID 95305299.
Beyssac, O.; et al. (2002). "Raman spectra of carbonaceous material in metasediments: a new geothermometer". Journal of Metamorphic Geology. 20 (9): 859–871. Bibcode:2002JMetG..20..859B. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00408.x. S2CID 129891723.
Loucks, R.; et al. (2009). "Morphology, genesis, and distribution of nanometer-scale pores in siliceous mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 79 (12): 848–861. Bibcode:2009JSedR..79..848L. doi:10.2110/jsr.2009.092. S2CID 59400824.
Galy, Valier; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Eglinton, Timothy (2015). "Global carbon export from the terrestrial biosphere controlled by erosion". Nature. 521 (7551): 204–207. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..204G. doi:10.1038/nature14400. PMID 25971513. S2CID 205243485.
Voosen, Paul (7 June 2018). "NASA rover hits organic pay dirt on Mars". Science. doi:10.1126/science.aau3992. S2CID 115442477. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
ten Kate, Inge Loes (8 June 2018). "Organic molecules on Mars". Science. 360 (6393): 1068–1069. Bibcode:2018Sci...360.1068T. doi:10.1126/science.aat2662. hdl:1874/366378. PMID 29880670. S2CID 46952468.

slb.com

glossary.oilfield.slb.com

"Kerogen". Oilfield Glossary. Schlumberger.

space.com

Wall, Mike (7 June 2018). "Curiosity Rover Finds Ancient 'Building Blocks for Life' on Mars". Space.com. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

web.archive.org

Horsfield, Brian (4 September 2019). "Oil and Gas Shales". Hydrocarbons, Oils and Lipids: Diversity, Origin, Chemistry and Fate. Springer Link. pp. 1–34. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54529-5_18-1. ISBN 978-3-319-54529-5. S2CID 134257943. Archived from the original on 26 November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Papoular, R. (2001) "The use of kerogen data in understanding the properties and evolution of interstellar carbonaceous dust", Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 378, pages 597–607, [2] Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) Retrieved 1 September 2007
Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: NASA (7 June 2018). "Ancient Organics Discovered on Mars – video (03:17)". NASA. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

youtube.com

Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: NASA (7 June 2018). "Ancient Organics Discovered on Mars – video (03:17)". NASA. Retrieved 7 June 2018.

zenodo.org

Kvenvolden, K.A. (2006). "Organic geochemistry – A retrospective of its first 70 years". Org. Geochem. 37 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2006OrGeo..37....1K. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001. S2CID 95305299.