Khoisan (English Wikipedia)

Parkinson, Christian (2016-06-14). "The first South Africans fight for their rights". BBC News. Most [Khoisan people] now speak Afrikaans as their first language.
"Botswana bushmen: Modern life is destroying us". BBC News. 7 January 2014. Archived from the original on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.

books.google.com

The hyphenated spelling Khoe-San or Khoi-San is recent (post-1990). Note that this usage is distinct from the occasional usage of Khoi-San for the Khoe-speaking subset of the San, e.g. "the Ai-San, the Kun-San, the Au-ai-san, the An-San, the Matsana-Khoi-San, and the Bushmen of Otave" in John Noble, Illustrated Official Handbook of the Cape and South Africa (1893), p. 395. Spellings Khoi-San and Khoe-San in Mohamed Adhikar, Burdened by Race: Coloured Identities in Southern Africa (2009), p. 148.

cambridge.org

Pargeter, Justin; Mackay, Alex; Mitchell, Peter; Shea, John; Stewart, Brian (2016). "Primordialism and the 'Pleistocene San' of southern Africa". Antiquity. 90 (352).

creativecommons.org

Swingler, Helen (23 September 2020). "UCT launches milestone Khoi and San Centre". UCT News. University of Cape Town. Retrieved 4 January 2021. Text may have been copied from this source, which is available under a Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence.

d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net

Bagnol, Brigitte; Mariano, Esmeralda (2008). "Elongation of the labia minora and use of vaginal products to enhance eroticism: Can these practices be considered FGM?" (PDF). Finnish Journal of Ethnicity and Migration. 3: 42–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-01-28. Retrieved 2022-01-28.

darwin-online.org.uk

Charles Darwin (1882). The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. London: John Murray. p. 578.

doi.org

Ragsdale, Aaron P.; Weaver, Timothy D.; Atkinson, Elizabeth G.; Hoal, Eileen G.; Möller, Marlo; Henn, Brenna M.; Gravel, Simon (2023). "A weakly structured stem for human origins in Africa". Nature. 617 (7962): 755–763. Bibcode:2023Natur.617..755R. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y. PMC 10208968. PMID 37198480.
Christopher, A. J. (2002). "'To Define the Indefinable': Population Classification and the Census in South Africa". Area. 34 (4): 401–408. Bibcode:2002Area...34..401C. doi:10.1111/1475-4762.00097. JSTOR 20004271.
Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; et al. (2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1130–1140. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. PMC 2427203. PMID 18439549. Both the tree phylogeny and coalescence calculations suggest that Khoisan matrilineal ancestry diverged from the rest of the human mtDNA pool 90,000–150,000 years before present (ybp)
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; et al. (2017). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970.
Kim, Hie Lim; Ratan, Aakrosh; et al. (4 December 2014). "Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history". Nature Communications. 5. Nature Publishing Group: 5692. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5692K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6692. PMC 4268704. PMID 25471224.. Science, December 4, 2014
Rito, Teresa; Richards, Martin B.; et al. (2013). "The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80031. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880031R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. PMC 3827445. PMID 24236171.
Güldemann, Tom (2020), "Changing Profile when Encroaching on Forager Territory: Toward the History of the Khoe-Kwadi Family in Southern Africa", The Language of Hunter-Gatherers, Cambridge University Press, pp. 114–146, doi:10.1017/9781139026208.007, ISBN 978-1-139-02620-8, S2CID 240934697
Petersen, Desiree C.; Libiger, Ondrej; Tindall, Elizabeth A.; Hardie, Rae-Anne; Hannick, Linda I.; Glashoff, Richard H.; Mukerji, Mitali; Fernandez, Pedro; Haacke, Wilfrid; Schork, Nicholas J.; Hayes, Vanessa M. (14 March 2013). "Complex Patterns of Genomic Admixture within Southern Africa". PLOS Genetics. 9 (3): e1003309. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003309. PMC 3597481. PMID 23516368.
May, Andrew; Hazelhurst, Scott; Li, Yali; Norris, Shane A; Govind, Nimmisha; Tikly, Mohammed; Hon, Claudia; Johnson, Keith J; Hartmann, Nicole; Staedtler, Frank; Ramsay, Michèle (December 2013). "Genetic diversity in black South Africans from Soweto". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 644. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-644. PMC 3850641. PMID 24059264.
Schuster, SC; et al. (2010). "Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from Southern Africa". Nature. 463 (7283): 943–947. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..943S. doi:10.1038/nature08795. PMC 3890430. PMID 20164927.
Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003). "African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages". Current Biology. 13 (6): 464–73. Bibcode:2003CBio...13..464K. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1. PMID 12646128. S2CID 52862939.
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana; Soodyall, Himla; Zegura, Stephen L. (July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.
Naidoo T, Schlebusch CM, Makkan H, Patel P, Mahabeer R, Erasmus JC, Soodyall H (2010). "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations". Investigative Genetics. 1 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6. PMC 2988483. PMID 21092339.
Chen YS, Olckers A, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Huoponen K, Wallace DC (2000). "mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe, and their genetic relationships to other African populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (4): 1362–83. doi:10.1086/302848. PMC 1288201. PMID 10739760.
Tishkoff, SA; Gonder, MK; Henn, BM; Mortensen, H; Knight, A; Gignoux, C; Fernandopulle, N; Lema, G; et al. (2007). "History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (10): 2180–95. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155. PMID 17656633.
Schlebusch CM, Naidoo T, Soodyall H (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa". Electrophoresis. 30 (21): 3657–64. doi:10.1002/elps.200900197. PMID 19810027. S2CID 19515426.
Pickrell, Joseph K.; Patterson, Nick; Loh, Po-Ru; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Reich, David (18 February 2014). "Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (7): 2632–2637. arXiv:1307.8014. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.2632P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313787111. PMC 3932865. PMID 24550290.
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-11-03). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 28971970. S2CID 206663925.
Bajić, Vladimir; Barbieri, Chiara; Hübner, Alexander; Güldemann, Tom; Naumann, Christfried; Gerlach, Linda; Berthold, Falko; Nakagawa, Hirosi; Mpoloka, Sununguko W.; Roewer, Lutz; Purps, Josephine; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte (2018-09-07). "Genetic structure and sex-biased gene flow in the history of southern African populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 167 (3): 656–671. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23694. ISSN 0002-9483. PMC 6667921. PMID 30192370.
Vicente, Mário; Lankheet, Imke; Russell, Thembi; Hollfelder, Nina; Coetzee, Vinet; Soodyall, Himla; Jongh, Michael De; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2021-12-07). "Male-biased migration from East Africa introduced pastoralism into southern Africa". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 259. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01193-z. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 8650298. PMID 34872534.
Oliveira, Sandra; Fehn, Anne-Maria; Amorim, Beatriz; Stoneking, Mark; Rocha, Jorge (2023). "Genome-wide variation in the Angolan Namib Desert reveals unique pre-Bantu ancestry". Science Advances. 9 (38): eadh3822. Bibcode:2023SciA....9H3822O. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh3822. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10516492. PMID 37738339.
Gretzinger, Joscha; Gibbon, Victoria E.; Penske, Sandra E.; Sealy, Judith C.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Salazar-García, Domingo C.; Krause, Johannes; Schiffels, Stephan (2024-09-19). "9,000 years of genetic continuity in southernmost Africa demonstrated at Oakhurst rockshelter". Nature Ecology & Evolution: 1–14. doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02532-3. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 11541196.

enca.com

Khoisan march to Parliament to demand land rights, ENCA, 3 December 2015. Pelane Phakgadi, Ramaphosa meets aggrieved Khoisan activists at Union Buildings, Eyewitness News, 24 December 2017. Illegitimate Khoisan leaders are trying to exploit new bill, IOL, 17 April 2018.

ewn.co.za

Khoisan march to Parliament to demand land rights, ENCA, 3 December 2015. Pelane Phakgadi, Ramaphosa meets aggrieved Khoisan activists at Union Buildings, Eyewitness News, 24 December 2017. Illegitimate Khoisan leaders are trying to exploit new bill, IOL, 17 April 2018.

harvard.edu

ui.adsabs.harvard.edu

Ragsdale, Aaron P.; Weaver, Timothy D.; Atkinson, Elizabeth G.; Hoal, Eileen G.; Möller, Marlo; Henn, Brenna M.; Gravel, Simon (2023). "A weakly structured stem for human origins in Africa". Nature. 617 (7962): 755–763. Bibcode:2023Natur.617..755R. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y. PMC 10208968. PMID 37198480.
Christopher, A. J. (2002). "'To Define the Indefinable': Population Classification and the Census in South Africa". Area. 34 (4): 401–408. Bibcode:2002Area...34..401C. doi:10.1111/1475-4762.00097. JSTOR 20004271.
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; et al. (2017). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970.
Kim, Hie Lim; Ratan, Aakrosh; et al. (4 December 2014). "Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history". Nature Communications. 5. Nature Publishing Group: 5692. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5692K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6692. PMC 4268704. PMID 25471224.. Science, December 4, 2014
Rito, Teresa; Richards, Martin B.; et al. (2013). "The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80031. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880031R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. PMC 3827445. PMID 24236171.
Schuster, SC; et al. (2010). "Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from Southern Africa". Nature. 463 (7283): 943–947. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..943S. doi:10.1038/nature08795. PMC 3890430. PMID 20164927.
Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003). "African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages". Current Biology. 13 (6): 464–73. Bibcode:2003CBio...13..464K. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1. PMID 12646128. S2CID 52862939.
Pickrell, Joseph K.; Patterson, Nick; Loh, Po-Ru; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Reich, David (18 February 2014). "Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (7): 2632–2637. arXiv:1307.8014. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.2632P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313787111. PMC 3932865. PMID 24550290.
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-11-03). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 28971970. S2CID 206663925.
Oliveira, Sandra; Fehn, Anne-Maria; Amorim, Beatriz; Stoneking, Mark; Rocha, Jorge (2023). "Genome-wide variation in the Angolan Namib Desert reveals unique pre-Bantu ancestry". Science Advances. 9 (38): eadh3822. Bibcode:2023SciA....9H3822O. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh3822. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10516492. PMID 37738339.

hsf.org.za

Fraser, Ashleigh (3 June 2013). "A Long Walk To Universal Franchise In South Africa". Helen Suzman Foundation.

iol.co.za

Khoisan march to Parliament to demand land rights, ENCA, 3 December 2015. Pelane Phakgadi, Ramaphosa meets aggrieved Khoisan activists at Union Buildings, Eyewitness News, 24 December 2017. Illegitimate Khoisan leaders are trying to exploit new bill, IOL, 17 April 2018.

jamesanaya.org

unsr.jamesanaya.org

Their total numbers are estimated at roughly 300,000 Khoikhoi and 90,000 San: 200k Nama people (2010): Brenzinger, Matthias (2011) "The twelve modern Khoisan languages." In Witzlack-Makarevich & Ernszt (eds.), Khoisan languages and linguistics: proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium, Riezlern / Kleinwalsertal (Research in Khoisan Studies 29). 100k Damara people (1996): James Stuart Olson, « Damara » in The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, p. 137. 50-60k San people in Botswana (2010): Anaya, James (2 June 2010). Addendum – The situation of indigenous peoples in Botswana (PDF) (Report). United Nations Human Rights Council. A/HRC/15/37/Add.2..

jstor.org

Christopher, A. J. (2002). "'To Define the Indefinable': Population Classification and the Census in South Africa". Area. 34 (4): 401–408. Bibcode:2002Area...34..401C. doi:10.1111/1475-4762.00097. JSTOR 20004271.

khoisanpeoples.org

Hitchcock, Robert K.; Biesele, Megan. "San, Khwe, Basarwa, or Bushmen? Terminology, Identity, and Empowerment in Southern Africa". Kalahari Peoples Fund. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2014.

nationalgeographic.com

news.nationalgeographic.com

Mayell, Hillary (December 2002). "Documentary Redraws Humans' Family Tree". National Geographic. Archived from the original on December 22, 2002.

nature.com

Gretzinger, Joscha; Gibbon, Victoria E.; Penske, Sandra E.; Sealy, Judith C.; Rohrlach, Adam B.; Salazar-García, Domingo C.; Krause, Johannes; Schiffels, Stephan (2024-09-19). "9,000 years of genetic continuity in southernmost Africa demonstrated at Oakhurst rockshelter". Nature Ecology & Evolution: 1–14. doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02532-3. ISSN 2397-334X. PMC 11541196.

newsweek.com

EDT, Hannah Osborne On 6/13/19 at 11:49 AM (2019-06-13). "8,000-year-old carvings by ancient humans discovered in world's biggest asteroid impact crater". Newsweek. Retrieved 2020-09-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

nih.gov

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ragsdale, Aaron P.; Weaver, Timothy D.; Atkinson, Elizabeth G.; Hoal, Eileen G.; Möller, Marlo; Henn, Brenna M.; Gravel, Simon (2023). "A weakly structured stem for human origins in Africa". Nature. 617 (7962): 755–763. Bibcode:2023Natur.617..755R. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y. PMC 10208968. PMID 37198480.
Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; et al. (2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1130–1140. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. PMC 2427203. PMID 18439549. Both the tree phylogeny and coalescence calculations suggest that Khoisan matrilineal ancestry diverged from the rest of the human mtDNA pool 90,000–150,000 years before present (ybp)
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; et al. (2017). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. PMID 28971970.
Kim, Hie Lim; Ratan, Aakrosh; et al. (4 December 2014). "Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history". Nature Communications. 5. Nature Publishing Group: 5692. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5692K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6692. PMC 4268704. PMID 25471224.. Science, December 4, 2014
Rito, Teresa; Richards, Martin B.; et al. (2013). "The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80031. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880031R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. PMC 3827445. PMID 24236171.
Petersen, Desiree C.; Libiger, Ondrej; Tindall, Elizabeth A.; Hardie, Rae-Anne; Hannick, Linda I.; Glashoff, Richard H.; Mukerji, Mitali; Fernandez, Pedro; Haacke, Wilfrid; Schork, Nicholas J.; Hayes, Vanessa M. (14 March 2013). "Complex Patterns of Genomic Admixture within Southern Africa". PLOS Genetics. 9 (3): e1003309. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003309. PMC 3597481. PMID 23516368.
May, Andrew; Hazelhurst, Scott; Li, Yali; Norris, Shane A; Govind, Nimmisha; Tikly, Mohammed; Hon, Claudia; Johnson, Keith J; Hartmann, Nicole; Staedtler, Frank; Ramsay, Michèle (December 2013). "Genetic diversity in black South Africans from Soweto". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 644. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-644. PMC 3850641. PMID 24059264.
Schuster, SC; et al. (2010). "Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from Southern Africa". Nature. 463 (7283): 943–947. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..943S. doi:10.1038/nature08795. PMC 3890430. PMID 20164927.
Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Mortensen, Holly M.; Zhivotovsky, Lev A.; Lin, Alice A.; Henn, Brenna M.; Louis, Dorothy; Ruhlen, Merritt; Mountain, Joanna L. (2003). "African Y chromosome and mtDNA divergence provides insight into the history of click languages". Current Biology. 13 (6): 464–73. Bibcode:2003CBio...13..464K. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00130-1. PMID 12646128. S2CID 52862939.
Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Redd, Alan J.; Jarjanazi, Hamdi; Santachiara-Benerecetti, Silvana; Soodyall, Himla; Zegura, Stephen L. (July 2001). "Hierarchical Patterns of Global Human Y-Chromosome Diversity". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 18 (7): 1189–1203. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003906. PMID 11420360.
Naidoo T, Schlebusch CM, Makkan H, Patel P, Mahabeer R, Erasmus JC, Soodyall H (2010). "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations". Investigative Genetics. 1 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6. PMC 2988483. PMID 21092339.
Chen YS, Olckers A, Schurr TG, Kogelnik AM, Huoponen K, Wallace DC (2000). "mtDNA variation in the South African Kung and Khwe, and their genetic relationships to other African populations". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 66 (4): 1362–83. doi:10.1086/302848. PMC 1288201. PMID 10739760.
Tishkoff, SA; Gonder, MK; Henn, BM; Mortensen, H; Knight, A; Gignoux, C; Fernandopulle, N; Lema, G; et al. (2007). "History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 24 (10): 2180–95. doi:10.1093/molbev/msm155. PMID 17656633.
Schlebusch CM, Naidoo T, Soodyall H (2009). "SNaPshot minisequencing to resolve mitochondrial macro-haplogroups found in Africa". Electrophoresis. 30 (21): 3657–64. doi:10.1002/elps.200900197. PMID 19810027. S2CID 19515426.
Pickrell, Joseph K.; Patterson, Nick; Loh, Po-Ru; Lipson, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte; Reich, David (18 February 2014). "Ancient west Eurasian ancestry in southern and eastern Africa". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (7): 2632–2637. arXiv:1307.8014. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.2632P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313787111. PMC 3932865. PMID 24550290.
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-11-03). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 28971970. S2CID 206663925.
Bajić, Vladimir; Barbieri, Chiara; Hübner, Alexander; Güldemann, Tom; Naumann, Christfried; Gerlach, Linda; Berthold, Falko; Nakagawa, Hirosi; Mpoloka, Sununguko W.; Roewer, Lutz; Purps, Josephine; Stoneking, Mark; Pakendorf, Brigitte (2018-09-07). "Genetic structure and sex-biased gene flow in the history of southern African populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 167 (3): 656–671. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23694. ISSN 0002-9483. PMC 6667921. PMID 30192370.
Vicente, Mário; Lankheet, Imke; Russell, Thembi; Hollfelder, Nina; Coetzee, Vinet; Soodyall, Himla; Jongh, Michael De; Schlebusch, Carina M. (2021-12-07). "Male-biased migration from East Africa introduced pastoralism into southern Africa". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 259. doi:10.1186/s12915-021-01193-z. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 8650298. PMID 34872534.
Oliveira, Sandra; Fehn, Anne-Maria; Amorim, Beatriz; Stoneking, Mark; Rocha, Jorge (2023). "Genome-wide variation in the Angolan Namib Desert reveals unique pre-Bantu ancestry". Science Advances. 9 (38): eadh3822. Bibcode:2023SciA....9H3822O. doi:10.1126/sciadv.adh3822. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 10516492. PMID 37738339.

ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Ragsdale, Aaron P.; Weaver, Timothy D.; Atkinson, Elizabeth G.; Hoal, Eileen G.; Möller, Marlo; Henn, Brenna M.; Gravel, Simon (2023). "A weakly structured stem for human origins in Africa". Nature. 617 (7962): 755–763. Bibcode:2023Natur.617..755R. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06055-y. PMC 10208968. PMID 37198480.
Behar, Doron M.; Villems, Richard; et al. (2008). "The Dawn of Human Matrilineal Diversity". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 82 (5): 1130–1140. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.04.002. PMC 2427203. PMID 18439549. Both the tree phylogeny and coalescence calculations suggest that Khoisan matrilineal ancestry diverged from the rest of the human mtDNA pool 90,000–150,000 years before present (ybp)
Kim, Hie Lim; Ratan, Aakrosh; et al. (4 December 2014). "Khoisan hunter-gatherers have been the largest population throughout most of modern-human demographic history". Nature Communications. 5. Nature Publishing Group: 5692. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5.5692K. doi:10.1038/ncomms6692. PMC 4268704. PMID 25471224.. Science, December 4, 2014
Rito, Teresa; Richards, Martin B.; et al. (2013). "The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa". PLOS ONE. 8 (11): e80031. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...880031R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031. PMC 3827445. PMID 24236171.
Petersen, Desiree C.; Libiger, Ondrej; Tindall, Elizabeth A.; Hardie, Rae-Anne; Hannick, Linda I.; Glashoff, Richard H.; Mukerji, Mitali; Fernandez, Pedro; Haacke, Wilfrid; Schork, Nicholas J.; Hayes, Vanessa M. (14 March 2013). "Complex Patterns of Genomic Admixture within Southern Africa". PLOS Genetics. 9 (3): e1003309. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003309. PMC 3597481. PMID 23516368.
May, Andrew; Hazelhurst, Scott; Li, Yali; Norris, Shane A; Govind, Nimmisha; Tikly, Mohammed; Hon, Claudia; Johnson, Keith J; Hartmann, Nicole; Staedtler, Frank; Ramsay, Michèle (December 2013). "Genetic diversity in black South Africans from Soweto". BMC Genomics. 14 (1): 644. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-644. PMC 3850641. PMID 24059264.
Schuster, SC; et al. (2010). "Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from Southern Africa". Nature. 463 (7283): 943–947. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..943S. doi:10.1038/nature08795. PMC 3890430. PMID 20164927.
Naidoo T, Schlebusch CM, Makkan H, Patel P, Mahabeer R, Erasmus JC, Soodyall H (2010). "Development of a single base extension method to resolve Y chromosome haplogroups in sub-Saharan African populations". Investigative Genetics. 1 (1): 6. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-1-6. PMC 2988483. PMID 21092339.
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Greenberg, Joseph Harold (1955). Studies in African Linguistic Classification. Compass Publishing Company. OCLC 654476975.^{[page needed]}^{[non-primary source needed]}
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (2017-11-03). "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago". Science. 358 (6363): 652–655. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..652S. doi:10.1126/science.aao6266. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 28971970. S2CID 206663925.
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